Bobbie Ann Mason: Mason received critical acclaim for Shiloh and Other Stories (1982), her first collection of stories, which describes the lives of working-class people in a shifting rural society now dominated by chain stores, television, and superhighways. In Country (1985; film 1989), her first novel, is also steeped in mass culture, which…

Zion: The massive, 8,000-seat Shiloh Tabernacle was completed in 1900 and became Zion’s religious center until it burned in 1937. Settlement began in 1901, and from its origins the city was theocratically governed, with the church controlling all business activities. With few exceptions, streets in the city were named…

Battle of Shiloh, (April 6–7, 1862), second great engagement of the American Civil War, fought in southwestern Tennessee, resulting in a victory for the North and in large casualties for both sides. In February, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort

Murray Bookchin was an American anarchist, political philosopher, trade-union organizer, and educator best known for his organizing activities on behalf of labour unions and his vehement critiques of capitalism, globalization, and humanity’s treatment of the environment. Bookchin was the son of

Congress of the People: …party founded in 2008 by Mbhazima Shilowa, Mluleki George, and Mosiuoa Lekota, former high-ranking members of South Africa’s ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC), who disagreed with the direction of that organization. The new party positioned itself as “progressive” and diverse, pledging to reach out to minorities and women,…

South Asian arts: Bangladesh: …and inner tensions in his Shilpi (“The Artist”), in which the artist is torn between love for his wife and for his art. Especially popular are historical themes of political significance, inspiring Muslims who for centuries were subjugated by the Hindus of East Bengal. Ebrahim Khan wrote Kamal Pasha (1926),…

nuclear reactor: Reactor control elements: Shim rods are designed to compensate for the effects of burnup (i.e., energy production). Reactivity changes resulting from burnup can be large, but they occur slowly over periods of days to years, as compared with the seconds-to-minutes range over which safety actions and routine regulation…

Shimabara, port city, Nagasaki ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, on the eastern coast of the Shimabara Peninsula, some 40 miles (65 km) east of Nagasaki. The city, which was a castle town of the Matsudaira family, contains the ruins of the Moridake Castle. The city is noted as the site of the

Shimabara Rebellion, (1637–38), uprising of Japanese Roman Catholics, the failure of which virtually ended the Christian movement in 17th-century Japan and furthered government determination to isolate Japan from foreign influences. The revolt began as a result of dissatisfaction with the heavy

Shimada, city, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan. It lies on the lower Ōi River, opposite the former city of Hamada; in 2005 Hamada was merged administratively into the city of Shimada. During the Edo (Tokugawa) era (1603–1867) it was an important post town on the Tōkaidō (Eastern Sea

industrial relations: Japan: Shimada Haruo, a leading Japanese industrial relations scholar, has maintained that one cannot comprehend Japanese industrial and organizational practices without recognizing that Japanese managers regard human resources as the most critical asset affecting the performance of their enterprises. Therefore, management in large Japanese companies is…

Shimane, ken (prefecture), southwestern Honshu, Japan, facing the Sea of Japan (East Sea). It includes the Oki Islands. The interior is composed chiefly of a volcanic mountain chain, and the coast is dotted with numerous associated hot springs. In the north, the Shimane Peninsula encloses Lake

Shimazaki Tōson was a Japanese poet and novelist, whose fiction illuminated the clash of old and new values in a Japan feverishly modernizing itself during the period of the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912). Tōson was educated in Tokyo at Meiji Gakuin, where he was also baptized, although Christianity

Shimazaki Tōson was a Japanese poet and novelist, whose fiction illuminated the clash of old and new values in a Japan feverishly modernizing itself during the period of the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912). Tōson was educated in Tokyo at Meiji Gakuin, where he was also baptized, although Christianity

Shimazu Family, powerful warrior clan that controlled the southern tip of the Japanese island of Kyushu from the 12th to the 19th century. Ensconced in their isolated stronghold on the frontier of Japan, the Shimazu were the only feudal family to play a leading role in Japanese history in both

Shimazu Hisamitsu was a noted Japanese lord who in 1867–68 led his clan in the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate, the military dictatorship that had dominated Japan since the early 17th century. He then helped organize the newly restored imperial government. In 1858 Hisamitsu succeeded as daimyo

