Guru Gobind Singh was an Indian spiritual leader who is revered as the 10th and last of the human Sikh Gurus, known chiefly for his creation of the Khalsa (Punjabi: “the Pure”), a casteless order of Sikhs that embodies courage and commitment to Sikh ideals. Guru Gobind Singh was born Gobind Rai to

Tom Mulcair: …to lead the party until Jagmeet Singh was elected as his replacement in October 2017. The following year he resigned as MP.

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale was a Sikh religious leader and political revolutionary whose violent campaign for autonomy for a Sikh state in Punjab and armed occupation of the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) complex in Amritsar led to Operation Blue Star, a deadly confrontation with the Indian

Zail Singh was an Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who

Kargil War: …with Indian External Affairs Minister Jaswant Singh failed to produce results. Meetings of military leaders from both countries followed, and in the weeks ahead the international community asserted the need for Pakistan to return to the line of control. Eventually, on July 11, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced that…

Khushwant Singh was one of the best-known writers of India. He wrote novels such as Train to Pakistan (1956) and I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale (1959), several essays and short stories, and a definitive history of Sikhism in two volumes. Singh won the Padma Bhushan, one of India’s highest

Khushwant Singh was one of the best-known writers of India. He wrote novels such as Train to Pakistan (1956) and I Shall Not Hear the Nightingale (1959), several essays and short stories, and a definitive history of Sikhism in two volumes. Singh won the Padma Bhushan, one of India’s highest

Kushal Pal Singh is an Indian businessman who transformed Delhi Land & Finance Limited (DLF) into one of India’s largest real-estate development firms. After earning a degree in science from Meerut College, Singh studied engineering in the United Kingdom and then served as an officer in an elite

Manmohan Singh was an Indian economist and politician who served as prime minister of India from 2004 to 2014. A Sikh, he was the first person from a minority community to occupy the office. He was also the first prime minister after Jawaharlal Nehru to return to office after completing a full

Milkha Singh was an Indian track-and-field athlete who became the first Indian man to reach the final of an Olympic athletics event when he placed fourth in the 400-meter race at the 1960 Olympic Games in Rome. Singh’s moniker “the Flying Sikh” came from a comment that the Pakistani president

Raghubir Singh was an Indian photographer noted for his evocative documentation of the landscape and peoples of India. Educated in art at Hindu College in New Delhi, Singh was self-trained in photography. His own creative work was inspired by Henri Cartier-Bresson’s images of India, which Singh

Rajnath Singh is an Indian politician, government official, and a major figure in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian People’s Party) who has served as minister of defense since 2019. A soft-spoken man who generally kept a low public profile, he became one of the party’s staunchest advocates of

Rana Pratap Singh was a Hindu maharaja (1572–97) of the Rajput confederacy of Mewar, now in northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. He successfully resisted efforts of the Mughal emperor Akbar to conquer his area and is honoured as a hero in Rajasthan. The son and successor of the weak Rana Udai

Udham Singh was an Indian political activist who fought against the British raj in India and sought revenge for the 1919 massacre of civilians by the British army at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab province (now Punjab state). Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, who was the

Udham Singh was an Indian political activist who fought against the British raj in India and sought revenge for the 1919 massacre of civilians by the British army at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab province (now Punjab state). Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, who was the

Udham Singh was an Indian political activist who fought against the British raj in India and sought revenge for the 1919 massacre of civilians by the British army at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab province (now Punjab state). Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, who was the

Udham Singh was an Indian political activist who fought against the British raj in India and sought revenge for the 1919 massacre of civilians by the British army at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab province (now Punjab state). Singh assassinated Michael O’Dwyer, who was the

V.P. Singh was a politician and government official who was prime minister of India in 1989–90. Singh studied at Allahabad and Pune (Poona) universities and became a member of the legislative assembly of his home state of Uttar Pradesh in 1969 as a member of the Indian National Congress (Congress

golf: U.S. tournaments and players: …Olazabal, Davis Love III, and Vijay Singh.

