Bertolt Brecht: …Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957; The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui), a parable play of Hitler’s rise to power set in prewar Chicago; Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti (1948; Herr Puntila and His Man Matti), a Volksstück (popular play) about a Finnish farmer who oscillates between churlish sobriety and…

strain gauge: The resistance strain gauge is a valuable tool in the field of experimental stress analysis. It operates on the principle, discovered by the British physicist William Thompson (later Lord Kelvin) in 1856, that the electrical resistance of a copper or iron wire changes when the wire…

resistivity, electrical resistance of a conductor of unit cross-sectional area and unit length. A characteristic property of each material, resistivity is useful in comparing various materials on the basis of their ability to conduct electric currents. High resistivity designates poor conductors.

resistor, electrical component that opposes the flow of either direct or alternating current, employed to protect, operate, or control the circuit. Voltages can be divided with the use of resistors, and in combination with other components resistors can be used to make electrical waves into shapes

Reşiƫa, city, capital of Caraş-Severin judeƫ (county), southwestern Romania, near the Serbian border. In a coal- and metal-mining region, it is a long-established metalworking centre. After World War II the ironworks and steelworks of Reşiƫa were modernized, and there are several associated

Alain Resnais was a French motion-picture director who was a leader of the Nouvelle Vague (New Wave) of unorthodox, influential film directors appearing in France in the late 1950s. His major works included Hiroshima mon amour (1959) and L’Année dernière à Marienbad (1961; Last Year at Marienbad).

Alain Resnais was a French motion-picture director who was a leader of the Nouvelle Vague (New Wave) of unorthodox, influential film directors appearing in France in the late 1950s. His major works included Hiroshima mon amour (1959) and L’Année dernière à Marienbad (1961; Last Year at Marienbad).

Challenger disaster: Smith, mission specialists Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair, and Hughes Aircraft engineer Gregory Jarvis.

philosophy of mathematics: Nontraditional versions: …version of Platonism developed by Resnik and Shapiro is known as structuralism. The essential ideas here are that the real objects of study in mathematics are structures, or patterns—things such as infinite series, geometric spaces, and set-theoretic hierarchies—and that individual mathematical objects (such as the number 4) are not really…

major industrial polymers: Phenol formaldehyde: …at this stage called a resole, was then brought to the B stage, where, though almost infusible and insoluble, it could still be softened by heat to final shape in the mold. Its completely cured, thermoset stage was the C stage. In 1911 Baekeland’s General Bakelite Company began operations in…

major industrial polymers: Phenol formaldehyde: …at this stage called a resole, was then brought to the B stage, where, though almost infusible and insoluble, it could still be softened by heat to final shape in the mold. Its completely cured, thermoset stage was the C stage. In 1911 Baekeland’s General Bakelite Company began operations in…

Cornwallis Island: …located at the settlement of Resolute (Qausuittuq), which is a High Arctic air transportation hub and terminus on the south coast along Resolute Bay. The island was discovered in 1819 by Sir William Parry and was named after Sir William Cornwallis.

Cornwallis Island: …on the south coast along Resolute Bay. The island was discovered in 1819 by Sir William Parry and was named after Sir William Cornwallis.

international law: Other sources: UN General Assembly resolutions, for example, are not binding—except with respect to certain organizational procedures—but they can be extremely influential. Resolutions may assist in the creation of new customary rules, both in terms of state practice and in the process of establishing a custom by demonstrating the acceptance…

resolution, in chemistry, any process by which a racemic mixture is separated into its two constituent enantiomers. (Enantiomers are pairs of substances that have dissymmetric arrangements of atoms and structures that are nonsuperposable mirror images of one another.) Two important methods of

chromatography: Resolution: In general, resolution is the ability to separate two signals. In terms of chromatography, this is the ability to separate two peaks. Resolution, R, is given by where tr1 and tr2 and w1 and w2

artificial intelligence programming language: …powerful theorem-proving technique known as resolution, invented in 1963 at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission’s Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois by the British logician Alan Robinson. PROLOG can determine whether or not a given statement follows logically from other given statements. For example, given the statements “All logicians are rational”…

