Lois Lowry: Books of the 21st century: Other works include The Silent Boy (2003), The Willoughbys (2008), Like the Willow Tree (2011), and The Windeby Puzzle (2023).

chain: A silent chain is essentially an assemblage of gear racks, each with two teeth, pivotally connected to form a closed chain. The links are pin-connected, flat steel plates with straight teeth. Silent chains are quieter than roller chains, can operate at higher speeds, and can transmit…

German literature: After reunification: …novel Stille Zeile Sechs (1991; Silent Close No. Six), set in the 1980s and ostensibly a story about the discovery of guilt incurred by an important East German party functionary during the Third Reich. By exploring the rift between actions and desires, the novel becomes an inquiry into the responsibility…

The Silent Cry, novel by Ōe Kenzaburō, published in Japanese in 1967 as Man’en gannen no futtōbōru (literally, “Football in the First Year of Man’en”) and awarded the Tanizaki Prize. The Silent Cry is a nonlinear and difficult work whose subject matter bears little relationship to the events

Tahar Ben Jelloun: …de silence a Tanger (1990; Silent Day in Tangier), a meditation on old age; Les Yeux baissés (1991; With Downcast Eyes), about an Amazigh (Berber) immigrant’s struggle to reconcile her bifurcated identity; and L’Homme rompu (1994; Corruption), a gripping depiction of a moral quandary faced by a government employee. Cette…

Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival: …dance all night at the Silent Disco. At this unique event, DJs play electronic music until the early morning hours, but nearby campers remain undisturbed, as the party is broadcast directly to wireless headsets worn by attendees.

History of film: The silent years, 1910–27: Multiple-reel films had appeared in the United States as early as 1907, when Adolph Zukor distributed Pathé’s three-reel Passion Play, but when Vitagraph produced the five-reel The Life of Moses in 1909, the MPPC

History of film: The silent years, 1910–27: Multiple-reel films had appeared in the United States as early as 1907, when Adolph Zukor distributed Pathé’s three-reel Passion Play, but when Vitagraph produced the five-reel The Life of Moses in 1909, the MPPC

Silent film era, period in cinema history before the introduction of synchronized sound in movies. The silent film era began in the mid-1890s when motion pictures became a popular commercial entertainment medium. The transition from silent films to “talkies” started in the mid-1920s and was greatly

Silent Generation, generation of people sandwiched between the “Greatest Generation,” which fought World War II, and the “baby boomers,” the generation born during the surge in births in the United States and other countries in the years immediately following the war. The range of birth years

cardiovascular disease: Sudden death: …signs of having experienced a “silent” heart attack that went unnoticed. In rare instances sudden death occurs without a major degree of coronary artery disease.

Orhan Pamuk: Works: …it with Sessiz ev (1983; Silent House), relying on multiple narrators to shape the story of a family gathering on the eve of the Turkish military coup of 1980. Pamuk first achieved international fame with Beyaz kale (1985; The White Castle), his third novel, which explores the nature of identity…

History of film: The silent years, 1910–27: Multiple-reel films had appeared in the United States as early as 1907, when Adolph Zukor distributed Pathé’s three-reel Passion Play, but when Vitagraph produced the five-reel The Life of Moses in 1909, the MPPC

Mel Brooks: Films of the 1970s: Less successful was Silent Movie (1976), in which Brooks himself starred as a washed-up director who persuades the head of a motion-picture studio (played by Caesar) to make a silent picture. Without dialogue and loaded with sight gags, Silent Movie was less a spoof than an affectionate homage…

Silent film era, period in cinema history before the introduction of synchronized sound in movies. The silent film era began in the mid-1890s when motion pictures became a popular commercial entertainment medium. The transition from silent films to “talkies” started in the mid-1920s and was greatly

point mutation: These groupings are divided into silent mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations. Silent mutations result in a new codon (a triplet nucleotide sequence in RNA) that codes for the same amino acid as the wild type codon in that position. In some silent mutations the codon codes for a different…

Larry Woiwode: …a volume of short stories, Silent Passengers, appeared in 1993. He wrote several essay collections, including Words for Readers and Writers (2013), and a children’s book, The Invention of Lefse (2011). He also wrote several biographies, including A Legacy of Passion (2022), about the Scheel family, founders of a retail…

Joseph Roth: Der stumme Prophet (1966; The Silent Prophet), the story of a failed revolutionary, was written in 1929.

postmaterialism: …social scientist Ronald Inglehart in The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics (1977).

