Ruby McKim was one of the 20th century’s most innovative American quilt designers. Educated at the New York School of Fine and Applied Arts (now Parsons School of Design) in New York City, she later taught art classes for the Kansas City school system. Her first published quilt pattern, for the

Earth Council Alliance: …century, Strong and American philanthropist Tommy Short created the Earth Council Alliance to facilitate the work of the national councils and of allied environmental organizations and activists. To accomplish its goals, ECA supports initiatives and sponsors grassroots events such as World Environment Day.

Pearl Harbor attack: Warnings and responses: Walter C. Short, who shared command at Pearl Harbor, were warned of the possibility of war, specifically on October 16 and again on November 24 and 27. The notice of November 27, to Kimmel, began, “This dispatch is to be considered a war warning,” went…

echidna: Short-beaked echidna: The short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) has a straight forward-pointing beak and a heavy coat of spines. It is fairly common in suitable habitats throughout Australia; it is also found in New Guinea, although little is known to science about its range and habits…

dowitcher: …northwesterly breeding range than the short-billed dowitcher (L. griseus), which is about the same size except for the bill. There is also an Asian species, called the Asiatic dowitcher (L. semipalmatus).

branch and twig borer: The lead-cable borer, or short-circuit beetle (Scobicia declivis), bores into the lead covering of older telephone cables. Moisture entering through the hole can cause short circuits. This beetle lives in oak, maple, or other trees and does not feed on the cable sheathing.

coin: Post-Conquest coinage: His short-cross penny, so called from its reverse design, first issued in 1180, remained unchanged—including the name Henricus—not only by Henry II but also by Richard and John and Henry III until 1247, when Henry III coined the long-cross penny with the arms of the cross…

canine: Paleontology and classification: Atelocynus (small-eared zorro) 1 species of South America. Genus Cerdocyon (crab-eating fox) 1 species of South America. Genus Chrysocyon (maned wolf) 1 species of South America.

short-eared owl, (Asio flammeus), stocky bird of prey of the family Strigidae (order Strigiformes), about 40 cm (about 1.3 feet) long with a prominent facial disk. Among the most widely distributed of owls, it is circumpolar from the Arctic to the North Temperate Zone, occurs in Hawaii and much of

pilot whale: The short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and the long-finned pilot whale (G. melas) are similar in appearance except for the pronounced difference in flipper length between the two species. Both species are found in all the oceans of the world except the Arctic; however, long-finned pilot…

glider: An example is the short-headed glider (P. breviceps) found from New Guinea to Tasmania; it is blue-gray with a dark centre stripe and has a long bushy tail. These animals can glide 55 m (180 feet). The greater glider (Schoinobates volans) of eastern Australia may be 105 cm long;…

lizard: Annotated classification: Family Trogonophidae (short-headed worm lizards) Limbless worm lizards with spade-shaped heads. They occur in North Africa, the eastern Arabian Peninsula, and the Horn of Africa. 4 genera with 6 species are recognized. Advances in gene sequencing (especially the use of nuclear genes) and analytical techniques…

sculpin: …include such forms as: the bullrout, or shorthorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius), a large, mottled-brownish sculpin found in Europe, the Arctic, and North America; the longhorn sculpin (M. octodecemspinosus), a common North American species, variable in colour and with long cheek spines; and the sea raven, a North American fish distinctively…

short-horned grasshopper, (family Acrididae), family of more than 10,000 species of insects, the largest group of grasshoppers. They are herbivorous and include some of the most destructive agricultural pests known. The plague, or migratory, species are called locusts. Taxonomy See also list of

explosive: Delay systems: …early 1900s, and (2) the short-interval, or millisecond, delay, which was introduced about 1943. Except for a delay element placed between the ignition and primer charges, they are the same as instantaneous electric caps.