Glomar Challenger: …Challenger was continued by the JOIDES Resolution, a larger and more advanced drilling ship of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling.

photoreception: Neural superposition eyes: …be capable of a seven-point resolution of the image, which raises the problem of incorporating multiple inverted images into a single erect image that the ordinary apposition eye avoids. In 1967 German biologist Kuno Kirschfeld showed that the angles between the individual rhabdomeres in one ommatidium are the same as…

William Bligh: …to sailing master of the Resolution and served under James Cook on the great captain’s third and final voyage to the South Seas (1776–79). After returning to England, he married Elizabeth Betham, with whom he had four daughters and twin sons (the boys died in infancy), and entered private service…

Iraq: Post-9/11 tension and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq: …the UN Security Council issued Resolution 1441 on November 8, 2002, demanding that Iraq readmit inspectors and comply with all previous resolutions. After some initial wrangling, Iraq agreed to readmit inspectors, who began arriving in Iraq within two weeks.

United Nations Resolution 181, resolution passed by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1947 that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with the city of Jerusalem as a corpus separatum (Latin: “separate entity”) to be governed by a special international regime.

United Nations Resolution 242, resolution of the United Nations (UN) Security Council adopted on November 22, 1967, in an effort to secure a just and lasting peace in the wake of the Six-Day (June) War, fought primarily between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Israelis supported the

United Nations Resolution 338, resolution of the United Nations (UN) Security Council that called for an end to the Yom Kippur (October) War of 1973, in which Israel faced an offensive led by Egypt and Syria. The ambiguous three-line resolution, which was adopted unanimously (with one abstention)

Palestine: Palestinians and the civil war in Lebanon: …the UN Security Council passed Resolution 425, calling for Israel to withdraw and establishing the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). The Israelis withdrew their forces only partially and continued to occupy a strip of Lebanese territory along the southern frontier, in violation of this resolution. They had been only…

Southern Africa: Namibia: …the UN Security Council passed Resolution 435, which set out proposals for a cease-fire and UN-supervised elections. South Africa did not move to implement this resolution, though it had accepted similar proposals earlier.

Jerusalem: Government: …until 1980, when United Nations Resolution 478 called on member countries to withdraw diplomatic missions from the city. Italy maintains consulates in the eastern and western parts of the city. In May 2018 the United States and Guatemala opened the first embassies in Jerusalem since 1980. Diplomats living in the…

Iraq: The Iran-Iraq War: Security Council had unanimously passed Resolution 598, urging Iraq and Iran to accept a cease-fire, withdraw their forces to internationally recognized boundaries, and settle their frontier disputes by negotiations held under UN auspices. Iraq agreed to abide by the terms if Iran reciprocated. Iran, however, demanded amendments condemning Iraq as…

meat processing: Protein changes: This phenomenon is known as resolution of rigor and can continue for weeks after slaughter in a process referred to as aging of meat. This aging effect produces meats that are more tender and palatable.

sexual response cycle: The succeeding resolution stage brings a gradual return to the resting state that may take several hours. In the male, the penis shrinks back to its normal size; in the female, the vagina and other genital structures also return to their pre-excitement condition. The resolution stage in…

sexual response cycle: The succeeding resolution stage brings a gradual return to the resting state that may take several hours. In the male, the penis shrinks back to its normal size; in the female, the vagina and other genital structures also return to their pre-excitement condition. The resolution stage in…

photoreception: Neural superposition eyes: …be capable of a seven-point resolution of the image, which raises the problem of incorporating multiple inverted images into a single erect image that the ordinary apposition eye avoids. In 1967 German biologist Kuno Kirschfeld showed that the angles between the individual rhabdomeres in one ommatidium are the same as…

resonance, in physics, relatively large selective response of an object or a system that vibrates in step or phase, with an externally applied oscillatory force. Resonance was first investigated in acoustical systems such as musical instruments and the human voice. An example of acoustical

theory of resonance, in chemistry, theory by which the actual normal state of a molecule is represented not by a single valence-bond structure but by a combination of several alternative distinct structures. The molecule is then said to resonate among the several valence-bond structures or to have