Silent Spring, nonfiction book written by Rachel Carson that became one of the most-influential books in the modern environmental movement. Published in 1962, Silent Spring was widely read by the general public and became a New York Times best seller. The book provided the impetus for tighter

electric switch: The so-called mercury, or “silent,” switch is used extensively for controlling home lighting circuits. The oil switch has its live parts immersed in oil to reduce arcing. The aggregate of switching or circuit-breaking equipment for a power station or a transforming station, frequently located in an outdoor…

Auburn system, penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the

silent trade, specialized form of barter in which goods are exchanged without any direct contact between the traders. Generally, one group goes to a customary spot, deposits the goods to be traded, and withdraws, sometimes giving a signal such as a call or a gong stroke. Another group then comes to

Unity: …started the service known as Silent Unity, which, through prayer and counselling, helps people by telephone, via mail, and online. As the work and the number of employees increased, Unity moved several times within Kansas City. After World War I, the Fillmores began developing Unity Village, 15 miles from Kansas…

foreign-language instruction: …methods of instruction include the silent way, in which students are encouraged to apply their own cognitive resources through silent prompts from the teacher; community language learning, in which the teacher acts as a facilitator for a self-directed group of language learners; total physical response, in which students respond physically…

underwater diving: …Le Monde du silence (1952; The Silent World), written with Frédéric Dumas, and in other writings and television and film productions. Clubs formed after 1943 as fast as scuba equipment became available; national associations were formed in France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States; and in 1959 Cousteau…

Midas: …myth, Midas found the wandering Silenus, the satyr and companion of the god Dionysus. For his kind treatment of Silenus Midas was rewarded by Dionysus with a wish. The king wished that all he touched might turn to gold, but when his food became gold and he nearly starved to…

Satyr and Silenus: Silenus, in Greek mythology, creatures of the wild, part man and part beast, who in Classical times were closely associated with the god Dionysus. Their Italian counterparts were the Fauns (see Faunus). Satyrs and Sileni were at first represented as uncouth men, each with a…

macaque: Species: Liontail macaques, or wanderoos (M. silenus), are black with gray ruffs and tufted tails; an endangered species, they are found only in a small area of southern India. Closely related to liontails are the pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina), which carry their short tails curved over…

Sileru River, river, southeast-central India. It is situated at the eastern limit of the Dandakaranya physiographic region and has a course of about 190 miles (305 km). The Sileru rises as the Machkund River in the Eastern Ghats in northeastern Andhra Pradesh state and flows northward into Jalaput

Spanish literature: Poetry: …upon the theme of death; Jaime Siles, whose abstract, reflexive poetry belongs to Spain’s so-called poesía de pensamiento (“poetry of thought”); and Luis Antonio de Villena, an outspoken representative of Spain’s gay revolution. Prominent women poets during the closing decades of the 20th century include María Victoria Atencia, known for…

Silesia, historical region that is now in southwestern Poland. Silesia was originally a Polish province, which became a possession of the Bohemian crown in 1335, passed with that crown to the Austrian Habsburgs in 1526, and was taken by Prussia in 1742. In 1945, at the end of World War II, Silesia

Polish language: are Great Polish and Pomeranian, Silesian, Little Polish, and Mazovian. Kashubian (Cassubian), often classified as a Polish dialect, is, historically, a separate language.

Silesia: …by the founding of the Silesian Autonomy Movement (Ruch Autonomii Śląska) in 1990 and the Union of People of Silesian Nationality (Związek Ludności Narodowości Śląskiej) in 1996. Central to the controversial assertion of Silesian nationality were conflicting linguistic interpretations: some scholars (and Silesian nationalists) argued that Silesian was a language…

Poland: The lake region and central lowlands: …divide the area into the Silesian (Śląska) Lowland, which lies in the upper Oder; the southern Great Poland Lowland, which lies in the middle Warta River basin; and the Mazovian (Mazowiecka) and Podlasian (Podlaska) lowlands, which lie in the middle Vistula basin. Lower Silesia and Great Poland are important agricultural…

Carpathian Mountains: Geology: …it is formed by the Silesian Nappe, both of which are split by the longitudinal central Carpathian depression. Overthrust on the Silesian Nappe is the Magura Nappe, the counterparts of which in the east are the Chernogora (Chornohora) and the Tarcău nappes.

