oceanic crust: …is a layer composed of feeder, or sheeted, dikes that measures more than 1 km (0.6 mile) thick. Dikes are fractures that serve as the plumbing system for transporting magmas (molten rock material) to the seafloor to produce lavas. They are about 1 metre (3 feet) wide, subvertical, and elongate…

sheet erosion: …are moved downslope, commonly by sheetflooding. Broad sheets of rapidly flowing water filled with sediment present a potentially high erosive force. Generally produced by cloudbursts, sheetfloods are of brief duration, and they commonly move only short distances. On relatively rough surfaces, sheetflooding may give way to rill wash, in which…

harbours and sea works: Design: …quay design based on steel sheetpiling, the design becoming increasingly popular with improvements in the detail and manufacture of the material. Steel sheetpiling consists in essence of a series of rolled trough sections with interlocking grooves or guides, known as clutches, along each edge of the section. Each pile is…

sheet erosion, detachment of soil particles by raindrop impact and their removal downslope by water flowing overland as a sheet instead of in definite channels or rills. A more or less uniform layer of fine particles is removed from the entire surface of an area, sometimes resulting in an extensive

Palestine: Land: …as the Judaean Foothills (Shefela). The Judaean plateau falls abruptly to the Jordan Valley, which is approached with difficulty along the wadis Qelt and Muqalliq.

history of logic: Gottfried Ploucquet: …the 20th century as the “Sheffer stroke” function (also known to Peirce) meaning “neither . . . nor.” The universal negative proposition, “No A’s are B’s,” would become “A > B” (or, convertibly, “B > A”). The equality sign was used to denote conceptual identity, as in Leibniz. Capital letters…

Robert Hayden was an American poet whose subject matter is most often the Black experience. He was the first African American to serve as consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress (a role that later became known as U.S. poet laureate). Hayden grew up in Detroit and attended Detroit City

Sheffield, town, city, and metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, north-central England. Sheffield lies about 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London. The city and metropolitan borough lie within the historic county of Yorkshire, except for the area around Beighton and

Sheffield, city, Colbert county, northwestern Alabama, U.S., about 65 miles (105 km) west of Huntsville. It lies on the south bank of the Tennessee River in the Muscle Shoals region and forms, with Florence, Tuscumbia, and the city of Muscle Shoals, a four-city metropolitan area. Sheffield began as

naval warfare: The age of the guided missile: …first against the destroyer HMS Sheffield (May 4) and then, after penetrating fleet defenses, the supply ship Atlantic Conveyor (May 25). Also, a land-to-sea missile struck and damaged the destroyer HMS Glamorgan (June 12), presaging more strikes from land in future maritime wars. Third, the British relearned lessons of damage…

Sheffield: borough, metropolitan county of South Yorkshire, north-central England. Sheffield lies about 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London. The city and metropolitan borough lie within the historic county of Yorkshire, except for the area around Beighton and Mosborough, which belongs to the historic county of…

Home to the National Centre for Popular Music, Sheffield, England, is the heartland of Britain’s rust belt. Built on coal and steel industries, it was devastated by the tsunami of world economic change in the 1980s. The contemporaneous wave of innovative music produced in the city owed far less to

football: The early years: …also gave birth to the Sheffield Football Association, the forerunner of later county associations. Sheffield and London clubs played two matches against each other in 1866, and a year later a match pitting a club from Middlesex against one from Kent and Surrey was played under the revised rules. In…

Sheffield plate, in metalwork, articles made of copper coated with silver by fusion. The technique was discovered about 1742 by Thomas Boulsover, a Sheffield (Yorkshire, Eng.) cutler, who noted that the combination of fused silver and copper retained all the ductility possessed by both metals and

Michael Grandage: …named artistic director of the Sheffield Theatres. He quickly began to attract major names to this regional theatre complex; in 2001 Joseph Fiennes played the title role in Christopher Marlowe’s Edward II, and in 2002 Kenneth Branagh starred in William Shakespeare’s Richard III. Grandage continued working at Sheffield until 2005.…

Miami Marlins: …of pitcher Livan Hernandez, outfielder Gary Sheffield, second baseman Luis Castillo, and catcher Charles Johnson, Florida defeated the San Francisco Giants and the Atlanta Braves in the NL playoffs to earn a berth in the World Series in the team’s fifth year of existence. The Marlins then beat the Cleveland…

