Olivia Colman is a British actress who first garnered attention for her comedic work on television and who later had success in a series of dramatic roles in film and TV. She won numerous accolades, most notably an Academy Award for her performance in The Favourite (2018). Colman was born in

Sir Keith Sinclair was a poet, historian, and educator noted for his histories of New Zealand. Sinclair’s education at Auckland University College (until 1957 a college of the University of New Zealand; thereafter University of Auckland) was interrupted by army and navy service during World War II.

Upton Sinclair was a prolific American novelist and polemicist for socialism, health, temperance, free speech, and worker rights, among other causes. His classic muckraking novel The Jungle (1906) is a landmark among naturalistic proletarian work, one praised by fellow socialist Jack London as “the

Upton Sinclair was a prolific American novelist and polemicist for socialism, health, temperance, free speech, and worker rights, among other causes. His classic muckraking novel The Jungle (1906) is a landmark among naturalistic proletarian work, one praised by fellow socialist Jack London as “the

Sindh, province of southeastern Pakistan. It is bordered by the provinces of Balochistān on the west and north, Punjab on the northeast, the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh is essentially part of the Indus River delta and has derived its

Kohistan: Sindh Kohistan, in the west of Sindh province, Pakistan, is a barren hilly tract consisting of outlying spurs of the Kirthar Range. Cultivation is possible only along the numerous hill streams (nalas) that carry water during the rains. Cattle grazing is the principal occupation.

Hyderabad: The University of Sind with numerous affiliated colleges, founded in 1947 in Karachi and moved to Hyderabad in 1951, lies across the Indus. Other education needs are served by numerous government colleges, the Liaqat Medical College, and specialized vocational institutions.

Seven Wise Masters: …to a wise tutor named Sindbad (not to be confused with the sailor of The Thousand and One Nights). During a week when the prince was ordered by Sindbad to maintain silence, his stepmother tried to seduce him. Having failed, she tried to accuse the prince before the king and…

Sindbad the Sailor, hero of The Thousand and One Nights who recounts his adventures on seven voyages. He is not to be confused with Sindbad the Wise, hero of the frame story of the Seven Wise Masters. The stories of Sindbad’s travails, which were a relatively late addition to The Thousand and One

Seven Wise Masters: …to a wise tutor named Sindbad (not to be confused with the sailor of The Thousand and One Nights). During a week when the prince was ordered by Sindbad to maintain silence, his stepmother tried to seduce him. Having failed, she tried to accuse the prince before the king and…

Charles M. Rice: …research on RNA viruses, particularly Sindbis virus, which is carried by mosquitoes and causes fever and joint pain in humans. Rice’s work to elucidate the genetic sequence of structural proteins of Sindbis virus laid the foundation for his work with other infectious viruses. After earning a doctoral degree in 1981,…

Sindh, province of southeastern Pakistan. It is bordered by the provinces of Balochistān on the west and north, Punjab on the northeast, the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh is essentially part of the Indus River delta and has derived its

Sindh Sagar Doab, one of the five major doabs of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Doab, a Persian term, signifies an area between two rivers. The Sindh Sagar Doab is the area between the Indus River and the Jhelum River. As such, it forms the northwestern portion of the Punjab plains. It is the

Sir Richard Burton: Early life and career: …four books on India, including Sindh, and the Races That Inhabit the Valley of the Indus (1851), a brilliant ethnological study, published before the new science of ethnology had a proper tradition against which its merits could be evaluated. Meanwhile he perfected his long-cherished plans for going to Mecca.

Indus River: People of the Indus River: …of considerable antiquity, and the Sindhi pride themselves on their regional distinctiveness. Karachi, though in Sindh, is predominantly an Urdu-speaking city settled by Punjabis and muhājir, immigrants from India who arrived in Pakistan after partition of the subcontinent in 1947.

Sindhi language, Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 23 million people in Pakistan, mostly living in the southeastern province of Sindh, where it has official status, and in the adjacent Las Bela district of Balochistan. In India, where Sindhi is one of the languages recognized by the constitution,

Sindhi literature, body of writings in the Sindhi language, an Indo-Aryan language used primarily in Pakistan and India. The beginning of Sindhi literature can be traced back to the 11th century in the stray verses of an Ismāʿīlī missionary. But it was the poetic works of Qadi Qadan (1463?–1551),

Pakistan: Political process: …in Karachi and Hyderabad, the Sindhi National Front in Sindh, and the Balochistan Students Union in Balochistan.