solar prominence: …are of two main types, active and quiescent. Active prominences erupt quickly and have lifetimes lasting from several minutes to a few hours. They are associated with sunspot groups and, like these, are correlated in numbers and activity with the solar cycle. Quiescent prominences tend to emerge smoothly and subside…

bandicoot: The three species of short-nosed bandicoots, Isoodon, are shorter-snouted, smaller-eared, and more heavily built than the long-nosed bandicoots and occasionally weigh up to 2.5 kg (5.5 pounds). Between them, they are found along Australia’s coastlands, but not in the arid zone, and extend into southern and eastern New Guinea…

gar: The shortnose gar (L. platostomus), which is native to much of the Mississippi River basin, is smaller, growing up to 0.6 metre (2 feet) in length.

rat kangaroo: …rat kangaroos, or bettongs (genus Bettongia), have pinkish noses and short ears. The Tasmanian, or eastern, bettong (B. gaimardi) has gray fur along its back and white fur on its chest and abdomen, along with a crest of black hair along its white-tipped tail. The species is restricted to eastern…

spearfish: The shortbill, or short-nosed, spearfish (T. angustirostris) is a Pacific member of the genus—scarce and rather small for a billfish. Blue above and silvery below, it usually does not exceed 1.8 m (6 feet) and 27 kg (60 pounds). The species T. belone is a Mediterranean…

computer: Interpreters: Shortcode, or short-order code, was the first such language actually implemented. Suggested by John Mauchly in 1949, it was implemented by William Schmitt for the BINAC computer in that year and for UNIVAC in 1950. Shortcode went through multiple steps: first it converted the alphabetic…

RR Lyrae star, any of a group of old giant stars of the class called pulsating variables (see variable star) that pulsate with periods of about 0.2–1 day. They belong to the broad Population II class of stars (see Populations I and II) and are found mainly in the thick disk and halo of the Milky

comet: Dynamics: …into two dynamical groups: the short-period comets with orbital periods shorter than 200 years and the long-period comets with orbital periods longer than 200 years. The short-period comets were split into two groups, the Jupiter-family comets with periods shorter than about 20 years and the Halley-type comets with periods longer…

rocket and missile system: Matador and other programs: …had given way to the short-range attack missile, or SRAM, essentially an internally carried, air-launched ballistic missile.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty: …and shorter-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) as those having ranges from 500 to 1,000 km.

military communication: World War II and after: …were short-range navigational systems, called shoran. Combinations of radar and communications for the landing of aircraft in zero visibility were perfected. One such system was the GCA, or ground-controlled approach system. Combinations of radio direction-finding, radar, and communications systems were developed and used for ground control of intercept aircraft—the system…

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: ) The well-defined short-range order is a consequence of the chemical bonding between atoms, which is responsible for holding the solid together.

weather forecasting: Short-range forecasting: When people wait under a shelter for a downpour to end, they are making a very-short-range weather forecast. They are assuming, based on past experience, that such hard rain usually does not last very long. In short-term predictions the challenge for…

myopia, visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at a point in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), resulting in a blurred image. Myopic eyes, which are usually longer than normal from front to

procellariiform: Distribution: …two Midway species and the short-tailed albatross (Diomedea albatrus) nest well north of the equatorial doldrums. The latter was brought close to extinction by plume hunters and by a volcanic eruption at its nesting island of Torishima. There were enough immature birds at sea at the time to allow a…

bandicoot rat: …two species of Nesokia, the short-tailed bandicoot rat, or pest rat (N. indica), is almost the size of the lesser bandicoot rat, with soft brown fur and a short tail. Its range extends from northern Bangladesh through Central Asia to northeastern Egypt and also north of the Himalayas from Turkmenistan…

chinchilla: laniger) and the short-tailed chinchilla (C. brevicaudata), are protected by law, but poaching and habitat loss continue. Chinchillas and their closest living relatives, the mountain viscachas, along with the more distantly related plains viscacha, constitute the family Chinchillidae of the suborder Hystricognatha within the order Rodentia.

