Martin IV was the pope from 1281 to 1285. Of noble birth, Martin was a member of the council of King Louis IX of France and, in 1260, chancellor and keeper of the great seal. Pope Urban IV created him cardinal about 1261. He was elected pope on Feb. 22, 1281, assuming the name of Martin IV instead

Martin IV was the pope from 1281 to 1285. Of noble birth, Martin was a member of the council of King Louis IX of France and, in 1260, chancellor and keeper of the great seal. Pope Urban IV created him cardinal about 1261. He was elected pope on Feb. 22, 1281, assuming the name of Martin IV instead

Simon Fraser University, privately endowed university in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, with branch campuses in Vancouver and Surrey. It was established in 1963 and named after the explorer Simon Fraser. It has faculties of arts, science, applied sciences, graduate studies, business

bathos: …for the old huntsman in “Simon Lee” is defeated by the following lines:

Palestine: The Hasmonean priest-princes: When Simon succeeded Jonathan, he acquired the status of a recognized secular ruler. The year he assumed rule was regarded as the first of a new era, and official documents were dated in his name and by his regnal year. He secured from the new Seleucid…

Hasmonean dynasty: In 143 (or 142) bce Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (and brother of Judas Maccabeus), succeeded his brother Jonathan as leader of the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid dynasty. He soon became independent of the Seleucids as high priest, ruler, and ethnarch of Judaea; the offices were hereditary, and Simon…

Simon Magus was a practitioner of magical arts who probably came from Gitta, a village in biblical Samaria. Simon, according to the New Testament account in Acts of the Apostles 8:9–24, after becoming a Christian, offered to purchase from the Apostles Peter and John the supernatural power of

Simon of Saint-Quentin was a French Dominican friar, who accompanied a diplomatic and proselytizing mission sent by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols of Persia and Armenia in 1247. Much of his account of the mission is preserved in the Speculum historiale (“Mirror of History”) of the French medieval

John Allse Brook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon was a British home secretary (1915–16, 1935–37), foreign secretary (1931–35), chancellor of the exchequer (1937–40), and lord chancellor (1940–45). He is identified with the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s government toward Nazi

Simon Of Sudbury was the archbishop of Canterbury from 1375 and chancellor of England from 1380 who lost his life in the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. Simon served for 12 years as an auditor (judge) of the Rota at the papal Curia, and in 1359 Pope Innocent VI employed him in an attempt to persuade King

Watts: A notable local attraction is Watts Towers (now a state historic park and a national historic landmark), a group of 17 bricolage spires constructed from 1921 to 1954 by Italian immigrant Simon Rodia from broken tiles, dishes, rocks, bottles, and seashells; the tallest of the towers rises to nearly 100…

serialism: In Simon Says (1972) by Beauregard Forth, serial elements include specific harmonies, melodies, metres (organizations of the beats or pulses), and key centres. Other composers who have written music that serializes more than the pitch element include the Catalonia-centred composer Roberto Gerhard, the Austrian-American Ernst Krenek,…

Carmelite: …in England in 1247 under St. Simon Stock, and the order was adapted to the conditions of the Western lands to which it had been transplanted: the order transformed itself from one of hermits into one of mendicant friars. In this form the Carmelites established themselves throughout western Europe, becoming…

the Saint, fictional English gentleman-adventurer who was the protagonist of short stories and mystery novels by Leslie Charteris. A good-natured, gallant figure, Templar defies social convention and lives outside the law, and yet he emerges untarnished from his shadowy adventures. Meet the Tiger

St. Simon the Apostle ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast day June 19) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. In the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, he bears the epithet Kananaios, or the Cananaean, often wrongly interpreted to mean “from Cana” or “from Canaan.” Kananaios is the Greek

St. Simon the Apostle ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast day June 19) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. In the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, he bears the epithet Kananaios, or the Cananaean, often wrongly interpreted to mean “from Cana” or “from Canaan.” Kananaios is the Greek

Bethany: …have been the home of Simon the Leper (Matthew 26; Mark 14). Jesus lodged in the village after his entry into Jerusalem (Matthew 21:17), and it was also there that he parted from his disciples (Luke 24:50–51).

Simon Magus was a practitioner of magical arts who probably came from Gitta, a village in biblical Samaria. Simon, according to the New Testament account in Acts of the Apostles 8:9–24, after becoming a Christian, offered to purchase from the Apostles Peter and John the supernatural power of

Simon Magus was a practitioner of magical arts who probably came from Gitta, a village in biblical Samaria. Simon, according to the New Testament account in Acts of the Apostles 8:9–24, after becoming a Christian, offered to purchase from the Apostles Peter and John the supernatural power of

St. Simon the Apostle ; Western feast day October 28, Eastern feast day June 19) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. In the Gospels of Mark and Matthew, he bears the epithet Kananaios, or the Cananaean, often wrongly interpreted to mean “from Cana” or “from Canaan.” Kananaios is the Greek

Simon Wiesenthal: Vision: …lent his name to the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles, but he was involved only indirectly in that centre’s activity.