V.P. Singh was a politician and government official who was prime minister of India in 1989–90. Singh studied at Allahabad and Pune (Poona) universities and became a member of the legislative assembly of his home state of Uttar Pradesh in 1969 as a member of the Indian National Congress (Congress

Zail Singh was an Indian politician who was the first Sikh to serve as president of India (1982–87). He was an impotent bystander in 1984 when government troops stormed the complex of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) in Amritsar, the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, in an effort to apprehend militants who

Kathmandu: …imposing of which is the Singha Palace, once the official residence of the hereditary prime ministers and now housing the government secretariat. About 3 miles (5 km) northeast is the great white dome of Bodhnath, a Buddhist shrine revered by Tibetan Buddhists. The surrounding Kathmandu Valley, noted for its vast…

Sinhalese, member of a people of Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) who constitute the largest ethnic group of that island. In the early 21st century the Sinhalese were estimated to number about 13.8 million, or 73 percent of the population. Their ancestors are believed to have come from northern India,

Sinhalese language, Indo-Aryan language, one of the two official languages of Sri Lanka. It was taken there by colonists from northern India about the 5th century bc. Because of its isolation from the other Indo-Aryan tongues of mainland India, Sinhalese developed along independent lines. It was

South Asian arts: Sinhalese literature: 10th century ad to 19th century: The island nation of Ceylon (now called Sri Lanka), formally a part of South Asia, has been little noticed by the subcontinent, apart from the fact that according to an uncertain tradition it is celebrated in the…

Yadava dynasty: Under Bhillama’s grandson Singhana (reigned c. 1210–47) the dynasty reached its height, as the Yadava campaigned against the Hoysalas in the south, the Kakatiyas in the east, and the Paramaras and Chalukyas in the north.

water chestnut: The fruit, sometimes called Singhara nut, is 2.5 to 5 cm (1 to 2 inches) in diameter and usually has four spiny angles. The plant is considered an invasive species in northeastern North America. The ling nut (T. bicornis) is cultivated in most of East Asia.

Singhasari, kingdom based in eastern Java that emerged in the first half of the 13th century after the decline of the kingdom of Kadiri. Singhasari’s first king, Ken Angrok (or Ken Arok), defeated the king of Kadiri, Kertajaya, in 1222. The last king of Singhasari, Kertanagara (reigned 1268–92),

Belgrade: …known by the Romans as Singidunum. It was destroyed by the Huns in 442 and changed hands among the Sarmatians, Goths, and Gepidae before it was recaptured by the Byzantine emperor Justinian. It was later held by the Franks and the Bulgars, and in the 11th century became a frontier…

Arthur Freed: …movie musical standards as “Singin’ in the Rain,” “Broadway Rhythm,” and “You Are My Lucky Star.”

Singin’ in the Rain, American musical comedy film, released in 1952, that was a reunion project for the American in Paris directorial team of Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly, who was also the films’ star. Singin’ in the Rain emerged as a classic, considered by many to be the greatest Hollywood musical

Bix Beiderbecke: …as “I’m Coming, Virginia” and “Singin’ the Blues,” both recorded with Trumbauer’s group in 1927, remain jazz classics. Beiderbecke’s approach lived on in the playing of Jimmy McPartland and Bobby Hackett, as well as in that of the many lesser players who formed almost a cult of hero worshipers, possibly…

singing, the production of musical tones by means of the human voice. In its physical aspect, singing has a well-defined technique that depends on the use of the lungs, which act as an air supply, or bellows; on the larynx, which acts as a reed or vibrator; on the chest and head cavities, which

birdsong, certain vocalizations of birds, characteristic of males during the breeding season, for the attraction of a mate and for territorial defense. Songs tend to be more complex and longer than birdcalls, used for communication within a species. Songs are the vocalizations of birds most

The life forms in tropical forest ecosystems, as in all ecosystems, compete for the resources available. Members of different species may compete for a specific resource (interspecific competition), or members of the same species may compete with one another for a resource (intraspecific

electronic instrument: Precursors of electronic instruments: …electric means was William Duddell’s singing arc, in which the rate of pulsation of an exposed electric arc was determined by a resonant circuit consisting of an inductor and a capacitor. Demonstrated in London in 1899, Duddell’s instrument was controlled by a keyboard, which enabled the player to change the…