resonance, in particle physics, an extremely short-lived phenomenon associated with subatomic particles called hadrons that decay via the strong nuclear force. This force is so powerful that it allows resonances to exist only for the amount of time it takes light to cross each such “object.” A

electromagnetic radiation: Resonance absorption and recoil: During the mid-1800s the German physicist Gustav Robert Kirchhoff observed that atoms and molecules emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies and that the emission and absorption frequencies are the same for

watch: Electric-powered and electronic watches: …magnetic material, or (3) the resonance drive, in which a tiny tuning fork (about 25 mm [1 inch] in length), driven electrically, provides the motive power. Both galvanometer and induction drive types use a mechanical contact, actuated by the balance motion, to provide properly timed electric-drive pulses. Each oscillation of…

spectroscopy: Fluorescence: …state, the process is called resonance fluorescence and occurs rapidly, in about one nanosecond. Resonance fluorescence is generally observed for monatomic gases and for many organic molecules, in particular aromatic systems that absorb in the visible and near-ultraviolet regions. For many molecules, especially aromatic compounds whose electronic absorption spectra lie…

organosulfur compound: Organic compounds of polyvalent sulfur: sulfoxides and sulfones: …is clear that the polar resonance structures contribute to the overall bonding, it is probable that there is some contribution from sulfur 3d orbitals as well. It should be noted that the sulfoxide group also contains a lone pair of electrons on the sulfur atom, requiring that the sulfoxide group…

spectroscopy: Analysis of absorption spectra: …will display a set of resonant frequencies, each of which is associated with a different combination of nuclear motions. The number of such resonances that occur is 3N − 5 for a linear molecule and 3N − 6 for a nonlinear one, where N is the number of atoms in…

chemical bonding: Resonant structures: …structure of benzene is a resonance hybrid of the two canonical structures. In quantum mechanical terms, the blending effect of resonance in the Lewis approach to bonding is the superposition of wave functions for each contributing canonical structure. The effect of resonance is the sharing of the double-bond character around…

spectroscopy: Basic energy considerations: …photon energies used in the resonance (stepwise) ionization of an atom (or molecule) are too low to ionize the atom directly from its ground state; thus, at least two steps are used. The first absorption is a resonance process, as illustrated in the examples in Figure 14, that ensures that…

asteroid: Distribution and Kirkwood gaps: …in a three-to-one (written 3:1) resonance orbit with Jupiter. Consequently, once every three orbits, Jupiter and an asteroid in such an orbit would be in the same relative positions, and the asteroid would experience a gravitational force in a fixed direction. Repeated applications of that force would eventually change the…

resonance, in particle physics, an extremely short-lived phenomenon associated with subatomic particles called hadrons that decay via the strong nuclear force. This force is so powerful that it allows resonances to exist only for the amount of time it takes light to cross each such “object.” A

mass spectrometry: Resonance photoionization: All of the methods of ionization described above suffer from a lack of selectivity as to which element is ionized and depend either on the mass spectrometer for differentiation or on careful sample chemistry. A technique that achieves higher elemental selectivity is resonance…

organosulfur compound: Organic compounds of polyvalent sulfur: sulfoxides and sulfones: …is clear that the polar resonance structures contribute to the overall bonding, it is probable that there is some contribution from sulfur 3d orbitals as well. It should be noted that the sulfoxide group also contains a lone pair of electrons on the sulfur atom, requiring that the sulfoxide group…

tachometer: A resonance, or vibrating-reed, tachometer uses a series of consecutively tuned reeds to determine engine speed by indicating the vibration frequency of the machine.

Tony Schwartz: …be used to create “resonance” with an audience. His “resonance theory” posits that persons in the audience of a particular media object bring with them more information than they are being given; advertising can be designed to work with what an audience already knows to create the desired emotional…

theory of resonance, in chemistry, theory by which the actual normal state of a molecule is represented not by a single valence-bond structure but by a combination of several alternative distinct structures. The molecule is then said to resonate among the several valence-bond structures or to have

spectroscopy: Resonance-ionization mass spectrometry: For the purpose of determining the relative weights of atomic nuclei, the mass spectrometer is one of the most useful instruments used by analytical chemists. If two atoms with the same number of protons (denoted Z) contain different numbers of