Shimazu Nariakira was a mid-19th century Japanese daimyo (lord) of the Satsuma han, or feudal fief. His adoption of Western military techniques and armaments helped make Satsuma one of the strongest fiefs in the country and put the han in a position to play a leading role in the overthrow of the

Shimazu Shigehide was a Japanese lord of the great han, or feudal fief, of Satsuma. Shimazu’s strong leadership and his interest in Western studies put Satsuma in a position to play a leading role in Japanese affairs from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. Succeeding his father as head of

Shimazu Family: …the late 12th century by Shimazu Tadahisa (1179–1227), who adopted the surname of Shimazu after he was appointed governor of the southern portion of Kyushu. The clan prospered by taking advantage of trade with Korea and the Ryukyu Islands. By the 16th century the Shimazu had become the major power…

Ethiopia: The Zagwe and Solomonic dynasties: …Denegel was defeated at the battle of Shimbra Kure, and the Muslims pushed northward into the central highlands, destroying settlements, churches, and monasteries. In 1541 the Portuguese, whose interests in the Red Sea were imperiled by Muslim power, sent 400 musketeers to train the Ethiopian army in European tactics. Emperor…

history of Mesopotamia: The Hurrian and Mitanni kingdoms: The sun god Shimegi and the moon god Kushuh, whose consort was Nikkal, the Ningal of the Sumerians, were of lesser rank. More important was the position of the Babylonian god of war and the underworld, Nergal. In northern Syria the god of war Astapi and the goddess…

T’ao-yüan: The Shih-men (Shimen) Reservoir, on the Tan-shui (Danshui, or Tamsui) River, provides irrigation and hydroelectric power to nearby textile, cement, and small machinery industries. The T’ai-pei (Taibei) oil and gas fields are in the northeast. Coal, iron ore, and nickel are mined.

kamidana: …kamidana may also include a shimenawa, a sacred rope of twisted rice straw traditionally used to demarcate a sacred area. Offerings of water, sake (rice beer), food, and green twigs are placed daily at the front of the shrine, and prayers are offered for blessings on the household. Often Japanese…

Ántonia Shimerda, fictional character, the protagonist of Willa Cather’s novel My Ántonia

Zhang Yimou: …included Shimian mai fu (2004; House of Flying Daggers) and Man cheng jin dai huangjinjia (2006; Curse of the Golden Flower). Zhang shifted direction again with the offbeat comic thriller San qiang pai an jing qi (2009; A Woman, a Gun and a Noodle Shop), a remake of the Coen…

Shimizu, former city, Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan, situated on the northwest coast of Suruga Bay. In 2005 it was merged administratively into neighbouring Shizuoka city and became a ward of that municipality. During the Edo (Tokugawa) era (1603–1867) Shimizu was a post town on

Japanese music: Composers in Western styles: Shimizu Osamu is perhaps more successful nationalistically in his choral settings of Japanese and Ainu music, in which the style of vocal production and chordal references seems to be a more honest abstraction of Japanese ideals. Mamiya Michio combined traditional timbres with 12-tone compositional technique…

Nagano 1998 Olympic Winter Games: Hiroyasu Shimizu took home the gold medal in the 500-metre speed skating event and the bronze in the 100-metre. Japan’s only female gold medalist was freestyle skier Tae Satoya, who won the moguls competition.

An Chung-sik was the last gentleman painter of the great Korean Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910). As a promising young painter, An Chung-sik was sent to China for training by the Korean court. Upon his return he became a master of the popular Southern style, with its emphasis on fingertip technique. He

Shimla, city, capital of Himachal Pradesh state, northwestern India. The city lies northeast of Chandigarh on a ridge of the Himalayan foothills, at an elevation of about 7,100 feet (2,200 metres). Shimla was built by the British on land they had retained after the Gurkha War of 1814–16 and was

Jackson Pollock: Coming into maturity: …heavily painted, all-over design of Shimmering Substance (1946) and Eyes in the Heat (1946), indicating the range of imagery and technique he employed during this period.

chemin de fer, French card game played mainly in European and Latin American casinos. The game is played by up to 12 players, on a kidney-shaped table; the object is to total 9 with a hand of two or three cards. When the cards total a two-digit number, the first digit is ignored, so that 14 would

Tsushima: …two rocky islands, Kami and Shimo, which are separated at one point by a narrow channel. Kami has an area of 98 square miles (255 square km), while Shimo has an area of 174 square miles (450 square km).