John Sheffield, 1st duke of Buckingham and Normanby was an English statesman, patron of the poet John Dryden, and author of poetic essays in heroic couplets. The son of Edmund, 2nd earl of Mulgrave, he succeeded to the title on his father’s death in 1658. He served under Charles II and was a

Ob River: Physiography: …below the confluence of the Shegarka River from the left. Successive tributaries along the northwesterly course, after the Chulym, include the Chaya and the Parabel (both left), the Ket (right), the Vasyugan (left), and the Tym and Vakh rivers (both right). Down to the Vasyugan confluence the river passes through

China: Foreign affairs under Yangdi: …however, Yangdi supported a rival, Shegui, who drove out Chuluo. The latter took service, with an army of 10,000 followers, at Yangdi’s court. When Sui power began to wane after 612, the western Turks under Shegui gradually replaced the Sui garrisons in Central Asia and established control over the states…

Scheherazade, orchestral suite by Russian composer Nicolay Rimsky-Korsakov that was inspired by the collection of largely Middle Eastern and Indian tales known as The Thousand and One Nights (or The Arabian Nights). Exemplary of the late 19th-century taste for program music—or, music with a story

The Thousand and One Nights: …vizier, however, has two daughters, Shahrazad (Scheherazade) and Dunyazad; and the elder, Shahrazad, having devised a scheme to save herself and others, insists that her father give her in marriage to the king. Each evening she tells a story, leaving it incomplete and promising to finish it the following night.…

kosher: …slaughtered by ritual method of shehitah (see below); (3) that the meat has been salted to remove the blood (Deuteronomy 12:16, 23–25, and elsewhere) after the carcass has been critically examined for physical blemishes and that the ischiatic nerve has been removed from hindquarters (Genesis 32:32); and (4) that meat…

kosher: …slaughtered by ritual method of shehitah (see below); (3) that the meat has been salted to remove the blood (Deuteronomy 12:16, 23–25, and elsewhere) after the carcass has been critically examined for physical blemishes and that the ischiatic nerve has been removed from hindquarters (Genesis 32:32); and (4) that meat…

shehnai, double-reed conical oboe of North India. The shehnai is made of wood, except for a flaring metal bell attached to the bottom of the instrument, and measures about 12–20 inches (30–50 cm) in length, with six to eight keyless finger holes along its body. Possessing a two-octave range, the

Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo was a Fulani Muslim leader in western Africa who established a theocratic state in the Macina region of what is now Mali. Influenced by the teachings of the Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, he began a holy war (jihad) in 1818 or possibly as early as 1810. He defeated the forces

Shehu Ahmadu Lobbo was a Fulani Muslim leader in western Africa who established a theocratic state in the Macina region of what is now Mali. Influenced by the teachings of the Islamic reformer Usman dan Fodio, he began a holy war (jihad) in 1818 or possibly as early as 1810. He defeated the forces

Mehmet Shehu was an Albanian politician who served as interior minister (1948–54) and chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) of Albania (1954–81). He was also Albania’s minister of defense from 1974 to 1980. In 1935, after graduating from Tirana Technical College, Shehu enrolled at a

Wang Mang was the founder of the short-lived Xin dynasty (ad 9–25). He is known in Chinese history as Shehuangdi (the “Usurper Emperor”), because his reign (ad 9–23) and that of his successor interrupted the Liu family’s succession of China’s Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220); as a result, the Han is

Patagonia: Drainage and soils: …have intermittent streams—such as the Shehuen, Coig, and Gallegos rivers, which have their sources east of the Andes—or contain streams like the Deseado River, which completely dry up along all or part of their courses and are so altered by the combined effect of wind and sand as to afford…

shehnai, double-reed conical oboe of North India. The shehnai is made of wood, except for a flaring metal bell attached to the bottom of the instrument, and measures about 12–20 inches (30–50 cm) in length, with six to eight keyless finger holes along its body. Possessing a two-octave range, the

sheikh, Arabic title of respect dating from pre-Islamic antiquity; it strictly means a venerable man of more than 50 years of age. The title sheikh is especially borne by heads of religious orders, heads of colleges, such as Al-Azhar University in Cairo, chiefs of tribes, and headmen of villages

sheikh, Arabic title of respect dating from pre-Islamic antiquity; it strictly means a venerable man of more than 50 years of age. The title sheikh is especially borne by heads of religious orders, heads of colleges, such as Al-Azhar University in Cairo, chiefs of tribes, and headmen of villages