Simon’s Town, town and naval base, Western Cape province, South Africa. It is located on the eastern side of the Cape Peninsula, on False Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles (40 km) south of Cape Town. Named for Governor Simon van der Stel, it was a Dutch naval anchorage from 1741, and its harbour

60 Minutes: Bob Simon, Steve Kroft, Lara Logan, Anderson Cooper, Norah O’Donnell, and Jon Wertheim.

Carly Simon is an American singer-songwriter and children’s book writer known for her pop songs. She had a number of hits in the 1970s, including “You’re So Vain” and “Anticipation.” Simon was raised in an upper-class musical home. Her father was a cofounder of the Simon & Schuster publishing house

Claude Simon was a writer whose works are among the most authentic representatives of the French nouveau roman (“new novel”) that emerged in the 1950s. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1985. The son of a cavalry officer who was killed in World War I, Simon was raised by his mother

Claude Simon was a writer whose works are among the most authentic representatives of the French nouveau roman (“new novel”) that emerged in the 1950s. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1985. The son of a cavalry officer who was killed in World War I, Simon was raised by his mother

David Simon is an American journalist, writer, and producer who was best known as the creator, writer, and executive producer of the critically acclaimed television series The Wire (2002–08). Simon was raised in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Silver Spring, Maryland. He became interested in

David Simon, Lord Simon of Highbury is a British industrialist and politician who served as the chief executive officer of British Petroleum (BP; now BP PLC) from 1992 to 1997 and as minister for trade and competitiveness in Europe for the Labour government from 1997 to 1999. After graduating

urology: …stones until the German surgeon Gustav Simon in 1869 demonstrated that human patients could survive the removal of one kidney, provided the remaining kidney was healthy.

Ötzi: …by German tourists, Erika and Helmut Simon, on the Similaun Glacier in the Tirolean Ötztal Alps, on the Italian-Austrian border, on September 19, 1991. Radiocarbon-dated to 3300 bce, the body is that of a human male about 45 years of age who had been about 1.6 meters (5 feet 2…

Herbert A. Simon was an American social scientist known for his contributions to a number of fields, including psychology, mathematics, statistics, and operations research, all of which he synthesized in a key theory that earned him the 1978 Nobel Prize for Economics. Simon and his longtime

Herbert A. Simon was an American social scientist known for his contributions to a number of fields, including psychology, mathematics, statistics, and operations research, all of which he synthesized in a key theory that earned him the 1978 Nobel Prize for Economics. Simon and his longtime

John Allse Brook Simon, 1st Viscount Simon was a British home secretary (1915–16, 1935–37), foreign secretary (1931–35), chancellor of the exchequer (1937–40), and lord chancellor (1940–45). He is identified with the appeasement policy of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s government toward Nazi

Jules Simon was a French political leader, philosopher, and theorist of the French Radical Party who as premier in 1876–77 became a central figure in the formative crisis of the Third Republic. He was elected to the National Assembly of 1848 as a liberal and was philosophically devoted to the cause

Kate Simon was a memoirist and travel writer whose work was noted for its readability and its wit. Simon’s family immigrated to the United States in 1917 and settled in New York, first in Harlem and then in the Bronx. Simon graduated from Hunter College of the City University of New York with a

Neil Simon was an American playwright, screenwriter, television writer, and librettist who was one of the most popular playwrights in the history of American theatre. Simon was raised in New York City and had a difficult childhood. His parents’ relationship was volatile, and his father left the

Neil Simon was an American playwright, screenwriter, television writer, and librettist who was one of the most popular playwrights in the history of American theatre. Simon was raised in New York City and had a difficult childhood. His parents’ relationship was volatile, and his father left the

typography: Mechanical composition: In 1923 he joined Oliver Simon in publishing The Fleuron, a journal of printing history and design in which he published a number of important articles on calligraphy and typography.

Michael Dukakis: …Politics—and Why (2000; written with Paul Simon).