Shizuoka: The port of Shimoda, on the southeast coast of the peninsula, received the ships of Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the United States in 1854 and was one of the first Japanese ports to be opened to trade with the United States. Other historic sites in the prefecture…

law of war: Law by custom: …court, in the case of Shimoda v. Japan (1955), dealt with the legality in international law of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Shimodate, city, Ibaraki ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, situated on a tributary of the Kokai River. Shimodate was a cotton textile centre during the Tokugawa era (1603–1867). The construction of railways during the Meiji era (1868–1912) connected the city with Mito (east) and Utsunomiya

Shivamogga, city, western Karnataka state, southern India. It is situated in an upland region on the Tunga River (a headstream of the Tungabhadra). Shivamogga is a road and rail junction, reexporting areca nuts, rice, coffee, and pepper. Industries include rice and oilseed milling and cotton

Komparu Zempō: …conservative style of performance called shimogakari and had waned in popularity, it revived and once again presented performances at the court in Kyōto.

Shimomura Kanzan was a Japanese artist who contributed to the modernization of traditional Japanese painting. Shimomura went to Tokyo in 1881 to study painting and became a pupil of Kanō Hōgai and Hashimoto Gahō. One of the first students to enter the Tokyo Fine Arts School, founded in 1889,

Shimomura Kanzan was a Japanese artist who contributed to the modernization of traditional Japanese painting. Shimomura went to Tokyo in 1881 to study painting and became a pupil of Kanō Hōgai and Hashimoto Gahō. One of the first students to enter the Tokyo Fine Arts School, founded in 1889,

Osamu Shimomura was a Japanese-born chemist who was a corecipient, with Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien, of the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. In 1955 Shimomura became a research assistant at Nagoya University, where he earned a Ph.D. in organic chemistry in 1960. That same year, he traveled to

Shimon bar Yochai was a Galilean tanna (i.e., one of a select group of Palestinian rabbinic teachers), one of the most eminent disciples of the martyred rabbi Akiva ben Yosef and, traditionally, author of the Zohar (see Sefer ha-zohar), the most important work of Jewish mysticism. Little is known

Shimonoseki, city, southwestern Yamaguchi ken (prefecture), far western Honshu, Japan. It occupies a strategic position on the Kanmon (Shimonoseki) Strait between Honshu and Kyushu. Kitakyūshū lies opposite Shimonoseki across the strait. The city, the most populous in the prefecture, was formerly

Takasugi Shinsaku: …Shimonoseki Strait resulted in the Shimonoseki Incident (1864)—the demolition of all Chōshū forts along the strait by warships from Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States. The loyalist faction in Chōshū then chose Takasugi to help construct a new Western-style army.

Treaty of Shimonoseki, (April 17, 1895), agreement that concluded the first Sino-Japanese War (1894–95), which ended in China’s defeat. By the terms of the treaty, China was obliged to recognize the independence of Korea, over which it had traditionally held suzerainty; to cede Taiwan, the

Kibi Makibi was an early envoy to China who did much to introduce Chinese culture to the comparatively primitive Japanese state. In 717, when Chinese culture under the great T’ang dynasty (618–907) was at its height, Kibi traveled there as a student. Upon his return to Japan, he received an

Japanese performing arts: Meiji period: These shimpa, or “new school,” plays, however, were little more than crude melodramas. Yakko and other actresses performing in shimpa marked the first time women had appeared on the professional stage since Okuni’s time. One shimpa troupe continues to perform today, in a style that retains…

Kaishintō, a leading Japanese political party from its founding in 1882 by the democratic leader Ōkuma Shigenobu until its merger with several smaller parties in 1896. It generally represented the urban elite of intellectuals, industrialists, and merchants. Its platform, like that of its main

Itzhak Ben-Zvi was the second president of Israel (1952–63) and an early Zionist leader in Palestine, who helped create the political, economic, and military institutions basic to the formation of the state of Israel. A Zionist from his youth, Ben-Zvi in 1905 helped form the Russian Poale Zion, a