Bet Sheʿarim, agricultural cooperative settlement (moshav) and archaeological site in northern Israel, near the western end of the Plain of Esdraelon. Ancient Bet Sheʿarim (Hebrew: House [of the] Gates), about 3 mi (5 km) east-northeast of the modern settlement (founded in 1936), is frequently

Ibn al-ʿArabī was a celebrated Muslim mystic-philosopher who gave the esoteric, mystical dimension of Islamic thought its first full-fledged philosophic expression. His major works are the monumental Al-Futūḥāt al-Makkiyyah (“The Meccan Revelations”) and Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (1229; “The Bezels of

Sheikh Jarrah, neighborhood in Jerusalem located north of the Old City. Since coming under de facto Israeli control during the Six-Day War in 1967, the neighborhood has been the center of a high-profile dispute over land ownership. The controversy heightened in 2009 when Palestinian families were

Sheikh Khalifa ibn Zayed Al Nahyan was the president of the United Arab Emirates (2004–22) and emir of Abu Dhabi constituent emirate (2004–22). Khalifa was the first son of Sheikh Zayed ibn Sultan Al Nahyan, who served as ruler of Abu Dhabi and head of the Nahyan dynasty from 1966 to 2004 and as

Sheikh Mohammed ibn Rashid Al Maktoum is the vice president (2006– ) and prime minister (2006– ) of the United Arab Emirates and emir of Dubai constituent emirate (2006– ). Mohammed was the third son of Sheikh Rashid ibn Saeed Al Maktoum, ruler of Dubai and head of the Maktoum dynasty from 1958

Mujibur Rahman was a Bengali leader who became the president (1971–72; 1975) and prime minister (1972–75) of Bangladesh. Mujib, the son of a middle-class landowner, studied law and political science at the Universities of Calcutta and Dacca (now Dhaka). Although jailed briefly as a teenager for

Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor is a Malaysian orthopedic surgeon who became the first Malaysian to go into space. Sheikh earned a degree in medicine and surgery at Kasturba Medical College in Manipal, India. He also earned an advanced degree in orthopedic surgery at University Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur,

Dubai: City site and layout: …a string of skyscrapers lining Sheikh Zayed Road. Notable among these are the Emirates Towers, which were built in the late 1990s and early 2000s and which house a hotel and government offices. Close to Sheikh Zayed Road is the Dubai International Financial Centre, housed in a futuristic arch-shaped building,…

Antinoöpolis, Roman city in ancient Egypt, on the east bank of the Nile, 24 miles (38 km) south of modern al-Minyā in al-Minyā muḥāfaẓah (governorate) and 177 miles (285 km) south of Cairo. The earliest levels excavated date to the New Kingdom (1567–1085 bc). On the site of a Ramesside temple, the

Shekhupūra, city, Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. In the town centre stands a fort of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr (completed 1619) that also served as the 19th-century residence of one of Ranjit Singh’s queens; outside the city, the massive Hiran Minar tower overlooks the countryside. Shekhupūra

Tanzania: Challenges into the 21st century: Ali Mohamed Shein of the CCM, won more than 90 percent of the votes. Several diplomats reiterated their earlier position that the October election should not have been annulled and rerun. A leadership dispute in the CUF in the following years culminated in 2019, with…

Claudia Sheinbaum is a Mexican politician and environmental engineer who is the President of Mexico. She is the first woman and the first Jewish person to be elected to the post. Sheinbaum previously served as mayor of Mexico City (2018–23) before stepping down to run in the presidential election

Judy Sheindlin is an American jurist and television personality who was best known for the show Judge Judy (1996–2021). Blum earned (1963) a Bachelor of Arts degree from American University, Washington, D.C. She was the only woman in her graduating class at New York Law School, New York City, when

Ariel Sharon was an Israeli general and politician, whose public life was marked by brilliant but controversial military achievements and political policies. He was one of the chief participants in the Arab-Israeli wars and was elected prime minister of Israel in 2001, a position he held until he

Sheinwoodian Stage, first of two stages of the Wenlock Series, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Sheinwoodian Age (433.4 million to 430.5 million years ago) of the Silurian Period. The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) established the Global Stratotype Section and Point

shaitan, in Islāmic myth, an unbelieving class of jinn (“spirits”); it is also the name of Iblīs, the devil, when he is performing demonic acts. In the system of evil jinn outlined by the Arab writer al-Jāḥiẓ, the shaitans are identified simply as unbelieving jinn. Folklore, however, describes them

Sheji, in ancient Chinese religion, a compound patron deity of the soil and harvests. China’s earliest legendary emperors are said to have worshipped She (Soil), for they alone had responsibility for the entire earth and country. This worship was meant to include the five spirits of the earth that

