blood disease: Hypochromic microcytic anemias: Sideroblastic anemia, characterized by the presence in the bone marrow of nucleated red blood cells, the nucleus of which is surrounded by a ring of iron granules (ringed sideroblasts) and by a proportion of small, pale red cells in the blood, is of unknown cause…

stony iron meteorite: The other common type, the mesosiderites (formerly called siderolites), are impact breccias. They are probably related to the basaltic achondrite group of stony meteorites, but they contain an unusually large quantity of interspersed metal. The source of the metal is not known for certain, but it may be from the…

Moon: Main groupings: …of elements classified geochemically as siderophiles—elements that tend to affiliate with iron when rocks cool from a melt. (This siderophile depletion is an important clue to the history of the Earth-Moon system, as discussed in the section Origin and evolution, below.) Some lavas were relatively rich in elements whose atoms…

transferrin, protein (beta1 globulin) in blood plasma that transports iron from the tissues and bloodstream to the bone marrow, where it is reused in the formation of hemoglobin. Found fixed to the surface of developing red blood cells, transferrin frees iron directly into the cell. Human beings

siderostat, any of a class of astronomical instruments consisting of a flat mirror that is turned slowly by a motor to reflect a given region of the sky continuously into a fixed telescope. In the traditional siderostat, the mirror is rotated by a lever arm connected to a motor that turns at a rate

Sideroxylon, genus of 75 species of woody trees and shrubs, within the sapodilla family (Sapotaceae), native to mainly warmer regions of North and South America. The plants typically have gummy or milky sap and extremely hard wood. The branches may be thorny, with alternate leaves that are entire

Sideroxylon: lanuginosa, variously known as chittamwood, shittamwood, gum elastic, and false buckthorn, is sometimes cultivated as an ornamental. It grows to about 15 metres (50 feet) tall. The leaves are 3.75–10 cm (1.5–4 inches) long, are dark lustrous green above and rusty beneath, and persist until late in the fall.…

horsemanship: Side saddle: Though now not so fashionable, the elegant and classical side-saddle seat was formerly favoured and considered correct by many horsewomen. On the near side the saddle has an upright pommel on which the rider’s right leg rests. There is a lower, or leaping,…

freak show: …legitimate stage, or in carnival sideshows (so named because they required a separate fee for entry from the main circus or carnival midway)—had become one of the chief attractions for American audiences. A major moment during that period was the “Revolt of the Freaks” in 1898, when a collection of…

Kelsey Grammer: …Simpsons, providing the voice of Sideshow Bob, who frequently tried to bring harm to the Simpson family. Grammer also voiced numerous characters in animated movies, including Stinky Pete the Prospector in Toy Story 2 (1999), the Tin Man in Legends of Oz: Dorothy’s Return (2013), and one of the title…

petroleum refining: Fractional distillation: Intermediate products, or “sidestreams,” are withdrawn at several points from the column, as shown in the figure. In addition, modern crude distillation units employ intermediate reflux streams. Sidestreams are known as intermediate products because they have properties between those of the top or overhead product and those of…

swimming: Sidestroke: …to be used were the sidestroke and the breaststroke. The sidestroke was originally used with both arms submerged. That practice was modified toward the end of the 19th century by bringing forward first one arm above the water, then the other, and then each in turn. The sidestroke was supplanted…

Sidetic language, one of the most sparsely documented of the ancient Anatolian languages, Sidetic was spoken in the ancient city of Side on the coast of Pamphylia. The language is known from a few coins and some half-dozen inscriptions, which appear to be votive in nature. The inscriptions date

skateboarding, form of recreation and sport, popular among youths, in which a person rides standing balanced on a small board mounted on wheels. Considered one of the so-called extreme sports, skateboarding as a professional sport boasts a range of competitions, including vertical and street-style

air-cushion machine: History: …produced in the form of sidewall craft. This was a nonamphibious vessel that had a solid hull down each side, with a plenum chamber beneath the hull sealed by flexible skirts at the bow and stern. In the displacement mode, the central hull section floated in the water with the…