gymnure: The short-tailed, or lesser, gymnure (Hylomys suillus) ranges from continental Southeast Asia offshore to Tioman Island to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and northern Borneo in hilly lowlands. The dwarf, or Sumatran, gymnure (H. parvus) occurs in the mountains

short-tailed opossum, (genus Monodelphis), any of more than 20 species of small, mouse- and shrew-sized, insectivorous and carnivorous, terrestrial opossums (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae, tribe Marmosini). Total length varies from about 11 cm (4.5 inches) in the smaller species to over

porcupine: Old World porcupines (family Hystricidae): Short-tailed porcupines (genus Hystrix) are the largest, weighing up to 30 kg (66.1 pounds), with a body almost 1 metre (3.3 feet) long and a tail 8–17 cm (3.1–6.7 inches) long. They move slowly in a ponderous walk but will break into a trot or…

short-tailed opossum, (genus Monodelphis), any of more than 20 species of small, mouse- and shrew-sized, insectivorous and carnivorous, terrestrial opossums (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae, tribe Marmosini). Total length varies from about 11 cm (4.5 inches) in the smaller species to over

African pouched rat: Natural history: The short-tailed pouched rats (genus Saccostomus) are small and thickset, weighing about 75 grams (2.6 ounces) and having bodies up to 18 cm long and much shorter tails. Both species (S. campestris and S. mearnsi) are soft-furred, nocturnal, and slow-moving. They feed primarily on seeds during…

bandicoot rat: …two species of Nesokia, the short-tailed bandicoot rat, or pest rat (N. indica), is almost the size of the lesser bandicoot rat, with soft brown fur and a short tail. Its range extends from northern Bangladesh through Central Asia to northeastern Egypt and also north of the Himalayas from Turkmenistan…

quokka, marsupial mammal, a species of wallaby

procellariiform: Importance to humans: …slender-billed, or short-tailed, shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) are taken on the Bass Strait islands off Tasmania and sold fresh, salted, or deep-frozen as “muttonbirds.” In all likelihood, the name muttonbird was derived from the use of the flesh as a supplement for mutton by the early settlers of New South…

short-tailed shrew, (genus Blarina), any of three species of North American insectivores that resemble voles in body form. All have minute, degenerate eyes and small ears concealed in the fur. Within the moderately long and pointed muzzle are reddish-tipped teeth. Blarina species are among the

ermine, (Mustela erminea), northern weasel species in the genus Mustela, family Mustelidae. The species is called ermine especially during its winter white colour phase. The animal’s pelt was used historically in royal robes in Europe, and the term ermine also refers to the animal’s white coat,

international payment and exchange: Short-term flows: A very important distinction must be drawn between the short-term capital that flows in the normal course of industrial and commercial development and that which flows because of exchange-rate movements. The first class of short-term capital may be thought of as going in…

international payment and exchange: Short-term flows: A very important distinction must be drawn between the short-term capital that flows in the normal course of industrial and commercial development and that which flows because of exchange-rate movements. The first class of short-term capital may be thought of as going in…

international payment and exchange: Short-term flows: A very important distinction must be drawn between the short-term capital that flows in the normal course of industrial and commercial development and that which flows because of exchange-rate movements. The first class of short-term capital may be thought of as going in…

short-term memory, in psychology, the concept involving the extremely limited number of items that humans are capable of keeping in mind at one time. Of undeniable importance, the long-standing concept of “short-term memory” is one of the most researched topics in cognitive science. Nearly every

motivation: Hunger: The first mechanism, typically called short-term regulation, attempts to take in sufficient energy to balance what is being expended. It is usually assumed that time between meals and meal size are determined by this short-term mechanism. A second mechanism, called long-term regulation, is directed toward storing away sufficient energy for…

international payment and exchange: Short-term flows: A very important distinction must be drawn between the short-term capital that flows in the normal course of industrial and commercial development and that which flows because of exchange-rate movements. The first class of short-term capital may be thought of as going in…

warning system: Short-term, or tactical, warning, often hours or minutes in advance, is a notification that the enemy has initiated hostilities.

short-track speed skating, sport that tests the speed, technical skating ability, and aggressiveness of its competitors. Unlike traditional long-track speed skating, contestants race against each other instead of the clock. Short-track speed skating is rooted in the pack-style racing that was