Beijing: Recreation: …Beijing and encloses the former Altar of Earth and Harvests (Shejitan), where the emperors made offerings to the gods of earth and agriculture. The altar consists of a square terrace in the centre of the park. To the north of the altar is the Hall of Worship (Baidian), now the…

Nigeria: Rise of Boko Haram: …the leadership of Yusuf’s deputy, Abubakar Shekau, and unleashed a campaign of violence in 2010 that continued in the following years.

sheqel, monetary unit of Israel. The sheqel (plural: sheqalim) is divided into 100 agorot. Israel’s current monetary system, based on the New Israeli Sheqel (NIS), was established in 1985, when the old sheqel was replaced at a rate of 1,000 old sheqalim to 1 new sheqel (NIS 1). Israel has had

measurement system: The Babylonians: The shekel, familiar from the Bible as a standard Hebrew coin and weight, was originally Babylonian. Most of the Babylonian weights and measures, carried in commerce throughout the Middle East, were gradually adopted by other countries. The basic Babylonian unit of length was the kus (about…

Chandra Shekhar was a politician and legislator, who served as prime minister of India from November 1990 to June 1991. Shekhar was a leading member of the Socialist Party before he joined the ruling Congress Party in 1964. He was a member of India’s upper legislative chamber, the Rajya Sabha, from

shikhara: … has two further variations: the shekhari and the bhumija. The shekhari consists of the central latina spires with one or more rows of half spires added on either side and miniature shikharas clustered along the base and corners. The shekhari was popular from the 10th century onward and can be…

Shechem, Canaanite city of ancient Palestine, near Nablus. The two locations have been closely—though erroneously—equated for almost 2,000 years: both rabbinic and early Christian literature commonly equated Nablus with ancient Shechem, and Nablus has been called Shekhem in Hebrew to the present,

Nablus, city in the West Bank. It lies in an enclosed fertile valley and is the market centre of a natural oasis that is watered by numerous springs. Founded under the auspices of the Roman emperor Vespasian in 72 ce and originally named Flavia Neapolis, the city prospered in particular because of

Shekhina, (Hebrew: “Dwelling,” or “Presence”), in Jewish theology, the presence of God in the world. The designation was first used in the Aramaic form, shekinta, in the interpretive Aramaic translations of the Old Testament known as Targums, and it was frequently used in the Talmud, Midrash, and

Shekhina, (Hebrew: “Dwelling,” or “Presence”), in Jewish theology, the presence of God in the world. The designation was first used in the Aramaic form, shekinta, in the interpretive Aramaic translations of the Old Testament known as Targums, and it was frequently used in the Talmud, Midrash, and

Shubat Enlil, ancient city in northeastern Syria. Excavations of the mound at the site were begun by Harvey Weiss of Yale University in 1979. His work uncovered archaeological remains dating from about 5000 bc to 1726 bc, when the once-flourishing city was destroyed by Babylon. Shubat Enlil was the

Shekhupūra, city, Punjab province, eastern Pakistan. In the town centre stands a fort of the Mughal emperor Jahāngīr (completed 1619) that also served as the 19th-century residence of one of Ranjit Singh’s queens; outside the city, the massive Hiran Minar tower overlooks the countryside. Shekhupūra

Şäki, city, north-central Azerbaijan. It is situated on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range. Şäki, one of the oldest cities in Azerbaijan, was a trading centre on the road to Dagestan. In the 18th and 19th centuries it served as the capital of the khanate of Sheki, which was ceded to

eastern Africa: The Omani ascendancy: …defeated by Lamu in the battle of Shela, about 1810. Pate’s preeminence in the Lamu islands was destroyed, Mombasa’s authority on the coast was diminished, and the way was open to Muscat’s great intrusion into East African affairs. Lamu appealed to Oman for a garrison to assist it, to which…

Paul Elmer More: …best known work is his Shelburne Essays, 11 vol. (1904–21), a collection of articles and reviews, most of which had appeared in The Nation and other periodicals. Also notable among More’s writings are Platonism (1917); The Religion of Plato (1921); Hellenistic Philosophies (1923); New Shelburne Essays (1928–36); and his biography…

Burlington: Shelburne Museum (1947), a 45-acre (18-hectare) reconstruction of early American life that includes numerous historic buildings and a side-wheel steamship, is 7 miles (11 km) south. Burlington was the home (1787–89) of Ethan Allen, the American Revolutionary War hero, and is the site of his…