Poland: The Little Poland Uplands: …region, and the landscape of Upper Silesia is highly urbanized. Katowice is the largest centre, and the region is closely linked with that around Kraków (Cracow). The Little Poland Uplands protect the Little Poland Lowlands, in which Kraków lies, from the colder air of the north. To the north the…

Silesia: …staged the first of three Silesian Uprisings against the Germans. The First Silesian Uprising was put down by the Germans by August 24. The Second Silesian Uprising began a year later, on August 19–20, 1920, and was similarly suppressed within a few days, although it won the dissolution of the…

Silesian Wars, 18th-century contests between Austria and Prussia for the possession of Silesia. The First Silesian War (1740–42) and the Second Silesian War (1744–45) formed parts of the great European struggle called the War of the Austrian Succession (see Austrian Succession, War of the). The

Angelus Silesius was a religious poet remembered primarily as the author of Der cherubinischer Wandersmann (1674; “The Cherubic Wanderer”), a major work of Roman Catholic mysticism. The son of a Lutheran Polish nobleman, Scheffler was court physician to the duke of Oels in his native Silesia when

Kazakhstan: Drainage: Balkhash, Zaysan, Alaköl, Tengiz, and Seletytengiz (Siletiteniz). Kazakhstan also wraps around the entire northern half of the shrinking Aral Sea, which underwent terrible decline during the second half of the 20th century: as freshwater inflow was diverted for agriculture, the salinity of the sea increased sharply, and the receding shores…

nuclear reactor: Enrichment: …known generically as MLIS (molecular laser isotope separation)—or commercially as SILEX (separation of isotopes by laser excitation)—gaseous UF6 is exposed to high-powered lasers tuned to the correct frequencies to cause the molecules containing 235U (but not 238U) to lose electrons. In this (ionized) form, the 235U-containing molecules are separated…

Silhak, (Korean: “Practical Learning”), school of thought that came into existence in the midst of the chaotic conditions of 18th-century Korea, dedicated to a practical approach to statecraft, instead of the blind and uncritical following of Confucian teachings. The Silhak school attacked

Raisen: …as the 16th-century stronghold of Silhari, a Rajput (warrior caste) chief, and was an important administrative centre under the Mughals. Raisen lies in a region that was once part of Bhopal princely state.

silhouette, an image or design in a single hue and tone, most usually the popular 18th- and 19th-century cut or painted profile portraits done in black on white or the reverse. Silhouette also is any outline or sharp shadow of an object. The word was satirically derived from the name of the

motion-picture technology: Noncellular animation: Other forms of animation include silhouette animation, developed by Lotte Reiniger in Germany during the 1920s. It uses jointed, flat-figure marionettes whose poses are minutely readjusted for each photographic frame. Movement is similarly simulated in puppet animation, which photographs solid three-dimensional figures in miniature sets. The puppets are often made…

Silhouette Island, granitic island, third largest of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. It has an area of 7.6 square miles (20 square km), rises to 2,467 feet (751 metres), and is 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Mahé Island. Virgin forests still grow in

silhouette: …parsimonious mid-18th-century French finance minister Étienne de Silhouette, whose hobby was the cutting of paper shadow portraits (the phrase à la Silhouette grew to mean “on the cheap”).