Jimmie Rodgers was an American singer, songwriter, and guitarist, one of the principal figures in the emergence of the country and western style of popular music. Rodgers, whose mother died when he was a young boy, was the son of an itinerant railroad gang foreman, and his youth was spent in a

Gene Autry was an American actor, singer, entrepreneur, one of Hollywood’s premier singing cowboys, and the best-selling country and western recording artist of the 1930s and early ’40s. Autry, who grew up in Texas and Oklahoma, had aspired to be a singer since before he acquired a guitar at the

English literature: Drama: …best known for his teleplay The Singing Detective (1986), deployed a wide battery of the medium’s resources, including extravagant fantasy and sequences that sarcastically counterpoint popular music with scenes of brutality, class-based callousness, and sexual rapacity. Potter’s works transmit his revulsion, semireligious in nature, at what he saw as widespread…

Lloyd Bacon: Warner Brothers: Bacon then helmed The Singing Fool (1928), the follow-up to Al Jolson’s The Jazz Singer (1927), which was the first feature-length movie with synchronized dialogue and marked the ascendancy of “talkies.” In Bacon’s production, Jolson again regaled audiences with his singing, and the film was enormously popular.

loft: In churches the rood loft is a display gallery above the rood screen, and a choir or organ loft is a gallery reserved for church singers and musicians. In theatres a loft is the area above and behind the proscenium.

Josephine Preston Peabody: …tour in 1902 Peabody produced The Singing Leaves (1903), a collection of poems. Her early verse shows the influences of Shakespeare, Robert Browning, and the Pre-Raphaelites, especially Christina Rossetti; it is marked by delicacy, clarity, and a certain otherworldliness. In 1906 Peabody married Lionel S. Marks, a Harvard engineering professor.…

Debbie Reynolds: Minnelli’s Goodbye Charlie (1964), The Singing Nun (1966), and Divorce American Style (1967), with Dick Van Dyke. In 1973 she provided the voice of the main character in the animated Charlotte’s Web. In addition to her film work, she also headlined the TV series The Debbie Reynolds Show (1969–70).…

singing sands, sands that emit audible sounds when in motion. This phenomenon occurs in many parts of the world and has been known for many years. Sound may be produced by a footstep or by the slippage of sand downslope. The sounds emitted may vary with different sands from a roar to a musical

Western painting: Body and performance art: …1969 they performed their famous Singing Sculpture in various European and American locations. Wearing suits, with their faces painted gold, they stood on a table and circled robotically to a recording of Flanagan and Allen’s music-hall song “Underneath the Arches.” By the 1970s and ’80s, however, they had abandoned live…

Papua New Guinea: National politics in the 1990s: Jerry Singirok, rejected the plan, captured the mercenaries, and demanded the resignations of the prime minister, his deputy, Chris Haiveta, and the defense minister, Mathias Ijape. The Australian government voiced strong opposition to both the mercenary plan and Singirok’s methods. The controversy built to a…

Gulf of Agíou Orous, inlet of the Aegean Sea, northeastern Greece. It is the larger and deeper of two gulfs (the other being Ierisoú Gulf) that extend into the peninsula of the historical region in Greece known as Macedonia (Makedonía). The silted-up remains of a canal completed by Persian king

phonograph: …afterward RCA Corporation introduced the 45-RPM disc, which could play for up to 8 minutes per side. These LP’s and “singles” supplanted 78s in the 1950s, and stereophonic (or “stereo”) systems, with two separate channels of information in a single groove, became a commercial reality in 1958. Stereo phonographs capable…

baseball: Getting on base: …four kinds of hits: the single, which allows the batter to reach first base; the double, in which the batter reaches second; the triple, which sees the runner reach third base; and the home run, a hit that enables the batter to circle all the bases and score a run.…

covalent bond: A single line indicates a bond between two atoms (i.e., involving one electron pair), double lines (=) indicate a double bond between two atoms (i.e., involving two electron pairs), and triple lines (≡) represent a triple bond, as found, for example, in carbon monoxide (C≡O). Single…