William Petty-Fitzmaurice, 1st marquess of Lansdowne was a British statesman and prime minister (July 1782 to April 1783) during the reign of George III. The son of John Fitzmaurice, who took the additional name of Petty on succeeding to the Irish estates of his uncle and who was created earl of

Shelby, city, seat (1842) of Cleveland county, in the Piedmont region of southwestern North Carolina, U.S., about 40 miles (65 km) west of Charlotte. The area was originally inhabited by Catawba and Cherokee peoples and was settled after 1760. The city was chartered in 1843 and named for Colonel

Shelby County v. Holder, legal case, decided on June 25, 2013, in which the U.S. Supreme Court declared (5–4) unconstitutional Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) of 1965, which set forth a formula for determining which jurisdictions were required (under Section 5 of the act) to seek federal

Kentucky: Exploration and settlement: Isaac Shelby was appointed governor, and a committee was appointed to select a permanent site for the capital. Frankfort was chosen, and the General Assembly met for the first time on November 1, 1793.

Richard Shelby is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1986 and represented Alabama from 1987 to 2023; in 1994 he joined the Republican Party. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–87). Shelby attended the University of Alabama (B.A.,

Richard Shelby is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1986 and represented Alabama from 1987 to 2023; in 1994 he joined the Republican Party. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1979–87). Shelby attended the University of Alabama (B.A.,

Susan Shelby Magoffin was an American diarist who was the first woman to write an account of traveling the Santa Fe Trail. Magoffin’s journal, written in 1846–47, describes trade on the trail at its high point and records important details of the Mexican-American War. Susan Shelby was born into a

Shelbyville, city, seat (1822) of Shelby county, central Indiana, U.S. It lies along the forks of the Big Blue and Little Blue rivers, 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Indianapolis. Laid out in 1822 as the county seat, it was named for Isaac Shelby, American Revolutionary War hero and the first

Shelbyville, city, seat (1809) of Bedford county, south-central Tennessee, U.S. It lies along the Duck River, some 50 miles (80 km) southeast of Nashville. Laid out as the county seat in 1809, it was named for Colonel Isaac Shelby, the American Revolutionary War leader of a force of riflemen

sheldgoose, any of the larger members of the duck tribe Tadornini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). The smaller members of the tribe are called shelducks. Sheldgeese inhabit tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are small-billed and rather long-legged, with upright stance; some have

sheldgoose, any of the larger members of the duck tribe Tadornini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). The smaller members of the tribe are called shelducks. Sheldgeese inhabit tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. They are small-billed and rather long-legged, with upright stance; some have

Alaska: Education: Sheldon Jackson College (1878) in Sitka was Alaska’s oldest higher-education institution until it closed in 2008. Alaska Bible College (1966) in Glennallen and Alaska Pacific University (1957) in Anchorage are private institutions. Alaska Pacific University hosts the Institute of the North (1994), a centre for…

James Tiptree, Jr. was an American science fiction author known for her disturbing short stories about love, death, gender, and human and alien nature. When Alice Bradley was six years old, she and her parents traveled to the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) on an expedition

Charles Monroe Sheldon was an American preacher and inspirational writer famous as the author of the best-selling novel In His Steps. Sheldon was educated at Brown University and Andover Theological Seminary. In 1889 he founded the Central Congregational Church in Topeka, Kan. He read series of his

Oswego Movement: It was led by Edward Austin Sheldon, who was instrumental in bringing the ideas of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi into U.S. education through the development of the object method, which Sheldon introduced in Oswego, New York. The normal school associated with that method, founded in 1861, evolved into…

Laura Maria Sheldon Wright was an American missionary who devoted her energies unstintingly to the education and welfare of the Seneca people, honouring their culture while assisting in their adjustment to reservation life. Laura Sheldon played as a child with local Native American children, among

James Tiptree, Jr. was an American science fiction author known for her disturbing short stories about love, death, gender, and human and alien nature. When Alice Bradley was six years old, she and her parents traveled to the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) on an expedition

William Sheldon was an American psychologist and physician who was best known for his theory associating physique, personality, and delinquency. Sheldon attended the University of Chicago, where he received a Ph.D. in psychology in 1926 and an M.D. in 1933. In 1951, after having worked at various