Paul Simon is an American singer-songwriter who brought a highbrow sensibility to rock music. One of the most paradoxical figures in rock-and-roll history, Simon exemplified many of the principles against which the music initially reacted. From his first big hit, “The Sounds of Silence,” in 1965,

Paul Simon is an American singer-songwriter who brought a highbrow sensibility to rock music. One of the most paradoxical figures in rock-and-roll history, Simon exemplified many of the principles against which the music initially reacted. From his first big hit, “The Sounds of Silence,” in 1965,

Michael Dukakis: …Politics—and Why (2000; written with Paul Simon).

history of Europe: History and social thought: Bossuet had encouraged Richard Simon when he set out to refute Protestantism through historical study of the Bible but was shocked when he saw where it led. Inevitably, scholarship revealed inconsistencies and raised questions about the way that the Bible should be treated: if unreliable as history, then…

Sir John Simon was an English surgeon and public health reformer whose efforts to improve the hygienic quality of urban life led to the establishment of modern standards of public health service. A surgeon at King’s College Hospital, London (1840–47), Simon was appointed first medical officer of

Taryn Simon is an American photographer known for her formal, richly textured images, usually captured with an antique large-format camera. She typically assembles her photographs around a predetermined theme or concept and draws the often disparate results together with academically precise

Alfred Binet: …1905 and 1911 he and Théodore Simon developed highly influential scales for the measurement of intelligence of children. Binet also published works on suggestibility (1900) and hysteria (1910) and was working on a revision of his scales at the time of his death.

Sino-Tibetan languages: Phonological correspondences: …and Old Tibetan made by Walter Simon in 1929, although limited in some ways, pointed to enough sound resemblances in important items of basic vocabulary to eliminate the possibility of coincidental similarities between unrelated languages. A few examples of similar words in Old Tibetan and Old Chinese, respectively, follow: “bent,”…

plague: History: The following year Paul-Louis Simond, a French researcher sent by the Pasteur Institute to India, announced the results of experiments demonstrating that Oriental rat fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis) carried the plague bacillus between rats. It was then demonstrated definitively that rat fleas would infest humans and transmit plague through…

J.-C.-L. Simonde de Sismondi was a Swiss economist and historian who warned against the perils of unchecked industrialism. His pioneering theories on the nature of economic crises and the risks of limitless competition, overproduction, and underconsumption influenced such later economists as Karl

William Holabird: …own practice in 1880 with Ossian C. Simonds, who subsequently left for a career in landscape architecture. Roche joined the firm in 1881. Holabird and Roche were responsible for many innovations identified with the Chicago School, such as the so-called Chicago School windows, which resulted in a facade almost entirely…

Leaning Tower of Pisa: Giovanni di Simone, the engineer in charge when construction resumed, sought to compensate for the lean by making the new stories slightly taller on the short side, but the extra masonry caused the structure to sink still further. The project was plagued with interruptions, as…

Nina Simone was an American singer who created urgent emotional intensity by singing songs of love, protest, and Black empowerment in a dramatic style, with a rough-edged voice. A precocious child, Simone played piano and organ in girlhood. She became sensitive to racism when at age 12 she gave a

Simonianism, the doctrine professed by followers of Simon Magus

Polish literature: Kochanowski and his followers: …notable of Kochanowski’s followers was Szymon Szymonowic (Simonides). He introduced in his Sielanki (1614; “Idylls”) a poetic genre that was to retain its vitality until the end of the 19th century. These pastoral poems exemplify the processes of imitation, adaptation, and assimilation by which Renaissance writers brought foreign models into…

Simonides of Ceos was a Greek poet, noted for his lyric poetry, elegiacs, and epigrams; he was an uncle of the Greek lyric poet Bacchylides. Simonides began writing poetry on Ceos, but he was soon called to the court of the Peisistratids (the tyrants of Athens), which was a lively cultural and

Albert-Charles Simonin was a French writer who brilliantly exploited the language of the Parisian underworld in tough, fast-talking thrillers that rivaled those of the leading American practitioners in the genre. The authenticity of Simonin’s work was guaranteed by his upbringing in La Chapelle

Damon Albarn: …also featured former Clash bassist Paul Simonon, and the eponymously titled Rocket Juice & the Moon (2012), which employed the Red Hot Chili Peppers’ Flea on bass.

the Chemical Brothers: Ed Simons (b. June 9, 1970, London, England) and Tom Rowlands (b. January 11, 1971, Oxfordshire) met at Manchester University in 1989. Already fans of hip-hop, the pair quickly became avid participants in the “Madchester” rave scene, then buzzing thanks to the synergy of house…

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

Raf Simons is a Belgian fashion designer who worked for various labels, notably serving as creative director of Jil Sander (2005–12), as artistic director of Christian Dior (2012–15), as chief creative officer of Calvin Klein (2016–18), and as cocreative director of Prada (2020– ). Simons studied