Orlando Park: …of insects comprising the family Pselaphidae, a group of small, short-winged, mold beetles that commonly live in ant nests.

spearfish: The shortbill, or short-nosed, spearfish (T. angustirostris) is a Pacific member of the genus—scarce and rather small for a billfish. Blue above and silvery below, it usually does not exceed 1.8 m (6 feet) and 27 kg (60 pounds). The species T. belone is a Mediterranean…

computer: Interpreters: Shortcode, or short-order code, was the first such language actually implemented. Suggested by John Mauchly in 1949, it was implemented by William Schmitt for the BINAC computer in that year and for UNIVAC in 1950. Shortcode went through multiple steps: first it converted the alphabetic…

dictionary: From Classical times to 1604: …edition by John Withals of A Short Dictionary for Young Beginners, which gained greater circulation (to judge by the frequency of editions) than any other book of its kind. Many other lexicographers contributed to the development of dictionaries. Certain dictionaries were more ambitious and included a number of languages, such…

Stephen M. Shortell is an American scholar and leader in the study of health services delivery systems in the United States. After receiving a bachelor’s degree in business administration (1966) from the University of Notre Dame, Shortell completed a master’s degree in public health (1968) at the

Australian Labor Party: Bill Shorten led the party until 2019, when it lost to the coalition despite entering the federal election with a commanding lead in preference polling. However, Labor was returned to power by the 2022 federal election, which led to the premiership of Anthony Albanese.

shortening, fats and oils of animal or vegetable origin used in most doughs and batters to impart crisp and crumbly texture to baked products and to increase the plasticity, or workability, of doughs. Important commercial shortenings include butter, lard, vegetable oils, processed shortenings, and

St. Basil the Great: Works and legacy: The Longer Rules and Shorter Rules (for monasteries) and other ascetic writings distill the experience that began at Annesi and continued in his supervision of the monasteries of Cappadocia: they were to exert strong influence on the monastic life of Eastern Christianity. A notable feature is Basil’s strong preference…

scripture: Other religious or devotional literature: …Westminster Confession of 1646 and Shorter Westminster Catechism of 1647 (Presbyterian), and others.

Frank Shorter is a runner who became the first American in 64 years to win the Olympic marathon, earning the gold medal at the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany, the city of his birth. The son of an American army doctor who was based in Germany after World War II, Shorter had early success with

Wayne Shorter was an American musician and composer, a major jazz saxophonist, among the most influential hard-bop and modal musicians and a pioneer of jazz-rock fusion music. Shorter studied at New York University (B.M.E., 1956) and served in the U.S. Army (1956–58). He spent brief periods in the

Edsger Dijkstra: …the graph-theory problem of the shortest path between two nodes of a network, which he devised in 20 minutes while sitting in a café with his fiancée, Maria Debets; the Dijkstra algorithm is still used to determine the fastest way between two points, as in the routing of communication networks…

Daniel Defoe: Mature life and works.: …of all his pamphlets, “The Shortest-Way With The Dissenters” (1702), published anonymously. His method was ironic: to discredit the highfliers by writing as if from their viewpoint but reducing their arguments to absurdity. The pamphlet had a huge sale, but the irony blew up in Defoe’s face: Dissenters and High…

mako shark: The shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) is found in all tropical and temperate seas, and the longfin mako (I. paucus) is scattered worldwide in tropical seas.

prairie: …the western portion bordering the shortgrass plains.

shorthand, Shorthand alphabetsEncyclopædia Britannica, Inc.a system for rapid writing that uses symbols or abbreviations for letters, words, or phrases. Among the most popular modern systems are Pitman, Gregg, and Speedwriting. Besides being known as stenography (close, little, or narrow writing),

Shorthorn, cattle breed raised for beef. The Shorthorn was developed during the last quarter of the 18th century through selective breeding of local cattle of the Teeswater district, Durham county, in the north of England. It is characterized by short horns, blocky conformation, and colour ranging

Joseph Henry Shorthouse was an English novelist whose John Inglesant constitutes one of the best examples of the philosophical romance in English literature. Set in England and Italy during the 17th century, the work is concerned with conflicts between church and state, the Church of England and