Alexander Payne: …also emerged from the picaresque Sideways (2004), which focused on a hapless snob (Paul Giamatti) who escorts his lothario friend (Thomas Haden Church) on a getaway to California wine country. (It was Payne’s first film not set at least partially in his native Omaha.) The film earned Payne the best…

sidewinder, any of four species of small venomous snakes that inhabit the deserts of North America, Africa, and the Middle East, all of which utilize a “sidewinding” style of crawling. The sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes) is a rattlesnake. This pit viper (subfamily Crotalinae) has small horns above

rocket and missile system: Passive: …achieve wide success was the AIM-9 Sidewinder developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1950s. Many later passive homing air-to-air missiles homed onto ultraviolet radiation as well, using on-board guidance computers and accelerometers to compute optimal intercept trajectories. Among the most advanced passive homing systems were optically tracking munitions that…

sidewinder: The sidewinder (Crotalus cerastes) is a rattlesnake. This pit viper (subfamily Crotalinae) has small horns above each eye, possibly to keep sand from covering the eyes when the snake is buried. It is a nocturnal inhabitant of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico (see Sonoran…

locomotion: Sidewinding: Sidewinding, which is also used when the locomotor surface fails to provide a rigid frictional base, is a specific adaptation for crawling over friable sandy soils. Like serpentine locomotion but unlike concertina locomotion, the entire body of the snake moves forward continuously in sidewinding…

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: Murray Leinster’s Sidewise in Time (1934) expanded the possibilities by suggesting a vast multiplicity of “histories,” all occurring at the same “time.” Under the scheme Leister proposed, one need not limit oneself to one past or one future but might travel between many alternate worlds existing in…

Balfour Biological Laboratory: …the university, and by Newnham’s Eleanor Sidgwick, who favoured control by a joint committee of the two colleges. Sidgwick—who was Balfour’s sister and whose husband, philosopher and author Henry Sidgwick, had played an instrumental role in Newnham’s founding—spearheaded fund-raising efforts and eventually raised enough money to acquire an abandoned chapel…

Henry Sidgwick was an English philosopher and author remembered for his forthright ethical theory based on Utilitarianism and his Methods of Ethics (1874), considered by some critics as the most significant ethical work in English in the 19th century. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on

Nevil Vincent Sidgwick was an English chemist who contributed to the understanding of chemical bonding, especially in coordination compounds. Sidgwick’s work in organic nitrogen compounds, presented in his Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen (1910), was of enduring value. With Sir Ernest Rutherford he

sídh, in Irish folklore, a hill or mound under which fairies live. The phrase aos sídhe or the plural sídhe on its own (sometimes anglicized as shee) can denote fairy folk collectively. See also

kuchipudi: …century with the creation by Sidhyendra Yogi of the dance-drama Bhama Kalapam, a story of Satyabhāma, the charming but jealous wife of the god Krishna. The dance performance begins with the sprinkling of holy water and the burning of incense. Other rituals are performed, the goddesses of learning, wealth, and…

North Africa: Early humans and Stone Age society: … (near Tighenif, Algeria) and at Sidi Abd el-Rahmane, Morocco. Hand axes associated with the hominin Homo erectus have been found at Ternifine, and Sidi Abd el-Rahmane has produced evidence of the same hominin dating to at least 200,000 years ago.

Menzel Bourguiba: …dockyard at Sidi Abdallah (Sīdī ʿAbd Allāh) and was named after Tunisia’s first president, Habib Bourguiba. Although its prosperity declined considerably following the French evacuation of naval installations in 1963, the town and its economy were greatly rejuvenated after the establishment of an iron and steel complex, an automobile…

World War II: Egypt and Cyrenaica, 1940–summer 1941: …Italians in September 1940 occupied Sīdī Barrānī, 170 miles west of Mersa Matruh; but, after settling six divisions into a chain of widely separated camps, they did nothing more for weeks, and during that time Wavell received some reinforcements.

Sidi Bel Abbès, town, northwestern Algeria, on the Wadi Mekerra in the Tell Atlas Mountains. Named for the tomb of the marabout (saint) Sīdī Bel ʿAbbāss, it was established as a French military outpost in 1843 and became a planned agricultural town in 1849. Sidi Bel Abbès was the headquarters of

Sidi Bouzid, town in central Tunisia. It is located in the upland steppe country and was controlled by the Aghlabids in the 9th century ce. Sidi Bouzid lies in the semiarid land south of the Dorsale Mountains. Although the surrounding area has infertile soil and scanty rainfall, it has become a

Sidi Bouzid, town in central Tunisia. It is located in the upland steppe country and was controlled by the Aghlabids in the 9th century ce. Sidi Bouzid lies in the semiarid land south of the Dorsale Mountains. Although the surrounding area has infertile soil and scanty rainfall, it has become a