Siliana, town in northern Tunisia located on the western edge of the Dorsale Mountains. The town is built not far from Maktar (Makthar), an ancient site with megalithic monuments, Numidian ruins, and Roman remains. Lying in a fertile region dominated by the Dorsale Mountains, which extend from the

silica, compound of the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, silicon and oxygen, SiO2. The mass of Earth’s crust is 59 percent silica, the main constituent of more than 95 percent of the known rocks. Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz (by far the most abundant), tridymite,

silica gel, a highly porous, noncrystalline form of silica used to remove moisture from gases and liquids, to thicken liquids, to impart a dull surface to paints and synthetic films, and for other purposes. Silica gel was known as early as 1640, but it remained a curiosity until its adsorbent

amorphous solid: Models of atomic scale structures: …glass is amorphous SiO2, or silica glass. (Quartz, which is present in sand, is a crystalline form of SiO2.) In amorphous SiO2 each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom is bonded to two silicon atoms. This structure is difficult to represent in a two-dimensional…

silica mineral, any of the forms of silicon dioxide (SiO2), including quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, lechatelierite, and chalcedony. Various kinds of silica minerals have been produced synthetically; one is keatite. Silica minerals make up approximately 26 percent of Earth’s

traditional ceramics: Raw materials: …most cases these materials are silicates—that is, compounds based on silica (SiO2), an oxide form of the element silicon. In fact, so common is the use of silicate minerals that traditional ceramics are often referred to as silicate ceramics, and their manufacture is often called the silicate industry. Many of…

industrial glass: Chemical properties: …entire network may occur when silicate glasses are attacked by caustic alkalis and by hydrofluoric, phosphoric, and perchloric acids. The general approach to improving the chemical durability of glass is to make the surface as silica-rich as possible. This can be accomplished by two methods: fire polishing, a procedure that…

clay mineral: General features: …“backbones” of clay minerals called silicate layers. The unit silicate layer formed by aligning one octahedral sheet to one tetrahedral sheet is referred to as a 1:1 silicate layer, and the exposed surface of the octahedral sheet consists of hydroxyls. In another type, the unit silicate layer consists of one…

silicate mineral, any of a large group of silicon-oxygen compounds that are widely distributed throughout much of the solar system. A brief treatment of silicate minerals follows. For full treatment, see mineral: Silicates. The silicates make up about 95 percent of Earth’s crust and upper mantle,

high-pressure phenomena: Earth science: …a diamond-anvil cell to synthesize silicate perovskite, a dense form of the common mineral enstatite, MgSiO3. Subsequent studies by Liu revealed that many of the minerals believed to constitute the deep interior of the Earth transform to the perovskite structure at lower mantle conditions—an observation that led him to propose…

amphibole: Crystal structure: …silicate mineral structures is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)4-. It consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in the shape of a tetrahedron. The essential characteristic of the amphibole structure is a double chain of corner-linked silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons that extend indefinitely parallel to the c crystallographic axis,…

Spain: The statutes of limpieza: …author of this statute was Juan Martínez Siliceo, archbishop of Toledo, a man of humble and, hence, by definition, untainted origins who had found himself despised by the aristocratic canons, many of whom were of converso ancestry. In 1556 Philip II gave his royal approval to the statute on the…

sedimentary rock: Origin of cherts: …and recrystallizing the organically produced siliceous ooze deposits that accumulate on the present-day abyssal ocean floor. The modern oozes gather in latitudes where high organic productivity of floating planktonic radiolarians and diatoms takes place in the warm surface waters. As individual organisms die, their shells settle slowly to the abyssal…

siliceous rock, any of a group of sedimentary rocks that consist largely or almost entirely of silicon dioxide (SiO2), either as quartz or as amorphous silica and cristobalite; included are rocks that have formed as chemical precipitates and excluded are those of detrital or fragmental origin. The

silica mineral: Solubility of silica minerals: …silica results in formation of siliceous sinter or geyserite, as at Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park in the western United States.