Shortland Islands: …largest islands are Shortland (or Alu), which has an area of 10 by 8 miles (16 by 13 km) and rises to 607 feet (185 metres); and Fauro Island, which measures 10 by 6 miles (16 by 10 km) and rises to 1,312 feet (400 metres) at two points along…

Shortland Islands, volcanic island group, northwestern Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, just southeast of Bougainville Island, P.N.G. The group’s two largest islands are Shortland (or Alu), which has an area of 10 by 8 miles (16 by 13 km) and rises to 607 feet (185 metres); and Fauro

pine: Major North American pines: taeda), shortleaf pine (P. echinata), and slash pine (P. elliottii) are other important timber trees in the southern United States. The Caribbean pine (P. caribaea) extends over several islands in the Caribbean and into Central America.

The Tête à Tête, oil painting, also known as Shortly After the Marriage, by English artist William Hogarth. It is the second of a sequence of six scenes in his Marriage A-la-Mode series, which was commissioned about 1743 to censure the marriage customs of the upper classes. In this series, Hogarth

cardiovascular disease: Ventricular dysfunction in heart failure: The symptoms may vary from shortness of breath on very little exertion to a medical emergency in which the patients feel as though they are suffocating. Congestive symptoms may also result in enlargement of the liver and spleen and loss of fluid into the abdominal cavity (ascites) or the pleural…

gar: The shortnose gar (L. platostomus), which is native to much of the Mississippi River basin, is smaller, growing up to 0.6 metre (2 feet) in length.

lancet fish: The shortnose lancet fish (A. brevirostris) inhabits the Atlantic and south Pacific oceans.

mouse: Geographic distribution and habitat: Shortridge’s mouse (M. shortridgei), for example, has been found living in tall grasses and pygmy bamboo growing among teak forests in Thailand.

Clara Shortridge Foltz was a lawyer and reformer who, after helping open the California bar to women, became a pioneering force for women in the profession and a major influence in reforming the state’s criminal justice and prison systems. Clara Shortridge taught school in her youth and in 1864

myopia, visual abnormality in which the resting eye focuses the image of a distant object at a point in front of the retina (the light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the back and sides of the eye), resulting in a blurred image. Myopic eyes, which are usually longer than normal from front to

John Chamberlain: …to employ car parts was Shortstop (1957), which featured rusty fenders that he had found in the yard of painter and friend Larry Rivers. Chamberlain’s sculptures are typified by Mr. Press (1961), a construction of fragments from automobiles, crumpled and jammed together to create an effect of isolated, frozen movement.…

baseball: Infielders: …the left of second base, shortstop is the most difficult and demanding of the defensive positions, requiring outstanding agility, range, and a strong throwing arm. The throw from the shortstop to first base is the infield’s longest and most difficult. The second baseman, who is typically positioned to the right…

clock: Electric clocks: …accurate mechanical timekeeper is the Shortt pendulum clock; it makes use of the movement described above for electric master clock systems. The Shortt pendulum clock consists of two separate clocks, one of which synchronizes the other. The timekeeping element is a pendulum that swings freely, except that once every half…

eel: Annotated classification: Family Colocongridae (shorttail eels) 1 genus, Coloconger, with about 5 species. Marine; Atlantic, Indian and western Pacific oceans. Family Congridae (congers) 32 genera with about 160 species. All oceans to considerable depths. Family Muraenesocidae

nurse shark: …the shorttail nurse shark (P. brevicaudatum). They are not related to the sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)—a type of sand shark inhabiting the waters above the continental shelves in most warm and temperate regions—which is sometimes referred to as the gray nurse shark.