Sidi Bouzid, town in central Tunisia. It is located in the upland steppe country and was controlled by the Aghlabids in the 9th century ce. Sidi Bouzid lies in the semiarid land south of the Dorsale Mountains. Although the surrounding area has infertile soil and scanty rainfall, it has become a

Muḥammad V was the sultan of Morocco (1927–57) who became a focal point of nationalist aspirations, secured Moroccan independence from French colonial rule, and then ruled as king from 1957 to 1961. Muḥammad was the third son of Sultan Mawlāy Yūsuf; when his father died in 1927, French authorities

Oujda: Oujda is near Sidi Yahya (Sayyidī Yaḥyā) oasis, a legendary burial place of John the Baptist and site of the Battle of Isly, where the French defeated the Moroccan army in 1844. It is connected by road and railway with Taza.

Menzel Bourguiba: …dockyard at Sidi Abdallah (Sīdī ʿAbd Allāh) and was named after Tunisia’s first president, Habib Bourguiba. Although its prosperity declined considerably following the French evacuation of naval installations in 1963, the town and its economy were greatly rejuvenated after the establishment of an iron and steel complex, an automobile…

Tozeur: This is seen in Sīdī ʿAbīd Mosque, the zāwiyah (seat of a religious fraternity) Sīdī Mūldi, the Great Mosque built in 1030, and the marabout (holy man) tomb of Sīdī ʿAlī Abū Lifah, which was built in 1282.

Malick Sidibé was a Malian photographer who created mainly black-and-white images that revealed the gradual Westernization of Mali as it made the transition from colony to independent country. Sidibé’s first home was a Peul (Fulani) village. After finishing school in 1952, he trained as a jewelry

siding, material used to surface the exterior of a building to protect against exposure to the elements, prevent heat loss, and visually unify the facade. The word siding implies wood units, or products imitative of wood, used on houses. There are many different types of siding, including

Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories: The Siding Spring Observatory was originally a field station for the Mount Stromlo site, but it has become in itself one of the most important optical observatories in the world. Its main telescope is the Anglo-Australian Telescope, which was jointly built by Australia and Great Britain…

ʿAzīz Ṣidqī was an Egyptian politician who was prime minister of Egypt from 1972 to 1973. An engineering graduate of Cairo University with a doctorate in economic planning from Harvard University, Ṣidqī became a university teacher. Shortly after the revolution that deposed the Egyptian monarchy, he

Ismāʿīl Ṣidqī was an Egyptian politician who was twice premier of his country (1930–33, 1946). Ṣidqī earned his diploma at the Collège des Frères and won honours at the Khedivial Law school. He joined the public prosecutor’s office but in 1899 became administrative secretary of the Alexandria

Mount Sidley, tallest volcano in Antarctica, with a summit of 14,058 feet (4,285 meters), and located on the continent’s Pacific Coast near the Thwaites Glacier. Mount Sidley is a shield volcano and one of five major volcanoes in the 50 mile- (80 km-) long Executive Committee Range in Marie Byrd

Carolyn Forché is an American poet whose concern for human rights is reflected in her writing, especially in the collection The Country Between Us (1981), which examines events she witnessed in El Salvador. Forché was educated at Michigan State (B.A., 1972) and Bowling Green State (M.F.A., 1975)

Sidmouth, town and coastal resort, East Devon district, administrative and historic county of Devon, southwestern England, 15 miles (24 km) east-southeast of Exeter by road. Lying in a hollow formed by the River Sid, the town is shut in by hills that terminate in the forelands of Salcombe Hill and

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth was a British prime minister from March 1801 to May 1804. Honest but unimaginative and inflexibly conservative, he proved unable to cope with the problems of the Napoleonic Wars, and later, in his decade as home secretary, he made himself unpopular by his

Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth was a British prime minister from March 1801 to May 1804. Honest but unimaginative and inflexibly conservative, he proved unable to cope with the problems of the Napoleonic Wars, and later, in his decade as home secretary, he made himself unpopular by his

Sidney, city, seat (1870) of Cheyenne county, western Nebraska, U.S. It lies in the valley formed by Lodgepole Creek, a few miles north of the Colorado state line, in the Nebraska panhandle. It was founded in 1867 by the Union Pacific Railroad as a construction camp and named for Sidney Dillon,

Melbourne: Arts: The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, in King’s Domain Gardens opposite the arts centre, is an outdoor venue seating 13,000. Yearly seasons of opera, ballet, and concert music include performances by international artists. The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra was formed in 1949 and has toured North America, Japan,…