Sindhia family, Maratha ruling family of Gwalior, which for a time in the 18th century dominated the politics of northern India. The dynasty was founded by Ranoji Sindhia, who in 1726 was put in charge of the Malwa region by the peshwa (chief minister of the Maratha state). By his death in 1750,

India: Subordinate Maratha rulers: …during the long reign of Mahadaji Sindhia, which began after Panipat and continued to 1794, that the family’s fortunes were truly consolidated.

Battle of Barari Ghat: …of Delhi, the Maratha chief Dattaji Sindhia, retreating from the Punjab before the Afghan army of Aḥmad Shah Durrānī, was surprised by Afghan troops who, concealed by high reeds, crossed the river. Dattaji was killed and his army scattered. His defeat opened the way to the Afghan occupation of Delhi.

Indus River, great trans-Himalayan river of South Asia. It is one of the longest rivers in the world, with a length of some 2,000 miles (3,200 km). Its total drainage area is about 450,000 square miles (1,165,000 square km), of which 175,000 square miles (453,000 square km) lie in the ranges and

P.V. Sindhu is a professional badminton player from India who has made her mark in the 21st century with a number of wins at the Commonwealth Games, the Badminton World Federation (BWF) Championships, and the Olympic Games. She is the first Indian woman to win two Olympic medals—a silver medal at

Sindhia family, Maratha ruling family of Gwalior, which for a time in the 18th century dominated the politics of northern India. The dynasty was founded by Ranoji Sindhia, who in 1726 was put in charge of the Malwa region by the peshwa (chief minister of the Maratha state). By his death in 1750,

Michele Sindona was an Italian financier whose financial empire collapsed amid charges of fraud, bribery, and murder. The scandal also involved the Vatican. Educated at the University of Messina, Sindona practiced law in Sicily from 1940 to 1946 and then, from 1946, lived in Milan. Over the next

Shroud of Turin, a length of linen that is purported to be the burial garment of Jesus Christ. It has been preserved since 1578 in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of San Giovanni Battista in Turin, Italy. For centuries, the shroud has been the focus of debates about its authenticity and an object

Central Java: …(3,000 metres), including Mounts Slamet, Sindoro, Sumbing, and Merbabu. A discontinuous series of plateaus flanks the widely spaced volcanic peaks and merges with the foothills and coastal lowlands (the latter as much as 20 miles [30 km] wide) to the north and south. The major streams include the Bodri and…

sine, one of the six trigonometric functions, which, in a right triangle ABC, for an angle A, issin A = length of side opposite angle A length of hypotenuse .(The other five trigonometric functions are cosine [cos], tangent [tan], secant [sec], cosecant [csc], and cotangent [cot].) From the

mathematics: Mathematical astronomy: …to what is actually a sinusoidal variation.) While observations extending over centuries are required for finding the necessary parameters (e.g., periods, angular range between maximum and minimum values, and the like), only the computational apparatus at their disposal made the astronomers’ forecasting effort possible.

Kyrsten Sinema is an American politician who represented Arizona in the U.S. Senate (2019–25). She was the first woman to be elected senator from her state. Sinema previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2013–19), where she was the first openly bisexual member of that body. Sinema

Sinemurian Stage, second of the four divisions of the Lower Jurassic Series, representing all rocks formed worldwide during the Sinemurian Age, which occurred between 199.3 million and 190.8 million years ago during the Early Jurassic Period. The Sinemurian Stage overlies the Hettangian Stage and

apterygote: Annotated classification: Suborder Sinentomata Tracheal system present or absent; distinct sperm and pseudoculi. 2 families. Class Collembola Entognathous mouthparts. Order Poduromorpha 1 pair of 4- to 6-segmented antennae; a pair of postantennal organs; 0 to 8 simple eyes (ocelli) on each side of

law of sines, Principle of trigonometry stating that the lengths of the sides of any triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles. That is, when a, b, and c are the sides and A, B, and C are the opposite

King Crimson: …woodwind instruments, and vocals; and Peter Sinfield as lyricist and spoken-word artist. Over the years, however, many musicians performed as part of King Crimson.

