Chinese Eastern Railway: …Kai-shek’s Nationalist government negotiated the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Aug. 14, 1945, in which the Soviet Union agreed that it would not support the Communists in the Chinese civil war, receiving, in return, partnership in the Chinese Eastern Railway for a 30-year period. In 1953, however, the Soviet Union returned its…

Sven Anders Hedin: …initiate and conduct the important Sino-Swedish expedition of 1927–33, which located 327 archaeological sites between Manchuria and Xinjiang (westernmost China) and disclosed an extensive Stone Age culture in present-day desert and steppe areas. Signs of Old Stone Age culture were found, and artifacts from later Stone Age periods evidenced a…

Daxue Mountains, great mountain range in western Sichuan province, southwestern China. These enormously high and rugged mountains were formed around the eastern flank of the ancient stable block of the Plateau of Tibet; their formation occurred during successive foldings that took place in the

Sino-Tibetan languages, group of languages that includes both the Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages. In terms of numbers of speakers, they constitute the world’s second largest language family (after Indo-European), including more than 300 languages and major dialects. In a wider sense,

Tibeto-Burman languages: History of scholarship: …an unpublished manuscript titled “Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus” (henceforth referred to as the Conspectus) in the early 1940s. In that work he adopted a more modest approach to supergrouping and subgrouping, stressing that many TB languages had so far resisted precise classification. Benedict’s structural insight enabled him to formulate sound…

20th-century international relations: American uncertainty: …February 1979, its forces invaded Vietnam in strength. The Carter administration felt obliged to favor China (especially given residual American hostility to North Vietnam) and supported Peking’s offer to evacuate Vietnam only when Vietnam evacuated Cambodia. The Soviets reacted with threats against China, but Chinese forces performed abysmally even against…

mammal: Circulatory system: …of specialized cells called the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium near the junction with the venae cavae. A wave of excitation spreads from this node to the atrioventricular node, which is located in the right atrium near the base of the interatrial septum. From this point excitation is…

Laurales: Distribution and abundance: …United States, and Chimonanthus and Sinocalycanthus occur in China. The single species of Idiospermum is a very rare evergreen species from Queensland, Austl. Gomortegaceae, or the queule family, consists of a single species, Gomortega keule, which is a rare species native to central Chile.

West Memphis Three: Paradise Lost and prison release: …of filmmakers Joe Berlinger and Bruce Sinofsky, and their resulting documentary, Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills, aired on HBO in 1996. It raised serious doubts about the guilt of Echols, Baldwin, and Misskelley, and it brought national awareness to the three men, who had become known…

Chinhoyi, town, north-central Zimbabwe. It lies west of the Hunyani River and Falls and is located on highway and rail routes to the national capital, Harare (formerly Salisbury), and to Lusaka, Zambia. Chinhoyi is the centre of a productive agricultural area (tobacco, corn [maize], cattle) and a

encyclopaedia: Encyclopaedic dictionaries: …history, whereas the German writer Philipp Balthasar Sinold von Schütz’s Reales Staats- und Zeitungs-Lexicon (“Lexicon of Government and News”) concentrated on geography, theology, politics, and contemporary history and had to be supplemented by the German economist Paul Jacob Marperger’s Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerk-, und Handlungslexikon (1712; “Curious Natural, Artistic,…

Trojan horse: …island of Tenedos, leaving behind Sinon, who persuaded the Trojans that the horse was an offering to Athena (goddess of war) that would make Troy impregnable. Despite the warnings of Laocoön and Cassandra, the horse was taken inside the city gates. That night Greek warriors emerged from it and opened…

water snake: …species of Asiatic water snakes, Sinonatrix, which may be closely related to Nerodia, are more aquatic than Natrix and are found throughout Southeast Asia, southern China, and parts of Indonesia. Sinonatrix typically grows to a length of about 1 metre (3 feet) and principally feeds upon fish. S. annularis, the…

Sinop, seaport on the southern coast of the Black Sea, northern Turkey. It lies on an isthmus linking the Boztepe Peninsula to the mainland and is shut off from the Anatolian Plateau to the south by high, forest-clad mountains. Because it has the only safe natural roadstead on the north coast of