drug use: International controls: …the existing treaties, and a Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs was drawn up in New York in 1961. This Convention drew into one comprehensive control regime all the earlier agreements, limited the use of coca leaves and cannabis to medical and scientific needs, and paved the way for the International…

single crystal, any solid object in which an orderly three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms, ions, or molecules is repeated throughout the entire volume. Certain minerals, such as quartz and the gemstones, often occur as single crystals; synthetic single crystals, especially silicon and gallium

molding: Single curved: (1) The cavetto is a concave molding with a profile approximately a quarter-circle, quarter-ellipse, or similar curve. (2) A scotia molding is similar to the cavetto but has a deeper concavity partially receding beyond the face of the general surface that it ornaments.…

diamond cutting: Faceting: A single cut is a simple form of cutting a round diamond with only 18 facets. Any style of diamond cutting other than the round brilliant or single cuts is called a fancy cut, or fancy shape; important fancy cuts include the marquise, emerald, oval, baguette,…

Northern Ireland: Resources and power: Indeed, in 2007 the Single Electricity Market (SEM) began operation, providing a single wholesale market for electricity for the whole island of Ireland. The Scotland to Northern Ireland Pipeline (SNIP) transmits natural gas, providing an important industrial and domestic energy source. A gas pipeline completed in 2006 runs from…

in vitro fertilization: Ethical issues: The technique of single embryo transfer (SET) is available, though less than 10 percent of women opt for SET because it has a lower rate of success relative to multiple embryo transfer—in many cases at least two cycles of SET are necessary for success. Furthermore, many women are…

Single European Act (SEA), agreement enacted by the European Economic Community (EEC; precursor to the European Community and, later, the European Union) that committed its member countries to a timetable for their economic merger and the establishment of a single European currency and common

horsemanship: Other gaits: The single foot is similar to the rack. In the pace, the legs on either side move and strike the ground together in a two-beat gait. The fox trot and the amble are four-beat gaits, the latter smoother and gliding.

Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), U.S. strategic war-fighting plan for the use of nuclear weapons that contains the specifics of targeting orders, scheduling, and needed weapons. The first SIOP was approved in late 1960 as an attempt to develop a more systematic approach to the various

Beyoncé: B’Day, I Am…Sasha Fierce, 4, and Beyoncé: …hits, including the assertive “Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It),” and it contributed to Beyoncé’s dominance of the 2010 Grammy Awards. Her six awards, which included those for song of the year, best female pop vocal performance, and best contemporary R&B album, amounted to the most Grammys collected…

Christopher Isherwood: A Single Man (1964; film 2009), a brief but highly regarded novel, presents a single day in the life of a lonely middle-aged homosexual. His avowedly autobiographical works include a self-revealing memoir of his parents, Kathleen and Frank (1971); a retrospective biography of himself in…

Tom Ford: Films: …and his debut directorial effort, A Single Man, was released in 2009; he also penned the screenplay. The critically acclaimed drama, which was adapted from Christopher Isherwood’s novel, starred Colin Firth as a gay professor who contemplates suicide after his lover’s death. Ford next directed and wrote Nocturnal Animals (2016),…

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), variation in a genetic sequence that affects only one of the basic building blocks—adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), or cytosine (C)—in a segment of a DNA molecule and that occurs in more than 1 percent of a population. An example of an SNP is the

theatrical production: The single performance: Single or limited performance of a presentation, as part of institutional or communal life, has been fairly common throughout the history of the theatre. The Greek city-state (polis), the medieval town, the Japanese temple, and the American high school are but a few…