Luciano Berio: …include Laborintus II (1965) and Sinfonia (1968), which incorporate a wide range of literary and musical references. Sinfonia also gathers a large performance force using an orchestra, organ, harpsichord, piano, chorus, and reciters. Berio’s Coro (1976) is written for 40 voices and 40 instruments. Among his later pieces are the…

sinfonia, in music, any of several instrumental forms, primarily of Italian origin. In the earlier Baroque period (mid-17th century), the term was used synonymously with canzona and sonata. For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the name referred particularly to orchestral introductions to operas

symphonie concertante, in music of the Classical period (c. 1750–c. 1820), symphony employing two or more solo instruments. Though it is akin to the concerto grosso of the preceding Baroque era in its contrasting of a group of soloists with the full orchestra, it rather resembles the Classical solo

Giovanni Pacini: …string quartets and the programmatic Sinfonia Dante (1864?). The first three movements of the latter work supposedly depicted the three main sections of Dante’s Divine Comedy, while the fourth and final movement—as indicated by its title—evoked Il trionfo di Dante (“The Triumph of Dante”). Pacini’s instrumental works, though generally respected,…

Carlos Chávez: …compositions are two early symphonies, Sinfonía de Antígona (1933) and Sinfonía India (1935), both one-movement works using indigenous themes. The Concerto No. 1 for piano and orchestra (1940) is highly percussive. The Toccata for percussion instruments (1942) is scored for 11 types of percussion instruments, some of them indigenous, played…

Sinfonía india, symphony by Carlos Chávez that is strongly flavoured by the musical spirit of Mexico. It was written during the Mexican-born composer’s lengthy visit to the U.S., and it was first performed in a broadcast concert in New York City on January 23, 1936, with the composer conducting.

Jennifer Hudson: …included the animated family comedy Sing, in which she provided the voice of a sheep, and the live telecast of the musical Hairspray Live!, in which she portrayed Motormouth Maybelle. She performed (2017–18) as a coach on the television singing competition The Voice UK, and she was also a coach…

Scarlett Johansson: …film Sing (2016) and its sequel (2021). In 2018 she voiced an alluring canine in Wes Anderson’s animated feature Isle of Dogs.

Venantius Fortunatus: …noblest expression: these poems, the Pange lingua and the Vexilla regis, have been translated into English by John Mason Neale as “Sing My Tongue the Glorious Battle” and “The Royal Banners Forward Go.”

Alfred Drake: He then appeared in Sing Out, Sweet Land (1944), Beggar’s Holiday (1946), and The Cradle Will Rock (1947) before scoring critical acclaim as Fred Graham in Kiss Me, Kate (1948), as Hajj in Kismet (1953), and as Honoré Lachalles in Gigi (1973). He also took on serious roles in…

Sing Sing, maximum-security prison located in Ossining, New York. In use since 1826, it is one of the oldest penal institutions in the United States. It is also among the most well-known in the country, especially notable for its harsh conditions in the 19th and 20th centuries. Originally known as

Sing Sing, maximum-security prison located in Ossining, New York. In use since 1826, it is one of the oldest penal institutions in the United States. It is also among the most well-known in the country, especially notable for its harsh conditions in the 19th and 20th centuries. Originally known as

Sidney Lanfield: Films of the 1930s: …star: King of Burlesque and Sing, Baby, Sing. In the latter film, Faye starred as a nightclub singer, with Adolphe Menjou as a movie star and Gregory Ratoff as her madcap agent; the Ritz Brothers provided comic relief. The popular musical comedy One in a Million (1936) was Norwegian skating…

Louis Prima: …the swing music classics “Sing, Sing, Sing” and “Jump, Jive, an’ Wail.” In the 1950s he led one of the first musical acts to regularly perform and establish a residency in the lounges and casinos of Las Vegas. His musical style encompassed Dixieland jazz, swing, big band music, boogie-woogie,…