Sinop, seaport on the southern coast of the Black Sea, northern Turkey. It lies on an isthmus linking the Boztepe Peninsula to the mainland and is shut off from the Anatolian Plateau to the south by high, forest-clad mountains. Because it has the only safe natural roadstead on the north coast of

Jupiter: Other satellites: Carme, Pasiphae, and Sinope— has retrograde orbits around Jupiter. The closer group—Leda, Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara—has prograde orbits. (In the case of these moons, retrograde motion is in the direction opposite to Jupiter’s spin and motion around the Sun, which are counterclockwise as viewed from above Jupiter’s north…

naval warfare: The age of steam and big gun: …the Crimean War by the Battle of Sinope, November 30, 1853) compelled navies to adopt the iron sheathing of hulls. This pointed the way to all-metal hulls (iron, then steel), which in turn both permitted and demanded as a response the installation of rifled, breech-loaded guns of major calibre. Concurrently,…

drawing: With sinopia—the preliminary sketch found on a layer of its own on the wall underneath the fresco, or painting on freshly spread, moist plaster—one reaches the point at which a work that merely served as technical preparation becomes a formal drawing expressing an artistic intention.

Paul Sereno: …able to reconstruct the dinosaur-like Sinornis santensis, thought to be among the first birds capable of sustained flight, from 135 million-year-old remains sent to him by a Chinese colleague in 1990.

dinosaur: Dinosaur descendants: …known in a compsognathid (Sinosauropteryx), a therizinosaurid (Beipiaosaurus), a dromaeosaur (Sinornithosaurus), and an alvarezsaurid (Shuvuuia). The filamentous structures on the skin of Sinosauropteryx are similar to the barbs of feathers, which suggests that feathers evolved from a much simpler structure that probably functioned as an insulator. True feathers of…

Austria: Restoration of sovereignty: …and the Socialists, under Chancellor Fred Sinowatz, entered into a coalition with the Freedom Party. The coalition stumbled from one scandal to another until it was finally brought down by the election of Kurt Waldheim, who was alleged to have been a Nazi war criminal, as president in 1986. Although…

herbicide: History: Sinox, the first major organic chemical herbicide, was developed in France in 1896. In the late 1940s new herbicides were developed out of the research during World War II, and the era of the “miracle” weed killers began. Within 20 years more than 100 new…

Orange River: Physiography: …is officially recognized as the Sinqu (Senqu) River, which rises near the plateau’s eastern edge. The Seati (Khubedu) headwater rises near Mont-aux-Sources to the north. Still farther north is the lesser-known Malibamatso headwater, one site of the Lesotho Highland Project. The Lesotho headwaters flow over the turf soil that covers…

Max Ophüls: …Earrings of Madame De), and Lola Montès (1955; The Sins of Lola Montes). Despite a weak performance by Martine Carol in the title role, and despite the fact that a heavily edited version of the film is the most common, many critics cite Lola Montès as one of the greatest…

Frederick Crews: …notice in academic circles with The Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne’s Psychological Themes (1966), a book of criticism in which he claimed that Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work has little value unless read on a Freudian level. His implication that Hawthorne’s writing was merely a product of repressed impulses was a source…

Colleen McCullough: …Too Many Murders (2009), and Sins of the Flesh (2013) were entries in her murder-mystery series featuring the police captain Carmine Delmonico. She also wrote the biography The Courage and the Will: The Life of Roden Cutler, V.C. (1999).