Walter Simons was a German jurist who served as interim president of the Weimar Republic, from March to May 1925. After serving in the German foreign ministry from 1911 to 1921, he became president of the German Supreme Court (1922–29). When President Friedrich Ebert died, Simons became temporary

Lee Simonson was a designer influential in freeing American stage design from constraints imposed by traditional realism. In 1915, after studying at Harvard University and in Paris, Simonson began designing sets for the Washington Square Players in New York. Four years later, he helped found the

Thor: The Simonson era: Fan favourite Walt Simonson took over as writer and penciller of Thor in 1983 with issue no. 337. In his first issue, Simonson upended the established order by having Thor suffer defeat at the hands of a bizarre-looking alien called Beta Ray Bill. In a stunning twist,…

Simon’s Town, town and naval base, Western Cape province, South Africa. It is located on the eastern side of the Cape Peninsula, on False Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles (40 km) south of Cape Town. Named for Governor Simon van der Stel, it was a Dutch naval anchorage from 1741, and its harbour

Simon’s Town, town and naval base, Western Cape province, South Africa. It is located on the eastern side of the Cape Peninsula, on False Bay of the Atlantic Ocean, 25 miles (40 km) south of Cape Town. Named for Governor Simon van der Stel, it was a Dutch naval anchorage from 1741, and its harbour

Menno Simons was a Dutch priest and an early leader of the peaceful wing of Dutch Anabaptism, whose followers formed the Mennonite church. Little is known about Menno’s early life. He was born into a Dutch peasant family, and his father’s name was Simon. At an early age he was enrolled in a

simony, buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual. More widely, it is any contract of this kind forbidden by divine or ecclesiastical law. The name is taken from Simon Magus (Acts 8:18), who endeavoured to buy from the Apostles the power of conferring the

Charles Simonyi is a Hungarian-born American software executive and space tourist. Simonyi left Hungary in 1966 to work at the Danish computer company Regnecentralen. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in engineering mathematics and later earned a doctorate in

Charles Simonyi is a Hungarian-born American software executive and space tourist. Simonyi left Hungary in 1966 to work at the Danish computer company Regnecentralen. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a degree in engineering mathematics and later earned a doctorate in

Hungary: Revolution, counterrevolution, and the regency, 1918–45: …the Smallholders), took office under Sándor Simonyi-Semadam.

simoom, extremely hot and dry local wind in Arabia and the Sahara. Its temperature often reaches 55 °C (about 130 °F), and the humidity of the air sometimes falls below 10 percent. It is caused by intensive ground heating under a cloudless sky. Simoom is an Arabic word that means “poison wind.” It

phoenix: …phoenix was identified with the ʿanqāʾ (Persian: sīmorgh), a huge mysterious bird (probably a heron) that was originally created by God with all perfections but thereafter became a plague and was killed.

Henri-René Lenormand: Lenormand’s play Le Simoun (1920; “The Simoom”) depicts the demoralizing influence of the life and climate of the tropics on a European man who becomes obsessed with an incestuous passion for his adult daughter. Le Lâche (1925; “The Coward”) is a psychological study of fear in a…

Prince Paul Karadjordjević: Dušan Simović and other air force officers. Paul fled to Greece, where he was captured by British forces. He spent the remainder of the war interred in Kenya and South Africa. After the war, he was declared an enemy of the state by the communist…

Langston Hughes: Documenting African American culture and posthumous works: Semple, familiarly called Simple, who appeared in Hughes’s columns in the Chicago Defender and the New York Post and later in book form and on the stage. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel, appeared in 1994. Some of his political exchanges…

Nathaniel Ward: …with the Mosaic law, and The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America (1647), a vigorously written pamphlet defending the status quo and attacking, among other things, tolerance.

continued fraction: In a simple continued fraction (SCF), all the bi are equal to 1 and all the ai are positive integers. An SCF is written, in the compact form, [a0; a1, a2, a3, …]. If the number of terms ai is finite, the SCF is said to terminate,…

meteorite crater: The impact-cratering process: …resulting landform is called a simple crater. The smallest craters require no more than a few seconds to form completely, whereas craters that are tens of kilometres wide probably form in a few minutes.

dislocation: A dislocation is called simple when the joint surfaces are not exposed to the air; it is called compound when the joint surfaces are exposed by the destruction of overlying skin or by the end of a bone piercing the skin.

Linda Ronstadt: Ronstadt published the autobiographies Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir (2013) and Feels Like Home: A Song for the Sonoran Borderlands (2022; cowritten with Lawrence Downes); the latter also included recipes.