spectroscopy: Resonance-ionization spectroscopy: Resonance-ionization spectroscopy (RIS) is an extremely sensitive and highly selective analytical measurement method. It employs lasers to eject electrons from selected types of atoms or molecules, splitting the neutral species into a

tuned circuit, any electrically conducting pathway containing both inductive and capacitive elements. If these elements are connected in series, the circuit presents low impedance to alternating current of the resonant frequency, which is determined by the values of the inductance and capacitance,

organosulfur compound: Organic compounds of polyvalent sulfur: sulfoxides and sulfones: …is clear that the polar resonance structures contribute to the overall bonding, it is probable that there is some contribution from sulfur 3d orbitals as well. It should be noted that the sulfoxide group also contains a lone pair of electrons on the sulfur atom, requiring that the sulfoxide group…

cluster: Ionization and sorting of clusters: This process, called resonant two-photon ionization, is highly selective if the clusters being separated have moderately different absorption spectra. Since this is frequently the case, the method is quite powerful. As the experimenter varies the wavelength of the first exciting laser, a spectrum is produced that includes those…

frequency meter: …the deflection type, is the resonant-reed type, ordinarily used in ranges from 10 to 1,000 Hz, although special designs can operate at lower or higher frequencies. These work by means of specially tuned steel reeds that vibrate under the effect of electric current; only those reeds that are in resonance…

gasoline engine: Exhaust system: …in modern motor vehicles employ resonating chambers connected to the passages through which the gases flow. Gas vibrations are set up in each of these chambers at the fundamental frequency determined by its dimensions. These vibrations cancel or absorb those present in the exhaust stream of about the same frequency.…

resonator, acoustical device for reinforcing sound, as the sounding board of a piano, the “belly” of a stringed instrument, the air mass of an organ pipe, and the throat, nose, and mouth cavities of a vocal animal. In addition to augmenting acoustic power, resonators may also, by altering relative

J. Walter Thompson Co.: Under the leadership of Stanley Resor, who purchased the agency in 1916, J. Walter Thompson Co. pioneered a number of other advertising innovations, including the use of testimonials and fine photography in advertisements. The JWT Group was acquired by the WPP Group, a British marketing firm, in 1987.

resorcinol, phenolic compound used in the manufacture of resins, plastics, dyes, medicine, and numerous other organic chemical compounds. It is produced in large quantities by sulfonating benzene with fuming sulfuric acid and fusing the resulting benzenedisulfonic acid with caustic soda. Reaction

fluorescein, organic compound of molecular formula C20H12O5 that has wide use as a synthetic colouring agent. It is prepared by heating phthalic anhydride and resorcinol over a zinc catalyst, and it crystallizes as a deep red powder with a melting point in the range of 314° to 316° C (597° to 601°

hotel: The resort hotel is a luxury facility that is intended primarily for vacationers and is usually located near special attractions, such as beaches and seashores, scenic or historic areas, ski parks, or spas. Though some resorts operate on a seasonal basis, the majority now try to…

natural resource, any biological, mineral, or aesthetic asset afforded by nature without human intervention that can be used for some form of benefit, whether material (economic) or immaterial. What is considered a “resource” (or, for that matter, “natural”) has varied over time and from one

logistics: Management: McNamara (1961–68), in the resource allocation process. A unified defense planning–programming–budgeting system provided for five-year projections of force, manpower, and dollar requirements for all defense activities, classified into eight or nine major programs (such as strategic forces) that cut across the lines of traditional service responsibilities. The system was…

library: School libraries: Where public libraries and schools are provided by the same education authority, the public library service may include a school department, which takes care of all routine procedures, including purchasing, processing with labels, and attaching book cards and protective covers; the books are…

toxic waste: Laws: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) became law in 1976 and regulated the safe handling and disposal of hazardous wastes, including those that occur in underground storage tanks. It created the “cradle-to-grave” (that is, from manufacture to final disposal) system to keep track of such…

environmental law: Command-and-control legislation: The United States Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1991), for example, requires drip pads for containers in which hazardous waste is accumulated or stored, and the United States Oil Pollution Act (1990) mandates that all oil tankers of a certain size and age operating in U.S. waters be…