Korean literature: Transitional literature: 1894–1910: …the 1894 reforms were the sinsosŏl (“new novel”) and the ch’angga (“song”). These transitional literary forms were stimulated by the adaptation of foreign literary works and the rewriting of traditional stories in the vernacular. The ch’angga, which evolved from hymns sung at churches and schools in the 1890s, became popular…

Philips van Marnix, Heer Van Sint Aldegonde was a Dutch theologian and poet whose translation of the Psalms is considered the high point of religious literature in 16th-century Holland. In exile (1568–72) and a prisoner of the Roman Catholics (1573–74), Marnix was in the thick of the political and

Sint Anna Bay, deep channel separating the two parts of Willemstad, capital of Curaçao. The bay is a narrow waterway, about 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 300 to 1,000 feet (90 to 300 metres) wide. The south end opens into the Caribbean Sea, and the north end opens up into the Schottegat—a giant, deep

Sint Anna Bay, deep channel separating the two parts of Willemstad, capital of Curaçao. The bay is a narrow waterway, about 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 300 to 1,000 feet (90 to 300 metres) wide. The south end opens into the Caribbean Sea, and the north end opens up into the Schottegat—a giant, deep

Sint Eustatius, island and special municipality within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is in the Lesser Antilles, in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, about 16 miles (26 km) southeast of Saba and 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the island of Saint Kitts. Its capital is Oranjestad. Sint Eustatius

Saint Martin, island, lying at the northern end of the Leeward group of the Lesser Antilles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. The island extends about 12 miles (19 km) from north to south and about the same distance from east to west, including a narrow looping sand spit that extends westward from

Sint Maarten, country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Lesser Antilles, northeastern Caribbean Sea. It occupies the southern third of the island of Saint Martin. The northern two-thirds of the island constitutes the French overseas collectivity of Saint-Martin. The capital of Sint

Netherlands territorial flag consisting of two equal horizontal stripes, red above blue, and at the hoist a white triangle containing, as an emblem, the coat of arms of Sint Maarten. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2:3.Sint Maarten, as a Dutch possession on the island of Saint Martin, had been

San Nicolas, town, southeastern end of the island of Aruba, West Indies, in the southern Caribbean Sea. Its deepwater port, with facilities for cargo handling and fuel bunkering, serves a nearby oil refinery. Near San Nicolas is the coastal village of Sabaneta, which, under the name

Amsterdam: City development: Sint Nicolaas Church (1886), the Beurs (Stock Exchange; 1903), and the Shipping House (1916) date from this period, as do the Rijksmuseum (1876–85), the Concertgebouw (Concert Hall; 1888), the Stedelijk Museum (1895), the Olympic Stadium (1928), and the Amstel Station (1939).

Brussels: People: …notably in the communes of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean (Flemish: Sint-Jans-Molenbeek), Saint-Gilles (Sint-Gillis), Schaerbeek (Schaarbeek), and Saint-Josse-ten-Noode (Sint-Joost-ten-Node). All these immigrant groups brought increased ethnic and religious diversity to the historically Roman Catholic city. Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, for example, boasts an important Turkish community, and Schaerbeek has a relatively large number of mosques and

Brussels: People: Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, for example, boasts an important Turkish community, and Schaerbeek has a relatively large number of mosques and several Eastern Orthodox churches. Geographic segregation, economic disparity, and, on the part of some groups, a lack of assimilation into Belgian society occasionally have contributed to tensions…

Athens: The city plan: …palace, a large garden square, Síntagma (Constitution) Square, was laid out. Today it is garnished in the tourist season with some of Europe’s most luxurious cafe chairs, and at all seasons it is hemmed in by tall new buildings and elderly luxury hotels. Broad avenues were created and are still…

Bruno Maderna: …Notturno for tape (1956) and Sintaxis for four different, unspecified electronic timbres (tone colours) display his interest in new sonorities. His oboe concerto (1962) reveals a more conventional viewpoint, although even in this he made use of small-scale aleatory (chance and improvisatory) operations.