Henry Sidney, earl of Romney was an English statesman who played a leading role in the Revolution of 1688–89. The son of Robert Sidney, 2nd earl of Leicester, he entered Parliament in 1679 and supported legislation to exclude King Charles II’s Roman Catholic brother James, duke of York (later King

Algernon Sidney was an English Whig politician executed for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government of King Charles II (ruled 1660–85). His guilt was never conclusively proved, and Whig tradition regarded him as a great republican martyr. A descendant of the 16th-century poet Sir Philip

George Sidney was an American film director who directed a number of the most popular movie musicals of the 1940s and ’50s, including Anchors Aweigh (1945), Annie Get Your Gun (1950), Show Boat (1951), and Kiss Me Kate (1953). Sidney was born into a show-business family. His father was a theatre

Henry Sidney, earl of Romney was an English statesman who played a leading role in the Revolution of 1688–89. The son of Robert Sidney, 2nd earl of Leicester, he entered Parliament in 1679 and supported legislation to exclude King Charles II’s Roman Catholic brother James, duke of York (later King

Mary Herbert, countess of Pembroke was a patron of the arts and scholarship, poet, and translator. She was the sister of Sir Philip Sidney, who dedicated to her his Arcadia. After his death she published it and completed his verse translation of the Psalms. In 1575 Queen Elizabeth I invited Mary to

Sir Henry Sidney was an English lord deputy of Ireland from 1565 to 1571 and from 1575 to 1578 who cautiously implemented Queen Elizabeth I’s policy of imposing English laws and customs on the Irish. His father, Sir William Sidney, was a courtier to King Henry VIII. Sidney became a favourite of

Sir Philip Sidney was an Elizabethan courtier, statesman, soldier, poet, and patron of scholars and poets, considered the ideal gentleman of his day. After Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella is considered the finest Elizabethan sonnet cycle. His The Defence of Poesie introduced

Sidon, ancient city on the Mediterranean coast of Lebanon and the administrative centre of al-Janūb (South Lebanon) muḥāfaẓah (governorate). A fishing, trade, and market centre for an agricultural hinterland, it has also served as the Mediterranean terminus of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline, 1,069

Western architecture: France: According to Apollinaris Sidonius, the naves of the cathedral of Lyon (founded about 470) were separated from each other by a forest of columns and were covered by gilded, paneled ceilings. St. Gregory of Tours relates that the church of Bishop Namatius of Clermont (built c. 450)…

False Dmitry: In March 1611 a third False Dmitry, who has been identified as a deacon called Sidorka, appeared at Ivangorod. He gained the allegiance of the Cossacks (March 1612), who were ravaging the environs of Moscow, and of the inhabitants of Pskov, thus acquiring the nickname Thief of Pskov. In…

Ismāʿīl Ṣidqī was an Egyptian politician who was twice premier of his country (1930–33, 1946). Ṣidqī earned his diploma at the Collège des Frères and won honours at the Khedivial Law school. He joined the public prosecutor’s office but in 1899 became administrative secretary of the Alexandria

Bakr Ṣidqī was an Iraqi general. Ṣidqī joined the Turkish army at age 18 but was already an ardent Arab nationalist who championed the cause of the Arabs against the Turks. He was named general by King Fayṣal I and put down tribal rebellions in 1933 (resulting in a massacre of Assyrian tribesmen),

Ismāʿīl Ṣidqī was an Egyptian politician who was twice premier of his country (1930–33, 1946). Ṣidqī earned his diploma at the Collège des Frères and won honours at the Khedivial Law school. He joined the public prosecutor’s office but in 1899 became administrative secretary of the Alexandria

ʿAzīz Ṣidqī was an Egyptian politician who was prime minister of Egypt from 1972 to 1973. An engineering graduate of Cairo University with a doctorate in economic planning from Harvard University, Ṣidqī became a university teacher. Shortly after the revolution that deposed the Egyptian monarchy, he

sidra, in Judaism, weekly readings from the Scriptures as part of the sabbath service. Each week a portion, or sidra, of the Pentateuch is read aloud in the synagogue; and it takes a full year to complete the reading. The Pentateuch—consisting of the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,

Gulf of Sidra, arm of the Mediterranean Sea, indenting the Libyan coast of northern Africa. It extends eastward for 275 mi (443 km) from Miṣrātah to Banghāzī. A highway links scattered oases along its shore, which is chiefly desert, with salt marshes. In August the gulf’s water temperature reaches

sidra, in Judaism, weekly readings from the Scriptures as part of the sabbath service. Each week a portion, or sidra, of the Pentateuch is read aloud in the synagogue; and it takes a full year to complete the reading. The Pentateuch—consisting of the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,