resource dependency theory, in sociology, the study of the impact of resource acquisition on organizational behaviour. Resource dependency theory is based on the principle that an organization, such as a business firm, must engage in transactions with other actors and organizations in its

disability management: Management of resources: Resource management as it applies to disabilities focuses on the right of disabled persons to live in the community and have access to equitable supportive resources. This area of disability management views disability as the oppression of a minority group by societal and environmental barriers,…

social movement: Other theories: The first, called resource mobilization theory, takes as its starting point a critique of those theories that explain social movements as arising from conditions of social disorganization and strain and as finding their recruits among the isolated and alienated in society. By contrast, research mobilization theorists argue that…

recycling, recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use in new products. The basic phases in recycling are the collection of waste materials, their processing or manufacture into new products, and the purchase of those products, which may then themselves be recycled. Typical materials that

Australia: The premierships of Kevin Rudd (2007–10 and 2013) and Julia Gillard (2010–13): …business groups to the controversial Resource Super Profits Tax, a proposal targeted at the mining industry and scheduled to go into effect in 2012. Support for Rudd within the Labor Party waned so much that he did not even contest a leadership vote in June 2010 in which Julia Gillard…

environmentalism: Apocalyptic environmentalism: …Julian Simon and Herman Kahn’s The Resourceful Earth (1984), emphasized humanity’s ability to find or to invent substitutes for resources that were scarce and in danger of being exhausted.

Jennifer Hudson: …Aretha Franklin in the biopic Respect.

Otis Redding: …(to Stop Now)” (1965), “Respect” (1965), “Satisfaction” (1966), “Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)” (1966). Redding’s influence extended beyond his gritty vocals. As a composer, especially with his frequent partner Steve Cropper, he introduced a new sort of rhythm-and-blues line—lean, clean, and steely strong. He arranged his songs as he wrote them,…

Respect for Marriage Act, U.S. federal legislation, passed by Congress in December 2022, that defines marriage, for the purposes of federal law, as a legal union between two individuals that is valid in the U.S. state, territory, or possession in which it was entered into. In addition, the Respect

biocentrism: Historical roots: Paul Taylor’s book Respect for Nature (1986) was perhaps the most comprehensive and philosophically sophisticated defense of biocentric ethics. Taylor provided a philosophical account of why life should be accepted as the criterion of moral standing, and he offered a reasoned and principled account of the practical implications…

the Staple Singers: …first secular hit, and “Respect Yourself” (1971) paved the way for “I’ll Take You There” (1972), a number one single on both the pop and rhythm-and-blues charts. The group had a modest hit with a cover of Talking Heads’ “Slippery People” in 1984, and Roebuck had a small role…

Ottorino Respighi: Respighi’s wife and pupil, Elsa Olivieri-Sangiacomo Respighi (1894–1996), was a singer and a composer of operas, choral and symphonic works, and songs.

Ottorino Respighi was an Italian composer who introduced Russian orchestral colour and some of the violence of Richard Strauss’s harmonic techniques into Italian music. He studied at the Liceo of Bologna and later with Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov in St. Petersburg, where he was first violist in the

amphibian: Common features: >respiratory systems work with the integument to provide cutaneous respiration. A broad network of cutaneous capillaries facilitates gas exchange and the diffusion of water and ions between the animal and the environment. Several species of salamanders and at least one species of frog (Barbourula kalimantanensis)…

animal disease: General inspection: The respiratory movements of an animal are important diagnostic criteria; breathing is rapid in young animals, in small animals, and in animals whose body temperature is higher than normal. Specific respiratory movements are characteristic of certain diseases—e.g., certain movements in horses with heaves (emphysema) or the…

cellular respiration, the process by which organisms combine oxygen with foodstuff molecules, diverting the chemical energy in these substances into life-sustaining activities and discarding, as waste products, carbon dioxide and water. Organisms that do not depend on oxygen degrade foodstuffs in a

acidosis: …two primary types of acidosis: respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis results from inadequate excretion of carbon dioxide from the lungs. This may be caused by severe acute or chronic lung disease, such as pneumonia or emphysema, or by certain medications that suppress respiration in excessive doses, such as…

alkalosis: Respiratory alkalosis results from hyperventilation, which is often caused by anxiety. Hyperventilation may also be caused by asthma, congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia. Compare acidosis.