Spotted Tail was the chief of the Brule Teton Indians and, briefly, the Oglala Sioux who sought compromise and accommodation with the invading whites. Spotted Tail was not a member of a ruling family, but he won the chieftainship over the hereditary claimant on the basis of his prowess as a

sinter, mineral deposit with a porous or vesicular texture (having small cavities). At least two kinds are recognized: siliceous and calcareous. Siliceous sinter (geyserite; fiorite) is a deposit of opaline or amorphous silica that occurs as an incrustation around hot springs and geysers and

sintering, the welding together of small particles of metal by applying heat below the melting point. The process may be used in steel manufacturing—to form complex shapes, to produce alloys, or to work in metals with very high melting points. In a steel-sintering plant a bed of powdered iron ore,

sintering, the welding together of small particles of metal by applying heat below the melting point. The process may be used in steel manufacturing—to form complex shapes, to produce alloys, or to work in metals with very high melting points. In a steel-sintering plant a bed of powdered iron ore,

Santa Claus, legendary figure who is the traditional patron of Christmas in the United States and other countries, bringing gifts to children. His popular image is based on traditions associated with Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century Christian saint who is typically depicted in red bishop’s robes. The

Roma, an ethnic group of traditionally itinerant people who originated in northern India but live in modern times worldwide, principally in Europe. Most Roma speak some form of Romany, a language closely related to the modern Indo-European languages of northern India, as well as the major language

Roma: …of entertainment), and (3) the Manush (French Manouches, also known as Sinti, mostly in Alsace and other regions of France and Germany, often traveling showmen and circus people). Each of these main divisions was further divided into two or more subgroups distinguished by occupational specialization or territorial origin or both.

Sintra, town, western Portugal. It is located about 15 miles (24 km) west-northwest of Lisbon. The town constitutes three parishes of Lisbon (Santa Maria e São Miguel, São Martinho, and São Pedro de Pennaferrim) and is within the much larger Sintra concelho (municipality). Sintra is picturesquely

Sintra Mountains, mountain range, Lisboa distrito (“district”), western Portugal. It extends about 10 miles (16 km) from the resort of Sintra to the Cape da Roca on the Atlantic Ocean, reaching its highest point (1,736 feet [529 m]) just south of Sintra. The lush vegetation (both Mediterranean and

honour: …the Peninsular War, at the Convention of Cintra (1808), the French army under Andoche Junot was conveyed to France by British transports before being free to rejoin the combatant troops in the peninsula. By far the most usual case of the granting of the honours of war is in connection…

Liberia: History of Liberia: …began with a Portuguese sailor, Pedro de Sintra, who reached the Liberian coast in 1461. Subsequent Portuguese explorers named Grand Cape Mount, Cape Mesurado (Montserrado), and Cape Palmas, all prominent coastal features. The area became known as the Grain Coast because grains of Melegueta pepper, then as valuable as gold,…

Sinuhe was the protagonist of a literary tale set in the early 12th dynasty (1938–c. 1756 bce) who fled Egypt to settle in Syria. His story yields information about political and social conditions of the time. Sinuhe was an official of the harem maintained for Amenemhet I by his queen. While on an

The Egyptian, historical novel by Mika Waltari, published in Finnish in 1945 as Sinuhe, egyptiläinen. The novel is set in Egypt during the 18th dynasty when Akhenaton, who ruled from 1353 to 1336 bce, established a new monotheistic cult. Narrated by its protagonist, a physician named Sinuhe who is

Sinŭiju, city, capital of North P’yŏngan do (province), northwestern North Korea. It was developed during the Japanese occupation (1910–45) at the Korean terminus of a railway bridge across the Yalu (Amnok) River, 7 miles (11 km) west of the old city of Ŭiju (Sinŭiju means “New Ŭiju”). An open port

Moon: Effects of impacts and volcanism: …long, winding channel, called a sinuous rille, emerged to flow across the mare. Other sinuous rilles are found nearby, including the largest one on the Moon, discovered by the German astronomer Johann Schröter in 1787. Named in his honor, Schröter’s Valley is a deep, winding channel, hundreds of kilometers long,…

sinus, in anatomy, a hollow, cavity, recess, or pocket; a large channel containing blood; a suppurating tract; or a cavity within a bone. Two types of sinus, the blood-filled and the air-filled sinuses, are discussed in this article. The cranial venous sinuses are spaces between the layers of dura

cardiovascular disease: Bradycardia and heart block: Bradycardia (low heart rate) can arise from two general mechanisms. The sinoatrial node may not function properly either as a result of slow generation of impulses or of blocking of the propagation of impulses. As a result, other pacemakers in the heart become responsible for…