India: Other important sites: …of the Indus civilization, is Shortughai in the Amu Darya (Oxus River) valley, in northern Afghanistan. There the remains of a small Harappan colony, presumably sited so as to provide control of the lapis lazuli export trade originating in neighbouring Badakhshan, have been excavated by a French team.

coal mining: Shortwall mining: In the shortwall mining method, the layout is similar to the longwall method except that the block of coal is not more than 100 metres wide. Furthermore, the slices are as much as three metres thick and are taken by a continuous miner.…

diathermy: …therapists in hospitals and clinics: shortwave, ultrasound, and microwave. In shortwave diathermy, the part to be treated is placed between two condenser plates, and the highest temperature is concentrated in the subcutaneous tissues. Shortwave usually is prescribed as treatment for deep muscles and joints and is sometimes used to localize…

atmosphere: Radiation: …traditionally divided into two types: insolation from the Sun and emittance from the surface and the atmosphere. Insolation is frequently referred to as shortwave radiation; it falls primarily within the ultraviolet and visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and consists predominantly of wavelengths of 0.39 to 0.76 micrometres (0.00002 to…

shortwave radio, transmission and reception of information by means of electromagnetic waves about 10 to 80 m (33 to 262 feet) in length having frequencies of approximately 29.7 to 3.5 megahertz. During the early 1920s attempts were made to transmit radio signals over long distances by bouncing

Japanese literature: Introduction of Western literature: His critical essay Shōsetsu shinzui (1885–86; The Essence of the Novel) greatly influenced the writing of subsequent fiction not only because of its emphasis on realism as opposed to didacticism but because Shōyō, a member of the samurai class, expressed the conviction that novels, hitherto despised by the…

Sheshonk I was the first king (c. 943–c. 923 bce) of the 22nd dynasty of ancient Egypt (see ancient Egypt: the 22nd and 23rd dynasties). Sheshonk came from a line of princes or sheikhs of Libyan tribal descent whose title was “great chief of the Meshwesh” and who appear to have settled in Bubastis

Japan: Muromachi government structure: Leading officials called shoshi who held the additional post of shugo of Yamashiro province (now in Kyōto urban prefecture) were next in importance to the kanrei. New offices were established to streamline judicial decisions and handle financial matters, and the Ashikaga maintained their own private guard, the hōkōshū.…

Shoshone, North American Indian group that occupied the territory from what is now southeastern California across central and eastern Nevada and northwestern Utah into southern Idaho and western Wyoming. The Shoshone of historic times were organized into four groups: Western, or unmounted,

Shoshone Falls, cataract on the Snake River, southern Idaho, U.S., near the city of Twin Falls. The falls have a 212-foot (65-metre) drop, about the same as that of Niagara Falls, New York; early settlers aptly called the falls “the Niagara of the West.” Once spectacular, the cataract has lost much

Shoshone River, river in Wyoming, U.S., formed by North and South forks in the Absaroka Range in Yellowstone National Park. It flows northeast past Cody and Lovell, joining the Bighorn River (Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area) at Kane, near the Montana border, after a course of 100 miles (160

Shoshone-Bannock, any of the bands formerly of the Shoshone and Bannock peoples of North America who later chose to live as one people. Some of these bands shared the Fort Hall Reservation in Idaho after its creation in 1863. In 1937 certain of these bands chose to incorporate jointly under federal

Mesoamerican Indian languages: The classification and status of Mesoamerican languages: Tübatulabal Takic

Shoshone, North American Indian group that occupied the territory from what is now southeastern California across central and eastern Nevada and northwestern Utah into southern Idaho and western Wyoming. The Shoshone of historic times were organized into four groups: Western, or unmounted,

Shōsō Repository, a timber structure in Nara, Japan, that was built to receive the personal treasures bequeathed to the Tōdai Temple by the emperor Shōmu, who died in 756. While subsequent deposits gradually added to the collection, the original gift embraced more than 600 items, which included

Shōsō Repository, a timber structure in Nara, Japan, that was built to receive the personal treasures bequeathed to the Tōdai Temple by the emperor Shōmu, who died in 756. While subsequent deposits gradually added to the collection, the original gift embraced more than 600 items, which included

Shōsō Repository, a timber structure in Nara, Japan, that was built to receive the personal treasures bequeathed to the Tōdai Temple by the emperor Shōmu, who died in 756. While subsequent deposits gradually added to the collection, the original gift embraced more than 600 items, which included