12 Contemporary Black Authors You Must Read: Jesmyn Ward: …Book Award for the novel Sing, Unburied, Sing, making her the first woman and the first Black American author to win the award twice in the fiction category. Her first win was for Salvage the Bones, the story of a pregnant teenage girl living in coastal Mississippi with her father…

Wesley Ruggles: Later films: Ruggles’s success continued with Sing You Sinners (1938), which starred Bing Crosby as a gambler and MacMurray as his disapproving brother; the film was an entertaining blend of sentiment, comedy, and songs. Invitation to Happiness (1939) centred on the marital struggles of a boxer (MacMurray) and his socialite wife…

Tibet: Plant and animal life: …include gulls, sheldrakes, cinnamon teals, sing-bya (tiny owl-like birds), khra (crow-sized, hawklike birds), bya-long (birds about the size of a duck), and skya-ka (black-and-white crow-sized birds). The calls of the rmos-’debs—a small gray bird that inhabits agricultural regions—signal the opening of the planting season.

Singanhoe, united national independence front formed by the Korean nationalists and the Korean communists that was organized in 1927 to seek more concerted efforts toward winning Korea’s independence from Japan. The group attempted to encourage a national consciousness and promote anti-Japanese

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

Singapore, city, capital of the Republic of Singapore. It occupies the southern part of Singapore Island. Its strategic position on the strait between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, complemented by its deepwater harbour, has made it the largest port in Southeast Asia and one of the world’s

Singapore Botanic Gardens, botanical garden in Singapore that is one of the world’s finest in terms of both its aesthetic appeal and the quality of its botanical collection. The garden has approximately 3,000 species of tropical and subtropical plants and a herbarium of about 500,000 preserved

J.G. Farrell: The Singapore Grip (1978), the final novel in the series, ambitiously recounts through both personal and political lenses the Battle of Singapore during World War II, in which the British colony fell to the Japanese.

Singapore: It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island is separated from Peninsular Malaysia to the north by Johor Strait, a narrow channel crossed by a road and rail causeway…

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

Singapore Strait, channel extending for 65 miles (105 km) between the Strait of Malacca (west) and the South China Sea (east). The strait is 10 miles (16 km) wide and lies between Singapore Island (north) and the Riau Islands (south), part of Indonesia. It includes Johore Strait, Keppel Harbour,

horizontally divided red-white national flag with a white crescent and five stars in the upper hoist corner. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.In the 19th century, British settlements in Southeast Asia were combined to form the colony of the Straits Settlements; the flag badge for its

history of Singapore, a survey of the important events and people in the history of Singapore. Located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, Singapore is the largest port city in Southeast Asia and one of the busiest in the world. It owes its growth and prosperity to its position at the

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

Singapore, city, capital of the Republic of Singapore. It occupies the southern part of Singapore Island. Its strategic position on the strait between the Indian Ocean and South China Sea, complemented by its deepwater harbour, has made it the largest port in Southeast Asia and one of the world’s

Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometres) north of the Equator. It consists of the diamond-shaped Singapore Island and some 60 small islets; the main island occupies all but about 18 square miles of this combined area. The main island

Singaraja, city, Bali propinsi (or provinsi; province), north-central Bali, Indonesia. It is located near the north coast and is linked by road with other cities on the island. Buleleng to the north is its port on the Java Sea. Under Dutch colonial rule, Singaraja was the capital of Nusa Tenggara

Singaraja, city, Bali propinsi (or provinsi; province), north-central Bali, Indonesia. It is located near the north coast and is linked by road with other cities on the island. Buleleng to the north is its port on the Java Sea. Under Dutch colonial rule, Singaraja was the capital of Nusa Tenggara

textile: Singeing: Also called gassing, singeing is a process applied to both yarns and fabrics to produce an even surface by burning off projecting fibres, yarn ends, and fuzz. This is accomplished by passing the fibre or yarn over a gas flame or heated copper plates…

The intense rivalry between England and Spain during the reign of Elizabeth I led Philip II of Spain to prepare an armada to invade England. Learning of this through spies employed by her councilor, Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth ordered a preemptive strike against the Spanish fleet, a daring