Samson, legendary Israelite warrior and judge, or divinely inspired leader, renowned for the prodigious strength that he derived from his uncut hair. He is portrayed in the biblical Book of Judges (chapters 13–16). Samson’s incredible exploits, as related in the biblical narrative, hint at the

mathematics: Developments in pure mathematics: Andrew Wiles established the Shimura-Taniyama conjectures in a large range of cases that included Frey’s curve and therefore Fermat’s last theorem—a major feat even without the connection to Fermat. It soon became clear that the argument had a serious flaw; but in May 1995 Wiles, assisted by another English…

Shin, (Japanese: “True Pure Land sect”), the largest of the popular Japanese Buddhist Pure Land sects. See Pure Land

Ikenobō: Ikenobō arrangements are divided into shin (formal), gyō (semi-formal), and so (informal).

tibia, inner and larger of the two bones of the lower leg in vertebrates—the other is the fibula. In humans the tibia forms the lower half of the knee joint above and the inner protuberance of the ankle below. The upper part consists of two fairly flat-topped prominences, or condyles, that

Shin Bet, one of the three major intelligence organizations of Israel, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Mossad (foreign intelligence). The Shin Bet is concerned with internal security and counterintelligence and focuses on potential sabotage, terrorist activities, and security matters of

Japanese art: Wood-block prints: The shin hanga (“new print”) movement sought to revive the classic ukiyo-e prints in a contemporary and highly romanticized mode. Landscapes and women were the primary subjects. Watanabe Shōsaburō was the publisher most active in this movement. His contributing artists included Kawase Hasui, Hashiguchi Goyō, Yoshida…

Okamoto Kidō: …what has been called the New Kabuki (Shin Kabuki). He also wrote more than 100 short stories and several novels, the most popular being Hanshichi torimono-chō, a recounting of cases handled by a detective Hanshichi, of the Tokugawa shogunate.

Japan: Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence: …selection of poems entitled the Shin kokin wakashū. The waka of this period is characterized by the term yūgen, which may be described as a mood both profound and mysterious.

Japan: Kamakura culture: the new Buddhism and its influence: …selection of poems entitled the Shin kokin wakashū. The waka of this period is characterized by the term yūgen, which may be described as a mood both profound and mysterious.

Southeast Asian arts: The 15th century: …the court of Ava, and Shin Maha Thila Wuntha and Shin Uttamagyaw, both of whom were of village stock and did not go to court but remained on in their village monasteries. Shin Maha Thila Wuntha, in the closing years of his life, turned to prose and wrote a chronicle…

Nippon Steel Corporation, Japanese corporation created by the 1970 merger of Yawata Iron & Steel Co., Ltd., and Fuji Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. It ranks among the world’s largest steel corporations. Its headquarters are in Tokyo, and it has several offices overseas. In 1896 the Japanese government

Japanese Trade Union Confederation (Rengō), largest national trade union in Japan. The federation was founded in 1989 and absorbed its predecessors—including the General Council of Trade Unions of Japan (Sōhyō), the Japanese Confederation of Labour (Dōmei), and others—and brought together both

Korean art: Painting: Yi Am, Sin Saim-dang, and Yi Chŏng are the better scholar-painters of the first period. Unlike the professional court painters, who made Chinese landscapes their specialty, these amateur scholar-painters devoted themselves to painting the so-called Four Gentlemen—the pine tree, bamboo, plum tree, and orchid—as well as such…

periosteum: …also referred to as “shin splints”), which commonly affects runners.

Dardic languages: …the Eastern group, which includes Shina and Kashmiri. (Some scholars use the term Dardic to refer only to the Eastern subgroup of languages and use the name Pisaca to refer to the group as a whole.)

Dardic languages: …the Eastern group, which includes Shina and Kashmiri. (Some scholars use the term Dardic to refer only to the Eastern subgroup of languages and use the name Pisaca to refer to the group as a whole.)