sponge: Mineral skeletons: Siliceous spicules, found in the Demospongiae and in the Hexactinellida, are made essentially of silicic acid; they also contain some water, a small quantity of other compounds containing sodium, potassium, iron, and chlorine, and a small quantity of organic matter, called spiculin, which forms an…

siliceous sponge, any sponge in which the main skeletal component is silica as opposed to calcium carbonate or fibrous organic materials only. More than 95 percent of all known sponge species have a siliceous skeleton and belong to the class Demospongiae (phylum Porifera). The siliceous skeleton is

silicic acid, a compound of silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen, regarded as the parent substance from which is derived a large family—the silicates—of minerals, salts, and esters. The acid itself, having the formula Si(OH)4, can be prepared only as an unstable solution in water; its molecules readily

igneous rock: Origin of magmas: The silicic magmas can be formed by a combination of two processes; the presence of water under pressure lowers the melting temperature by as much as 200 °C (392 °F) and thereby expedites magma generation. At a convergent plate boundary, the lower continental crust is heated…

felsic and mafic rocks, division of igneous rocks on the basis of their silica content. Chemical analyses of the most abundant components in rocks usually are presented as oxides of the elements; igneous rocks typically consist of approximately 12 major oxides totaling over 99 percent of the rock.

sedimentary rock: Classification systems: …are also referred to as siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Siliciclastics are further subdivided on the basis of clast diameter into conglomerate and breccia, sandstone, siltstone, and finer-than-silt-sized mudrock (shale, claystone, and mudstone). The carbonates, limestones and dolomites, consist of the minerals aragonite, calcite, and dolomite. They are chemical sedimentary rocks in…

Brassicaceae: …rounded fruits are known as silicles.

manganese processing: Silicomanganese: This alloy, containing 65 to 68 percent manganese, 16 to 21 percent silicon, and 1.5 to 2 percent carbon, is produced by the smelting of slag from high-carbon ferromanganese or of manganese ore with coke and a quartz flux. Smelting temperatures are higher than…

silicon (Si), a nonmetallic chemical element in the carbon family (Group 14 [IVa] of the periodic table). Silicon makes up 27.7 percent of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being surpassed only by oxygen. The name silicon derives from the Latin silex or silicis,

copper processing: Bronze: Silicon bronze usually contains about 96 percent copper. The remainder may be silicon alone, but more often a little manganese, tin, iron, or zinc also is added. These alloys were developed originally for the chemical industry because of their exceptional resistance to corrosion in many…

silicon carbide, exceedingly hard, synthetically produced crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. Its chemical formula is SiC. Since the late 19th century silicon carbide has been an important material for sandpapers, grinding wheels, and cutting tools. More recently, it has found application

radiation measurement: Silicon detectors: Silicon detectors with diameters of up to several centimetres and thicknesses of several hundred micrometres are common choices for heavy charged particle detectors. They are fabricated from extremely pure or highly resistive silicon that is mildly n- or p-type owing to residual dopants.…

radiation measurement: Silicon detectors: Silicon detectors with diameters of up to several centimetres and thicknesses of several hundred micrometres are common choices for heavy charged particle detectors. They are fabricated from extremely pure or highly resistive silicon that is mildly n- or p-type owing to residual dopants.…

silica, compound of the two most abundant elements in Earth’s crust, silicon and oxygen, SiO2. The mass of Earth’s crust is 59 percent silica, the main constituent of more than 95 percent of the known rocks. Silica has three main crystalline varieties: quartz (by far the most abundant), tridymite,

sulfide: Structure of sulfides: For example, silicon disulfide, SiS2, has a structure consisting of infinite chains of SiS4 tetrahedrons that share edges. (Each SiS4 tetrahedron consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by and bonded to four sulfur atoms.) Phosphorus forms a series of molecular sulfides that includes P4S3, P4S4 (two…

epitaxy: …a crucible or cell for silicon epitaxy, or gallium and arsenic can be placed in separate cells for gallium arsenide epitaxy. In chemical vapour deposition the atoms for epitaxial growth are supplied from a precursor gas source (e.g., silane). Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition is similar, except that it uses metal-organic…

SGI, former American manufacturer of high-performance computer workstations, supercomputers, and advanced graphics software with headquarters in Mountain View, California. Silicon Graphics, Inc., was founded in 1982 by James Clark, an electrical engineering professor at Stanford University who had

silane, any of a series of covalently bonded compounds containing only the elements silicon and hydrogen, having the general formula SinH2n + 2, in which n equals 1, 2, 3, and so on. The silanes are structural analogues of the saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) but are much less stable. The term