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), imaging technique used in biomedical research and in diagnosis. SPECT is similar to positron emission tomography (PET), in which a compound labeled with a positron-emitting radionuclide is injected into the body; however, its pictures are not as

wind instrument: Flutes and reeds: The single reed for the clarinet is made from a slip cut from the stem of A. donax. After being trimmed, the reed is flattened on the inner side, while the end of the rounded outer side is scraped down to a feather edge. The thick…

money: Standards of value: …bimetallic standard degenerated into a monometallic standard. If, for example, the quantity of silver designated as the monetary equivalent of 1 ounce of gold (15 to 1) was less than the quantity that could be purchased in the market for 1 ounce of gold (say 16 to 1), no one…

single tax, originally a tax upon land values proposed as the sole source of government revenues, intended to replace all existing taxes. The term itself and the modern single-tax movement originated with the publication of the American economist Henry George’s Progress and Poverty in 1879. The

single transferable vote (STV), multimember district proportional representation method of election in which a voter ranks candidates in order of preference. As candidates pass a specified electoral quota, they are elected and their surplus votes apportioned to the remaining candidates, until all

textile: Single yarns: Single, or one-ply, yarns are single strands composed of fibres held together by at least a small amount of twist; or of filaments grouped together either with or without twist; or of narrow strips of material; or of single synthetic filaments extruded in sufficient thickness…

baking powder: By comparison, single-acting baking powders, containing tartaric acid or cream of tartar, release carbon dioxide at room temperature, and mixtures in which they are used must be baked immediately to avoid loss of most of the gas.

accordion: …the earliest ones, are “single-action,” in which the paired reeds sound adjacent notes of the diatonic (seven-note) scale, so that a button will give, for instance, G on the press and A on the draw. With a single-action accordion, 10 buttons suffice for a range of more than two…

tractor: …types of tractors is the single-axle, or walking, tractor. It is a small tractor carried on a pair of wheels fixed to a single-drive axle; the operator usually walks behind, gripping a pair of handles. The engine is usually in front of the axle, and the tools are on a…

photoreception: Single-chambered eyes: In most of the invertebrate phyla, eyes consist of a cup of dark pigment that contains anywhere from a few photoreceptors to a few hundred photoreceptors. In most pigment cup eyes there is no optical system other than the opening,…

radiation measurement: Counting systems: Alternatively, a differential discriminator (also known as a single-channel analyzer) will select only those pulses whose amplitudes lie within a preset window between a given minimum and maximum value. In this way, the accepted pulses can be restricted to those in which the charge Q from the…

heredity: Repetitive DNA: …categories of repetitive DNA: (1) single copy DNA, which contains the structural genes (protein-coding sequences), (2) families of DNA, in which one gene somehow copies itself, and the repeats are located in small clusters (tandem repeats) or spread throughout the genome (dispersed repeats), and (3) satellite DNA, which contains short…

nanotechnology: Single-electron transistors: At nanoscale dimensions the energy required to add one additional electron to a “small island” (isolated physical region)—for example, through a tunneling barrier—becomes significant. This change in energy provides the basis for devising single-electron transistors. At low temperatures, where thermal fluctuations are small,…

tournament: …the losers in each test eliminated and the winners paired anew until only one remains as the champion of the tournament. In some tournaments, called double-elimination tournaments, the contestant is not eliminated until defeated a second time. In a third form, called a round robin, each contestant opposes every other…

electron microscope: Operating principles: …tended toward production of a single-field condenser-objective lens of low aberrations. In such a lens, the upper part acts as a condenser and the lower as the objective; the specimen is inserted into the centre of the lens, where the axial magnetic field (the field along the axis of the…

sound: Plane waves: …a plane wave of a single frequency passing through the air. A plane wave is a wave that propagates through space as a plane, rather than as a sphere of increasing radius. As such, it is not perfectly representative of sound (see below Circular and spherical waves). A wave of…

telephone: In-band signaling: Single-frequency tones were used in the switching network to signal availability of a trunk. Once a trunk line became available, multiple-frequency tones were used to pass the address information between switches. Multiple-frequency signaling employed pairs of six tones, similar to the signaling used in Touch-Tone…

special district: Single-function special districts are the most common type, examples of which include school building authorities, libraries, hospitals, health, highways, air transportation, fire protection, drainage or flood control, irrigation, sewerage, solid-waste management, water supply, cemeteries, and mosquito abatement. Multifunction special districts govern parks and recreation, housing…