Tokyo-Yokohama Metropolitan Area: Street patterns: …most important of these was Shinagawa, to the south, first of the 53 stages on the Tōkaidō (the main coastal road to Kyōto) celebrated in the woodblock prints of Hiroshige and others. It is still situated on the oldest and most important highway to Yokohama and beyond. The old highway…

kendo: …century, practice armour and the shinai, a sword made of bamboo, were introduced to allow realistic fencing without risk of injury. The study of what came to be known as kendo was even compulsory in Japanese schools from time to time. An All-Japan Kendo Federation was formed following the end…

Shinano River, river, the longest in Japan, draining most of Nagano and Niigata prefectures. It rises at the foot of Mount Kobushi, in the Japanese Alps of Honshu, and flows north-northeast for 228 miles (367 km) to enter the Sea of Japan at Niigata. Its upper course is joined by numerous

Paetongtarn Shinawatra is a Thai businesswoman and politician who serves as the 31st prime minister of Thailand (2024– ). She is the daughter of former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra and the second woman to hold the office, following her aunt, Yingluck Shinawatra. Paetongtarn was born into a

Thaksin Shinawatra is a Thai politician and businessman who served as prime minister of Thailand from 2001 to 2006. Known for his populist policies and modernizing impact on Thailand’s economy, he remains a highly influential and polarizing figure in Thai politics. His tenure saw substantial

Yingluck Shinawatra is a Thai businesswoman and politician who was prime minister of Thailand from 2011 to 2014. She is the first woman in the country to hold that office and the younger sister of former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. Yingluck Shinawatra was the youngest of nine children born

tibia, inner and larger of the two bones of the lower leg in vertebrates—the other is the fibula. In humans the tibia forms the lower half of the knee joint above and the inner protuberance of the ankle below. The upper part consists of two fairly flat-topped prominences, or condyles, that

Shinbutsu shūgō, in Japan, amalgamation of Buddhism with the indigenous religion Shintō. The precedents for this amalgamation were laid down almost as soon as Buddhism entered Japan in the mid-6th century, and the process of blending Buddhism with Shintō has dominated the religious life of the

Japan: The establishment of warrior culture: …is built in the Japanese shinden style (a style of mansion construction developed in the Heian period) in its first and second stories, while its upper story is in the kara (“Chinese”) style of the Zen school. Thus Kitayama culture, while absorbing new Zen influences from China, retained much of…

shinden-zukuri, Japanese architectural style for mansion-estates constructed in the Heian period (794–1185) and consisting of a shinden, or chief central building, to which subsidiary structures were connected by corridors. The shinden style developed when the Heian court nobility, given

shinden-zukuri, Japanese architectural style for mansion-estates constructed in the Heian period (794–1185) and consisting of a shinden, or chief central building, to which subsidiary structures were connected by corridors. The shinden style developed when the Heian court nobility, given

Billy Preston: …the house band on television’s Shindig and in Ray Charles’s backing band, Preston recorded several albums for the Beatles’ Apple Records. Arguably the musician with the strongest claim as the “Fifth Beatle,” he added a driving organ to “Get Back,” which was credited to “the Beatles with Billy Preston.” Besides…

Joni Mitchell: Later albums: On Shine (2007), her first album recorded for the Starbucks coffee chain’s music label, she returned to themes of environmental and social justice. Mitchell also issued several retrospective compilations, including The Beginning of Survival (2004), Dreamland (2004), Songs of a Prairie Girl (2005), and the 53-song…

David Helfgott: …dramatized in the 1996 film Shine, starring Geoffrey Rush, who won an Oscar for his performance.

Martin Scorsese: Films of the 2000s: Gangs of New York, The Aviator, and The Departed: …singer-songwriter, and the concert film Shine a Light (2008) starred the Rolling Stones.

Pink Floyd: The Dark Side of the Moon: …Were Here (1975), includes “Shine On You Crazy Diamond,” a song for Barrett, and, though it went to number one in both the United States and Britain, it was considered anticlimactic and pompous by many critics.