Amsterdam: City development: …by what are now the Singel and the Kloveniersburgwal canals. Three towers of the old fortifications still stand. Outside the Singel are the three main canals dating from the early 17th century: the Herengracht (Gentlemen’s Canal), Keizersgracht (Emperor’s Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince’s Canal). These concentric canals, together with the smaller…

Amsterdam: City development: …by what are now the Singel and the Kloveniersburgwal canals. Three towers of the old fortifications still stand. Outside the Singel are the three main canals dating from the early 17th century: the Herengracht (Gentlemen’s Canal), Keizersgracht (Emperor’s Canal), and Prinsengracht (Prince’s Canal). These concentric canals, together with the smaller…

construction: Early steel-frame high-rises: The Singer Building (1907) by the architect Ernest Flagg rose to 47 stories (184 meters or 612 feet), Cass Gilbert’s Woolworth Building (1913) attained a height of 238 meters (792 feet) at 55 stories, and Shreve, Lamb & Harmon’s 102-story Empire State Building (1931) touched 381…

Singer Company, corporation that grew out of the sewing-machine business founded in the United States by Isaac M. Singer. The company was incorporated in 1863 as the Singer Manufacturing Company, taking over the business of I.M. Singer & Company, which had been formed to market the sewing machine

Singer Company, corporation that grew out of the sewing-machine business founded in the United States by Isaac M. Singer. The company was incorporated in 1863 as the Singer Manufacturing Company, taking over the business of I.M. Singer & Company, which had been formed to market the sewing machine

Kiss: Lineup changes and final years: Eric Singer took over on drums, and Tommy Thayer on lead guitar. The lineup of Simmons, Stanley, Singer, and Thayer endured for the next two decades, which were highlighted by concerts played in arenas worldwide. The group’s final tour, the End of the Road World…

I.J. Singer was a Polish-born writer of realistic historical novels in Yiddish. Singer’s father was a rabbi who was a fervent Ḥasid, and his mother was from a distinguished Mitnagged family. Singer began writing tales of Ḥasidic life in 1915 and then worked as a newspaper correspondent in Warsaw

Isaac Singer was an American inventor who developed and brought into general use the first practical domestic sewing machine. At the age of 19 Singer became an apprentice machinist, and in 1839 he patented a rock-drilling machine. Ten years later he patented a metal- and wood-carving machine. While

Isaac Bashevis Singer was a Polish-born American writer of novels, short stories, and essays in Yiddish. He was the recipient in 1978 of the Nobel Prize for Literature. His fiction, depicting Jewish life in Poland and the United States, is remarkable for its rich blending of irony, wit, and wisdom,

Isaac Singer was an American inventor who developed and brought into general use the first practical domestic sewing machine. At the age of 19 Singer became an apprentice machinist, and in 1839 he patented a rock-drilling machine. Ten years later he patented a metal- and wood-carving machine. While

Isadore Singer was an American mathematician awarded, together with the British mathematician Sir Michael Francis Atiyah, the 2004 Abel Prize by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters for “their discovery and proof of the index theorem, bringing together topology, geometry and analysis, and

I.J. Singer was a Polish-born writer of realistic historical novels in Yiddish. Singer’s father was a rabbi who was a fervent Ḥasid, and his mother was from a distinguished Mitnagged family. Singer began writing tales of Ḥasidic life in 1915 and then worked as a newspaper correspondent in Warsaw

motivation: The Schachter-Singer model: …American psychologists Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer performed an experiment that suggested to them that elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories are factors in the experience of emotion. Their cognitive-physiological theory of emotion proposed that both bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to experience emotion completely.…

urban culture: Definitions of the city and urban cultures: …of Cities,” Robert Redfield and Milton Singer tried to improve on all previous conceptions of the city, including the one Redfield had himself used in his folk-urban model, by emphasizing the variable cultural roles played by cities in societies. Redfield and Singer delineated two cultural roles for cities that all…

Peter Singer is an Australian ethical and political philosopher best known for his work in bioethics and his role as one of the intellectual founders of the modern animal rights movement. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) Singer’s Jewish parents immigrated to Australia from Vienna