respiratory therapy, medical profession primarily concerned with assisting respiratory function of individuals with severe acute or chronic lung disease. One of the conditions frequently dealt with is obstruction of breathing passages, in which chest physiotherapy is used to facilitate clearing the

bacteria: Heterotrophic metabolism: …to oxygen using the electron transport chain, a system of enzymes and cofactors located in the cell membrane and arranged so that the passage of electrons down the chain is coupled with the movement of protons (hydrogen ions) across the membrane and out of the cell. Electron transport induces the…

respiratory disease, any of the diseases and disorders of the airways and the lungs that affect human respiration. Diseases of the respiratory system may affect any of the structures and organs that have to do with breathing, including the nasal cavities, the pharynx (or throat), the larynx, the

equine respiratory disease, a complex of infections of viral origin, including equine viral rhinopneumonitis (viral abortion), equine viral arteritis, equine influenza and parainfluenza, and equine rhinovirus infection. The diseases are clinically indistinguishable. All cause fever, coughing, and

respiratory distress syndrome of newborns, a common complication in infants, especially in premature newborns, characterized by extremely laboured breathing, cyanosis (a bluish tinge to the skin or mucous membranes), and abnormally low levels of oxygen in the arterial blood. Before the advent of

reovirus, any of a group of ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses constituting the family Reoviridae, a small group of animal and plant viruses. The virions of reoviruses (the name is a shortening of respiratory enteric orphan viruses) lack an outer envelope, appear spheroidal, measure about 70 nanometres

circulatory system: Blood: …a protein known as a respiratory pigment. If present in invertebrates, the respiratory pigments are normally dissolved in the plasma and are not enclosed in blood cells. The constancy of the ionic constituents of blood and their similarity to seawater have been used by some scientists as evidence of a…

biochemistry: Methods in biochemistry: …oxygen and carbon dioxide, yielding respiratory quotients (the ratio of carbon dioxide to oxygen). Somewhat more detail has been gained by determining the quantities of substances entering and leaving a given organ and also by incubating slices of a tissue in a physiological medium outside the body and analyzing the…

animal disease: General inspection: The respiratory movements of an animal are important diagnostic criteria; breathing is rapid in young animals, in small animals, and in animals whose body temperature is higher than normal. Specific respiratory movements are characteristic of certain diseases—e.g., certain movements in horses with heaves (emphysema) or the…

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), infectious agent of the respiratory system that typically produces a mild coldlike illness but in susceptible individuals, particularly infants under six months of age, is a major cause of severe and potentially fatal lower respiratory disease. Severe

antiviral drug: Anti-RSV drugs: …a potentially fatal lower respiratory disease in children. The only pharmacological therapy available for treatment of the infection is the nucleoside analogue ribavirin, which can be administered orally, parenterally, or by inhalation. Ribavirin must also be activated by phosphorylation in order to be effective. An injectable humanized monoclonal antibody is…

respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide in order to satisfy energy requirements. In the living organism, energy is liberated, along with carbon dioxide, through the oxidation of molecules containing carbon. The term respiration denotes

human respiratory system, the system in humans that takes up oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. The human gas-exchanging organ, the lung, is located in the thorax, where its delicate tissues are protected by the bony and muscular thoracic cage. The lung provides the tissues of the human body with a

respiratory therapy, medical profession primarily concerned with assisting respiratory function of individuals with severe acute or chronic lung disease. One of the conditions frequently dealt with is obstruction of breathing passages, in which chest physiotherapy is used to facilitate clearing the

respiratory system, the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide in order to satisfy energy requirements. In the living organism, energy is liberated, along with carbon dioxide, through the oxidation of molecules containing carbon. The term respiration denotes

metabolism: Oxidative, or respiratory-chain, phosphorylation: In oxidative phosphorylation the oxidation of catabolic intermediates by molecular oxygen occurs via a highly ordered series of substances that act as hydrogen and electron carriers. They constitute the electron transfer system, or respiratory chain. In most animals, plants, and fungi, the electron transfer system is…