David Butler: …Butler ventured into biopics with Shine on, Harvest Moon, which featured Ann Sheridan and Dennis Morgan as vaudeville stars Nora Bayes and Jack Norworth, respectively. The following year he turned to westerns with San Antonio, a solid drama starring Errol Flynn and Alexis Smith. Butler then directed Morgan and Jack…

The Overcoat, short story by Nikolay Gogol, published in Russian as “Shinel” in 1842. The Overcoat is perhaps the best-known and most influential short fiction in all of Russian literature. Gogol’s Dead Souls and “The Overcoat” are considered the foundation of 19th-century Russian realism. Gogol’s

shiner, any of several small North American fishes of the minnow (q.v.)

circus: Clowns: Two Americans, Bill Irwin and David Shiner, are perhaps the best-known among New Vaudeville clowns; their talents were featured in the Broadway production Fool Moon (1994). Also among the most renowned of modern clowns is David Larible, who descends from seven generations of Italian circus performers. During the late 20th…

Five Great Kings: …rides a white lioness; (4) Shing-bya-can, the “king of virtue,” who resides in the southern quarter, is black and rides a black horse; (5) Dgra-lha skyes-gcig-bu, the “king of speech,” who resides in the western quarter, is red and rides a black mule.

Shingaku, religious and ethical movement in Japan founded by Ishida Baigan (ad 1685–1744). It pays particular devotion to the Shintō sun goddess Amaterasu and to the uji-gami, or Shintō tutelary deities, but also uses in its popular ethics the teachings of Zen Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism. Moral

Shingei was a Japanese artist who represents the second generation of an extraordinary family of painters and art connoisseurs and who served the Ashikaga shoguns, a family of military dictators that ruled Japan from 1338 to 1573. Shingei succeeded his father, Shinnō (Nōami), as curator of the

Tsubouchi Shōyō: …of the founders of the shingeki (“new drama”) movement, which introduced the plays of Henrik Ibsen and George Bernard Shaw to Japan and provided an outlet for modern plays by Japanese authors. In 1915 he retired from Waseda University to devote his time to his translation of Shakespeare.

shingle, thin piece of building material, usually with a butt end thicker than the other. Shingles are widely used as roof covering on residential buildings and sometimes for siding. They are of stock sizes and various materials—including wood, asphalt, and slate. They are attached in overlapping

coral reef: Winds, currents, temperature, and salinity: …slopes of the reef, forming shingle banks; successive superposed banks may thus be formed. The shingle on the banks may become cemented and thus add considerable stability to the cay, as does the growth of vegetation. Hurricanes, however, may carve back the shorelines of even stabilized cays. Huge, isolated boulders…

Baltic Sea: Coastal features: A series of long shingle bars (Nehrungen), capped by moving sand dunes, has been built up there, cutting off the distinctive shallow lagoons (Haffs) from the open sea. Examples are the west-east spit of Darsser-Ort, on the island of Rügen, and the link (near Świnoujście, Poland) between the islands…

Millville, city, Cumberland county, southwestern New Jersey, U.S. It lies at the head of navigation on the Maurice River, 45 miles (72 km) south of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Union Lake, formed by a dam (1806), is to the northwest. The earliest settlers were woodcutters who built cabins along the

Shingle style, uniquely American architectural style that flourished between 1879 and 1890 in which the entire building was covered with shingles. In a period when revivals of historical styles had overpowered architectural designs, the Shingle style turned away from learned eclecticism and thereby

herpes zoster, acute viral infection affecting the skin and nerves, characterized by groups of small blisters appearing along certain nerve segments. The lesions are most often seen on the back or side and may be preceded by a dull ache in the affected site. Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation

Shingon, branch of Vajrayana (Tantric, or Esoteric) Buddhism that has had a considerable following in Japan since its introduction from China, where it was called Zhenyan (“True Word”), in the 9th century. Shingon may be considered an attempt to reach the eternal wisdom of the Buddha that was not

Ryōbu Shintō, in Japanese religion, the syncretic school that combined Shintō with the teachings of the Shingon sect of Buddhism. The school developed during the late Heian (794–1185) and Kamakura (1192–1333) periods. The basis of the school’s beliefs was the Japanese concept that Shintō deities

herpes zoster: In 2017 Shingrix, a longer-lasting, more effective vaccine, was made available and became the standard vaccine for herpes zoster prevention. It has been widely adopted as an immunization for adults ages 50 years and older and for immunocompromised individuals.

Although the word “shadow” might make it seem sketchy, shadow banking is a legitimate, important component of the global financial system. Also known as non-bank financial intermediation (NBFI), the shadow banking system consists of non-bank financial intermediaries that provide credit and