Emir Kusturica: Films of the 1980s: …written by the Bosnian author Abdulah Sidran, won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival. Kusturica reteamed with Sidran for his next movie, Otac na slubenom putu (1985; When Father Was Away on Business). A story of the brutal intrusion of politics into the 1950s childhood of a…

sidra, in Judaism, weekly readings from the Scriptures as part of the sabbath service. Each week a portion, or sidra, of the Pentateuch is read aloud in the synagogue; and it takes a full year to complete the reading. The Pentateuch—consisting of the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,

sidra, in Judaism, weekly readings from the Scriptures as part of the sabbath service. Each week a portion, or sidra, of the Pentateuch is read aloud in the synagogue; and it takes a full year to complete the reading. The Pentateuch—consisting of the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,

sidra, in Judaism, weekly readings from the Scriptures as part of the sabbath service. Each week a portion, or sidra, of the Pentateuch is read aloud in the synagogue; and it takes a full year to complete the reading. The Pentateuch—consisting of the biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus,

sudden infant death syndrome, unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant from unexplained causes. SIDS is of worldwide incidence, and within industrialized countries it is the most common cause of death of infants between two weeks and one year old. In 95 percent of SIDS cases, infants are

Mencius: Doctrine of human nature.: That the four beginnings (siduan)—the feeling of commiseration, the feeling of shame, the feeling of courtesy, and the feeling of right and wrong—are all inborn in man was a self-evident truth to Mencius; and the “four beginnings,” when properly cultivated, will develop into the four cardinal virtues of ren,…

epic: Eastern influences: …to a divine woman named Siduri, who keeps an inn in a marvelous garden of the sun god near the shores of ocean. Like the two Greek goddesses, Siduri tries to dissuade Gilgamesh from the pursuit of his journey by representing the pleasures of life, but the firm resolution of…

molecular gastronomy: Critics of molecular gastronomy: …Similarly, Germany’s most-famous restaurant critic, Wolfram Siebeck, called Blumenthal’s mustard ice “a fart of nothingness” and compared his cooking techniques to something out of Frankenstein’s lab.

Gottfried Keller: …Seldwyla) and Sieben Legenden (1872; Seven Legends). His last novel, Martin Salander (1886), deals with political life in Switzerland in his time.

Transylvania, historic eastern European region, now in Romania. After forming part of Hungary in the 11th–16th centuries, it was an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire (16th–17th century) and then once again became part of Hungary at the end of the 17th century. It was incorporated

Transylvanian rug, any of the large numbers of floor coverings found in the churches of Transylvania (part of Romania), to which they had been donated by pious families. Some of these rugs are of Turkish manufacture, survivals of a massive importation centuries ago. Turkey is generally assumed to

Siebengebirge, cluster of hills southeast of Bonn, Germany. Volcanic in origin and actually about 40 in number, they rise on the right bank of the Rhine between Königswinter and the Cologne–Frankfurt am Main Autobahn. A popular tourist resort area and nature reserve, the hills form the northwestern

Michael Haneke: …with Der siebente Kontinent (1989; The Seventh Continent), his screenplay for which had been rejected for television. Based on an actual event, the film depicts the tedious routines, and eventually the joint suicide, of a middle-class Viennese family. The first installment in what Haneke would call his emotionalen Vergletscherung (“emotional…

Marlene Dietrich: …she attracted the attention of Rudolf Sieber, a casting director at UFA film studios, who began casting her in small film roles. She and Sieber married the following year, and, after the birth of their daughter, Maria, Dietrich returned to work on the stage and in films. Although they did…

Muriel Siebert: In 1990 Siebert established the Siebert Entrepreneurial Philanthropic Plan (SEPP), which donated to charity half of the net profits from new securities underwriting at Muriel Siebert & Co., Inc. Siebert was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame in 1994. In 1999 she developed the Personal Finance Program, a…

Muriel Siebert was an American business executive whose successful ventures in the realm of high finance helped expand opportunities for women in that field. Siebert attended Western Reserve University in her hometown from 1949 to 1952 but did not complete a degree. In 1954 she moved to New York

Muriel Siebert was an American business executive whose successful ventures in the realm of high finance helped expand opportunities for women in that field. Siebert attended Western Reserve University in her hometown from 1949 to 1952 but did not complete a degree. In 1954 she moved to New York

maple: The shrubby Siebold maple (A. sieboldianum) has seven- to nine-lobed leaves that turn red in fall.

beech: Major species: The Japanese, or Siebold’s, beech (F. crenata) is grown as an ornamental in the Western Hemisphere. The Mexican beech, or haya (F. mexicana), a timber tree often 40 metres (130 feet) tall, has wedge-shaped leaves. The Oriental beech (F. orientalis), a pyramidal Eurasian tree about 30 metres (100…

hemlock: Siebold’s hemlock (T. sieboldii) and the Japanese hemlock (T. diversifolia), both native to Japan, are grown as ornamentals in North America and Europe.