Peter Singer is an Australian ethical and political philosopher best known for his work in bioethics and his role as one of the intellectual founders of the modern animal rights movement. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) Singer’s Jewish parents immigrated to Australia from Vienna

Hopefield: Under the direction of Ronald Singer of the University of Cape Town, more than 20,000 faunal remains and 5,000 artifacts were removed from the site. About 50 mammalian species, approximately half of them extinct, are represented among the fossil bones. The extinct species include an ancestral springbok, a sabre-toothed…

racketeering: Applications of the RICO Act: …of a network created by William (“Rick”) Singer, who pled guilty to racketeering for having accepted money from parents that was used to bribe athletic directors, coaches, and administrators at prestigious colleges and universities—including Yale, Stanford, and Georgetown—to falsify standardized test scores and invent records that portrayed students as outstanding…

singer-songwriters, professional troubadours performing autobiographical songs who ascended in the early 1970s to the forefront of commercial pop in the wake of the communal fervor of 1960s rock. For the baby boom generation that had chosen rock as a medium for political and social discourse, the

singerie, type of humorous picture of monkeys fashionably attired and aping human behaviour, painted by a number of French artists in the early 18th century. It originated with the French decorator and designer Jean Berain, who included dressed figures of monkeys in many of his arabesque wall

Leonhard Frank: …in Das ochsenfurter Männerquartett (1927; The Singers). During the same period he wrote his masterpiece, Karl und Anna (1926; Carl and Anna), a realistic, if sentimental, account of a soldier who seduces his comrade’s wife.

Udham Singh was an Indian political activist who fought against the British raj in India and sought revenge for the 1919 massacre of civilians by the British army at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab province (now Punjab state). Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, who was the

Banda Singh Bahadur was the first Sikh military leader to wage an offensive war against the Mughal rulers of India, thereby temporarily extending Sikh territory. As a youth, he decided to be a samana (ascetic), and until 1708, when he became a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh, he was known as Madho

Akshay Kumar: Rise to stardom: … (2007; “Labyrinth”), and the potboiler Singh Is Kinng (2008). Kumar also hosted three seasons (2008, 2009, and 2011) of Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi (“Fear Factor: Players of Danger”), a reality TV show based on the American series Fear Factor.

Singh Sabha, 19th-century movement within Sikhism that began as a defense against the proselytizing activities of Christians and Hindus. Its chief aims were the revival of the teachings of the Sikh Gurus (spiritual leaders), the production of religious literature in Punjabi, and a campaign against

Atishi is an Indian social activist and politician, best known as one of the top leaders of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP; “Common Man’s Party”). She served a brief term (September 2024–February 2025) as chief minister of Delhi union territory, replacing AAP founder Arvind Kejriwal. She is the third

South Asian arts: The manipuri school: …leading guru of the area, Atomba Singh, to teach at his school in Santiniketan. The supple movements of manipuri dance were suitable for Tagore’s lyrical dramas, and he therefore employed them in his plays and introduced the dance as a part of the curriculum at his institution.

India: The Company Bahadur: …(demands for money) of Raja Chait Singh of Varanasi and his deposition in 1781 and the pressuring of the Begums of Avadh (the mother and grandmother of the nawab Āṣaf al-Dawlah) for the same reason. Hastings’s financial difficulties at the time were great, but such actions were harsh and high-handed.

Charan Singh was an Indian politician who served briefly as prime minister (July 1979–January 1980), representing the Janata Party. He was also the first non-Indian National Congress chief minister (1967–68) of Uttar Pradesh, which sends the highest number of elected representatives to the Lok

Charan Singh was an Indian politician who served briefly as prime minister (July 1979–January 1980), representing the Janata Party. He was also the first non-Indian National Congress chief minister (1967–68) of Uttar Pradesh, which sends the highest number of elected representatives to the Lok

Dalip Singh was the Sikh maharaja of Lahore (1843–49) during his childhood. Dalip was the son of Ranjit Singh, the powerful “Lion of Lahore,” who controlled the Punjab for nearly 50 years. After Ranjit’s death (1839), assassinations and struggles for power prevailed, but the boy’s mother, Rani

Zail Singh was an Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who