Alameda, city, Alameda county, California, U.S. It lies on a 6.5-mile- (11-km-) long by 1-mile- (1.6-km-) wide island in San Francisco Bay, across the Oakland Harbor Channel from Oakland, with which it is connected by bridges and underground tunnels. The site was originally a peninsula that was

solar cell: Development of solar cells: …with the development of the silicon solar cell by Russell Ohl in 1941. Thirteen years later, aided by the rapid commercialization of silicon technology needed to fabricate the transistor, three other American researchers—Gerald Pearson, Daryl Chapin, and Calvin Fuller—demonstrated a silicon solar cell capable of a 6 percent energy-conversion efficiency…

transistor: Silicon transistors: During the 1950s, meanwhile, scientists and engineers at Bell Labs and Texas Instruments were developing advanced technologies needed to produce silicon transistors. Because of its higher melting temperature and greater reactivity, silicon was much more difficult to work with than germanium, but it…

Mike Judge: …of the live-action television series Silicon Valley (2014–19), Judge skewered the tech industry. He later cocreated Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus (2017–18), a documentary series about musicians that included animated interviews and reenactments as well as performance footage.

Silicon Valley, industrial region around the southern shores of San Francisco Bay, California, U.S., with its intellectual centre at Palo Alto, home of Stanford University. Silicon Valley includes northwestern Santa Clara county as far inland as San Jose, as well as the southern bay regions of

silicon: Properties of the element: …isotopes of silicon are known: silicon-28, which makes up 92.21 percent of the element in nature; silicon-29, 4.70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

silicon: Properties of the element: …of the element in nature; silicon-29, 4.70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

silicon: Properties of the element: 70 percent; and silicon-30, 3.09 percent. Five radioactive isotopes are known.

stagecraft: Dimmers: …control paved the way for silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) dimmers.

amphibole: Crystal structure: …silicate mineral structures is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)4-. It consists of a central silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in the shape of a tetrahedron. The essential characteristic of the amphibole structure is a double chain of corner-linked silicon-oxygen tetrahedrons that extend indefinitely parallel to the c crystallographic axis,…

silicone, any of a diverse class of fluids, resins, or elastomers based on polymerized siloxanes, substances whose molecules consist of chains made of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms. Their chemical inertness, resistance to water and oxidation, and stability at both high and low temperatures

silicone breast implant, prosthesis made from a polymer gel contained within a flexible casing that is used for the reconstruction or augmentation of the female mammary tissue. The polymer gel is made up of a chain of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, which makes the substance highly stable and

silicone: Applications: Vulcanized silicone rubber is prepared in two principal forms: (1) as room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) elastomers, which are low-molecular-weight liquids that are cast or molded into desired shapes and then interlinked at room temperature, and (2) high-temperature-vulcanizing (HTV) elastomers, which are higher-molecular-weight gums that are mixed and processed…

silicosis, a chronic disease of the lungs that is caused by the inhalation of silica dust over long periods of time. (Silica is the chief mineral constituent of sand and of many kinds of rock.) Silicosis is a form of pneumoconiosis. The disease occurs most commonly in miners, quarry workers,

Brassicaceae: …rounded fruits are known as silicles.

Silifke, town, south-central Turkey. It is located along the banks of the Göksu River, overlooking the Taurus Mountains. An irrigation scheme supplying the fertile lowland of the Göksu delta is located at Silifke. The town is a market centre for agricultural produce of its hinterland, including

Siliguri, city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just west of the Mahananda River. Siliguri is the terminus of the roads from Kalimpang (Kalimpong) and Sikkim and of road and rail connections with Darjiling (Darjeeling) and Jalpaiguri and is the hub for trade with Darjiling,

Sevilla: History: The Silingi Vandals made it the seat of their kingdom early in the 5th century ce, but in 461 it passed under Visigothic rule. In 711 the town fell to the Muslims, and under their rule Ixvillia, as it was then called, flourished. It became a…

Tibet: Drainage and soils: …(Tibetan: Tangra Yum), Nam, and Siling. South of Lhasa lie two other large lakes, Yamzho Yun (Yangzho Yong) and Puma Yung (Pumo). In western Tibet two adjoining lakes are located near the Nepal border—Lake Mapam, sacred to both Buddhists and Hindus, and Lake La’nga.