Carl Theodor Ernst von Siebold was a German zoologist who specialized in invertebrate research and contributed significantly to the development of parasitology. Born in a family of biologists, Siebold studied at Berlin and Göttingen and practiced medicine briefly. Largely for his scientific

Voltaire: Life with Mme du Châtelet: He began Le Siècle de Louis XIV, sketched out a universal history of kings, wars, civilization and manners that became the Essai sur les moeurs, and plunged into biblical exegesis. Mme du Châtelet herself wrote an Examen, highly critical of the two Testaments. It was at Cirey…

Siedlce, city, Mazowieckie województwo (province), east-central Poland. It is an economic centre for the eastern section of the province, with food processing, textile milling, and toy production. It lies on the Warsaw-Moscow road and rail line. Siedlce was first chronicled in 1448 as a settlement

Indo-European languages: Sanskrit studies and their impact: …announced by the German scholars Emil Sieg and Wilhelm Siegling in 1908. The Norwegian Assyriologist Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon recognized Hittite as Indo-European on the basis of two letters found in Egypt (translated in Die zwei Arzawa-briefe [1902; “The Two Arzawa Letters”]), but his views were not generally accepted until 1915,…

match: Merkel of Paris and J. Siegal of Austria, among others, by 1832, by which time the manufacture of friction matches was well established in Europe.

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn was a Swedish physicist, corecipient with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for their revolutionary work in spectroscopy, particularly the spectroscopic analysis of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.

Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn was a Swedish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1924 for his discoveries and investigations in X-ray spectroscopy. Siegbahn was educated at the University of Lund and obtained his doctorate there in 1911. At Lund he became a research assistant to

fortification: The American Civil War: Two notable sieges, that of Vicksburg, Miss., in the west, and Petersburg, Va., in the east, were characterized by the construction of extensive and continuous trench lines that foreshadowed those of World War I. In the Cold Harbor, Va., campaign, when General Ulysses S. Grant sent his…

Mount Everest: Routes and techniques: …it has been called “siege” climbing. With this technique, a large team of climbers establishes a series of tented camps farther and farther up the mountain’s side. For instance, on the most frequently climbed southern route, the Base Camp on the Khumbu Glacier is at an elevation of about…

Gioachino Rossini: Parisian period of Gioachino Rossini: …Le Siège de Corinthe (The Siege of Corinth, 1826), a revision of the earlier Maometto II (1820), which was saluted by the prominent composer Hector Berlioz. Le Siège was followed by Moïse (Moses, 1827) and Le Comte Ory (Count Ory, 1828), an adaptation of opera buffa style to French…

Gioachino Rossini: Parisian period of Gioachino Rossini: …Le Siège de Corinthe (The Siege of Corinth, 1826), a revision of the earlier Maometto II (1820), which was saluted by the prominent composer Hector Berlioz. Le Siège was followed by Moïse (Moses, 1827) and Le Comte Ory (Count Ory, 1828), an adaptation of opera buffa style to French…

J.G. Farrell: …time in India, Farrell produced The Siege of Krishnapur, a fictional treatment of the 1857–58 Indian Mutiny that blends a lively adventure narrative with an unmistakable critique of British Victorian values. Esteemed by critics, it won the Booker Prize. The Singapore Grip (1978), the final novel in the series, ambitiously…

Sir William Davenant: …first public opera in England, The Siege of Rhodes Made a Representation by the Art of Prospective in Scenes, And the Story sung in Recitative Musick (produced 1656). In The Siege he introduced three innovations to the English public stage: an opera, painted stage sets, and a female actress-singer.

Matthew Locke: …music for Sir William Davenant’s The Siege of Rhodes (1656), which is usually considered the first English opera. Other stage works were music for Thomas Shadwell’s Psyche (1675), for Davenant’s version of Macbeth (revised 1673), and for Shadwell’s version of The Tempest (1674). In The Tempest Locke used for the…