Oceanic art and architecture: Australia: …engravings and paintings in the Simple Figurative style are widely found at sites in the north, east, and west of Australia but rarely in the interior. The style apparently followed the Panaramittee, but it cannot be dated precisely. It is characterized by somewhat loose silhouettes of human and animal forms…

arithmetic: Rational numbers: …n/d and is called a common fraction. It may be considered as the quotient of n divided by d. The number d is called the denominator (it determines the fractional unit or denomination), and n is called the numerator (it enumerates the number of fractional units that are taken). The…

fracture: A fracture is called simple (closed) when the overlying skin is not broken and the bone is not exposed to the air; it is called compound (open) when the bone is exposed. When a bone weakened by disease breaks from a minor stress, it is termed a pathological fracture.…

economic integration: Simple free-trade area: The most basic type of economic integration is a simple free-trade area. In this form, attention is focused almost exclusively on a reduction of the tariffs and quotas that restrict trade. Emphasis is placed almost entirely on increasing the exchange of goods.…

angiosperm: Fruits: Simple fruits develop from a single carpel or from a compound ovary. Aggregate fruits consist of several separate carpels of one apocarpous gynoecium (e.g., raspberries where each unit is a single carpel). Multiple fruits consist of the gynoecia of more than one flower and represent…

goitre: …common type of goitre is endemic goitre, caused by iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for the production of thyroid hormone. When iodine intake is low, thyroid hormone production is low, and in response the pituitary gland secretes greater quantities of the hormone thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone,…

graph theory: …two vertices is called a simple graph. Unless stated otherwise, graph is assumed to refer to a simple graph. When each vertex is connected by an edge to every other vertex, the graph is called a complete graph. When appropriate, a direction may be assigned to each edge to produce…

algebra: New challenges and perspectives: …subgroups is known as a simple group. Simple groups are the basic components of group theory, and since Galois’s time it was known that the general quintic was unsolvable by radicals because its Galois group was simple. However, a full characterization of simple groups remained unattainable until a major breakthrough…

numerals and numeral systems: Simple grouping systems: In its pure form a simple grouping system is an assignment of special names to the small numbers, the base b, and its powers b2, b3, and so on, up to a power bk large enough to represent all numbers actually required…

halide mineral: The simple halides are salts of the alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. Most are soluble in water; the transition-metal halides are unstable under exposure to air. Halite, sodium chloride (NaCl), is the most familiar example; it often occurs with other evaporite minerals in enormous beds…

halide mineral: …modes of occurrence, include the simple halides, the halide complexes, and the oxyhydroxy-halides.

simple harmonic motion, in physics, repetitive movement back and forth through an equilibrium, or central, position, so that the maximum displacement on one side of this position is equal to the maximum displacement on the other side. The time interval of each complete vibration is the same. The

mechanics: Simple harmonic oscillations: The potential energy of a harmonic oscillator, equal to the work an outside agent must do to push the mass from zero to x, is U = 1 2 kx 2. Thus, the total initial energy in the situation described above is 1 2 kA 2; and since the kinetic…

epistemology: Rationalism and empiricism: …dragon can be reduced to simple concepts (such as wings, the body of a snake, the head of a horse), all of which derive from impressions. On such a view, the mind is still considered primarily passive, but it is conceded that the mind has the power to combine simple…

A “Savings Incentive Match PLan for Employees” (SIMPLE) IRA is a tax-deferred, employer-sponsored retirement savings plan designed for small businesses (usually with 100 or fewer employees) to provide a retirement plan to their employees. Employees with SIMPLE plans can make contributions, and

angiosperm: Leaves: …petiole, the leaf is called simple. Simple leaves may be variously lobed along their margins. The margins of simple leaves may be entire and smooth or they may be lobed in various ways. The coarse teeth of dentate margins project at right angles, while those of serrate margins point toward…

statistics: Regression model: In simple linear regression, the model used to describe the relationship between a single dependent variable y and a single independent variable x is y = β0 + β1x + ε. β0 and β1 are referred to as the model parameters, and ε is a probabilistic…

simple machine, any of several devices with few or no moving parts that are used to modify motion and the magnitude of a force in order to perform work. They are the simplest mechanisms known that can use leverage (or mechanical advantage) to increase force. The simple machines are the inclined

mastectomy: Other mastectomy methods include simple mastectomy, or the removal of only the breast; simple mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection; and local incision, sometimes called “lumpectomy,” in which only the tumour is removed.

crystal: Metallic bonds: The simple metals are bonded with sp-electrons. The electrons of these metal atoms are in filled atomic shells except for a few electrons that are in unfilled sp-shells. The electrons from the unfilled shells are detached from the metal ion and are free to wander throughout…