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene Mendelian inheritance: The term Mendelian is often used to denote patterns of genetic inheritance similar to those described for traits in the garden pea by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s. Disorders associated with single-gene Mendelian inheritance are typically categorized as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive,…

human genetic disease: Diseases associated with single-gene non-Mendelian inheritance: Although disorders resulting from single-gene defects that demonstrate Mendelian inheritance are perhaps better understood, it is now clear that a significant number of single-gene diseases also exhibit distinctly non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance. Among these are such disorders that result from triplet repeat…

Native American music: Membranophones: …indigenous groups in the Americas: single-headed drums, double-headed drums, and kettledrums. Single-headed drums consist of one drum head stretched across a frame. Shallow hand drums of this type are widespread in North America; for example, Plains peoples use a single-headed drum to accompany hand games, personal songs, or curing songs.…

Pierre Attaingnant: …of the earliest to use single-impression printing. (Earlier printers printed the staff and the notes in separate impressions.)

cipher, any method of transforming a message to conceal its meaning. The term is also used synonymously with ciphertext or cryptogram in reference to the encrypted form of the message. A brief treatment of ciphers follows. For full treatment, see cryptology. All ciphers involve either transposition

pine: Major North American pines: The single-leaf piñon (P. monophylla) occurs sporadically through northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. The Parry piñon (P. quadrifolia) is the four-needle piñon of southern California and northern Baja California. Nut pine, or pinyon pine (P. edulis), is the most widely distributed tree of this…

technology of photography: The single-lens reflex: The ground-glass screen at the back of the studio, or view, camera slows down picture taking because the screen must be replaced by the film for an exposure. The single-lens reflex camera (Figure 2) has a screen, but the film remains constantly in…

ship: Types of sails: …Mediterranean and the north were single-masted until about 1400 ce and likely as well to be rigged for one basic type of sail. With experience square sails replaced the simple lateen sails that were the mainstay during the Middle Ages, particularly in the Mediterranean.

telecommunications media: Optical fibres: …type of fibre, known as single-mode (SM) fibre, eliminates multimode dispersion by reducing the diameter of the core to a point at which it passes only light rays of the zeroth order mode. Typical SM core diameters are 10 micrometres or less, while standard SI core diameters are in the…

W.E. Moerner: …invented, came to be called single-molecule spectroscopy. In most chemical experiments, many molecules are studied, and the behaviour of a single molecule is inferred. However, single-molecule spectroscopy enables the study of what individual molecules are doing.

chess: Origin of time controls: The principle of single-move time limits was abandoned in all but postal games (in which players had a preset number of days to respond to a move) and some forms of quick or speed chess—e.g., games in which players must move every 5 or 10 seconds.

Homo erectus: Theories of gradual change: …by supporters of the “out of Africa” hypothesis, who find the threshold concept at variance with the modern genetic theory of evolutionary change.

family law: The one-parent family: Since the 1970s, one-parent families have acquired an importance not adequately reflected in traditional law. It may be necessary to adapt the law to a greater extent to the needs of one-parent families in areas such as the organization of family and child-welfare…

one-party state, a country where a single political party controls the government, either by law or in practice. Examples of one-party states include North Korea, China, Eritrea, and Cuba. For much of the 20th century, many of the one-party states were communist-run, including the Soviet Union and

therapeutics: Indications for use: …and sometimes referred to as single-patient compassionate use, is granted if the situation is desperate and no other treatment is available. The FDA also sometimes grants approval to acquire drugs from other countries that are not available in the United States if a life-threatening situation seems to warrant this action.…

electric motor: Single-phase induction motors: The development of a rotating field in an induction machine requires a set of currents displaced in phase (as shown in the figure) flowing in a set of stator windings that are displaced around the stator periphery. While this is straightforward where…

electric motor: Single-phase synchronous motors: A revolving field can be produced in synchronous motors from a single-phase source by use of the same method as for single-phase induction motors. With the main stator winding connected directly to the supply, an auxiliary winding may be connected through a…

saltbox: …of the hall into a lean-to constructed at the back of the house. The pitched roof was then extended downward over the new kitchen, creating the characteristic long-in-back silhouette that gave the house its name. Late in the 17th century the lean-to was often included as part of the original…