Christopher Wren: Turn to architecture: …in the design of the Sheldonian Theatre at Oxford. This, the gift of Bishop Gilbert Sheldon of London to his old university, was to be a theatre in the classical sense, where university ceremonies would be performed. It followed a classical form, inspired by the ancient Theatre of Marcellus in…

merganser: The common merganser, or goosander (M. merganser), is of mallard size; the male lacks a noticeable crest. It usually nests in hollow trees in north temperate to subarctic regions and migrates to more southerly rivers. The somewhat smaller and ground-nesting red-breasted merganser (M. serrator) has a…

merganser: The somewhat smaller and ground-nesting red-breasted merganser (M. serrator) has a similar range. In the United States, common and red-breasted mergansers are often called sheldrakes (properly a name for the shelducks).

shelduck, any of the smaller members of the duck tribe Tadornini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). The larger members of the tribe are called sheldgeese. Shelducks are short-billed ducks of somewhat gooselike build, with long legs and upright stance. They are found in the Old World. The common

shelduck, any of the smaller members of the duck tribe Tadornini, family Anatidae (order Anseriformes). The larger members of the tribe are called sheldgeese. Shelducks are short-billed ducks of somewhat gooselike build, with long legs and upright stance. They are found in the Old World. The common

Aleksandr Nikolayevich Shelepin was a Soviet government official who led the Komsomol (Young Communist League; 1952–58), served as head of the Committee for State Security (KGB; 1958–61), and was a member of the Communist Party’s Politburo (1964–75). He is thought to have played a role in Nikita

Ukraine: The period of Khrushchev: …to prominence of two figures—Petro Shelest and Volodymyr Shcherbytsky—who between them dominated Ukraine’s political landscape for almost 30 years. The earlier careers of both encompassed party work in regional party organizations. In 1961 Shcherbytsky became chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) of Ukraine. Upon the elevation of Pidhorny…

shelf break, submerged offshore edge of a shallow continental shelf, where the seafloor transitions to continental slope. A shelf break is characterized by markedly increased slope gradients toward the deep ocean bottom. The shelf break may be as shallow as 20 metres (65 feet) and as deep as 550

shelf fungus, basidiomycete that forms shelflike sporophores (spore-producing organs). Shelf fungi are commonly found growing on trees or fallen logs in damp woodlands. They can severely damage cut lumber and stands of timber. Specimens 40 cm (16 inches) or more in diameter are not uncommon. A

glacier: Classification of mountain glaciers: …of mountain ranges are called piedmont glaciers. Outlet glaciers are valley glaciers that originate in ice sheets, ice caps, and ice fields. Because of the complex shapes of mountain landscapes and the resulting variety of situations in which glaciers can develop, it is difficult to draw clear distinctions among the…

trans fat: History of trans fat: …air, resulting in a short shelf life. Therefore, a stable form of unsaturated fat had the potential to significantly extend the shelf life and value of a variety of foods. The first food product developed that contained trans fat was Crisco vegetable shortening, introduced in 1911 by Procter & Gamble…

Victor Ernest Shelford was an American zoologist and animal ecologist whose pioneering studies of animal communities helped to establish ecology as a distinct discipline. His Animal Communities in Temperate America (1913) was one of the first books to treat ecology as a separate science. Shelford

Chelif River, the longest and most important river of Algeria. Its farthest tributary, the Sebgag River, rises in the Amour ranges of the Saharan Atlas Mountains near Aflou. Crossing the Hauts Plateaux for most of the year as a chain of marshes and muddy pools, the river loses most of its water but

Russian-American Company: …Company, headed by the merchants Grigory I. Shelikov and Ivan I. Golikov, was organized in 1781 to establish colonies on the North American coast and carry on the fur trade. After Shelikov’s death (1795), the group merged with three others to form the United American Company. To confront foreign activity…

Gulf of Shelikhov, gulf lying off far eastern Russia, a northward extension of the Sea of Okhotsk lying between the Siberian mainland on the west and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east. The gulf extends northward for 420 miles (670 km) and has a maximum width of 185 miles (300 km). The average

Jewish Diaspora: Zionism in the Diaspora: According to the theory of shelilat ha-galut (“denial of the exile”), espoused by many Israelis, Jewish life and culture are doomed in the Diaspora because of assimilation and acculturation, and only those Jews who migrate to Israel have hope for continued existence as Jews. It should be noted that neither…

mechanics of solids: Beams, columns, plates, and shells: The 1700s and early 1800s were a productive period during which the mechanics of simple elastic structural elements were developed—well before the beginnings in the 1820s of the general three-dimensional theory. The development of beam theory by Euler, who generally modeled beams as elastic…