crustacean: Hormones: … passes its secretions to the sinus gland, which acts as a release centre into the blood. Hormones liberated from the sinus gland have been shown to influence molting, gonad development, water balance, blood glucose, and the expansion and contraction of pigment cells both in the general body and in the…

mammal: Circulatory system: …of specialized cells called the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium near the junction with the venae cavae. A wave of excitation spreads from this node to the atrioventricular node, which is located in the right atrium near the base of the interatrial septum. From this point excitation is…

human cardiovascular system: Blood supply to the heart: …from the right and left aortic sinuses (the sinuses of Valsalva), which are bulges at the origin of the ascending aorta immediately beyond, or distal to, the aortic valve. The ostium, or opening, of the right coronary artery is in the right aortic sinus and that of the left coronary…

cardiovascular disease: Bradycardia and heart block: …will not take up normal sinus rhythm. This results in a profound bradycardia that may cause fainting (syncope), a condition known as tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome.

sinus squeeze, pain, inflammation, and possible bleeding of the membranes lining the sinus cavities in the head, caused by a difference between the pressure inside the sinuses and that outside. Sinus squeeze is a common malady of persons flying in unpressurized aircraft and of divers. The sinuses,

circulatory system: Chordata: A large sac, the sinus venosus, is situated below the posterior of the pharynx and collects blood from all parts of the body. The blood passes forward through the subpharyngeal ventral aorta, from which branches carry it to small, accessory, branchial hearts that pump it upward through the gill…

venous sinus, in human anatomy, any of the channels of a branching complex sinus network that lies between layers of the dura mater, the outermost covering of the brain, and functions to collect oxygen-depleted blood. Unlike veins, these sinuses possess no muscular coat. Their lining is

sinusitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the mucosal lining of one or more paranasal sinuses (the cavities in the bones that adjoin the nose). Sinusitis commonly accompanies upper respiratory viral infections and in most cases requires no treatment. Purulent (pus-producing) sinusitis can occur,

sinusoid, irregular tubular space for the passage of blood, taking the place of capillaries and venules in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The sinusoids form from branches of the portal vein in the liver and from arterioles (minute arteries) in other organs. The walls of the sinusoids are lined

mathematics: Mathematical astronomy: …to what is actually a sinusoidal variation.) While observations extending over centuries are required for finding the necessary parameters (e.g., periods, angular range between maximum and minimum values, and the like), only the computational apparatus at their disposal made the astronomers’ forecasting effort possible.

Yahya Sinwar was the de facto leader of Hamas from 2017 to 2024 and the de jure leader as head of its political bureau from August 2024 to October 2024. Sinwar was an early architect of Hamas’s armed wing and he was considered one of the masterminds behind the October 7, 2023, attacks on Israel,

Yahya Sinwar was the de facto leader of Hamas from 2017 to 2024 and the de jure leader as head of its political bureau from August 2024 to October 2024. Sinwar was an early architect of Hamas’s armed wing and he was considered one of the masterminds behind the October 7, 2023, attacks on Israel,

South Africa: Black literature: Sotho), Thomas Mofolo (South Sotho), Guybon Sinxo (Xhosa), and B.W. Vilakazi (Zulu) have been more deeply influenced in their written work by the oral traditions of their cultures than by European forms. Other Black writers, beginning in the 1930s with Solomon Plaatje and his historical novel Mhudi (1930), have explicitly…

Viktor Pelevin: …awards, including Siny fonar (1991; The Blue Lantern and Other Stories) and Problema vervolka v sredney polose (1994; A Werewolf Problem in Central Russia and Other Stories, also published as The Sacred Book of the Werewolf), both of which won a Russian Booker Prize. Not only were his works wildly…

Andrey Donatovich Sinyavsky was a Russian critic and author of novels and short stories who was convicted of subversion by the Soviet government in 1966. Sinyavsky graduated from Moscow University in 1952 and later joined the faculty of the Gorky Institute of World Literature. He contributed to the

Robert Siodmak was a German director who was known for his bleak film noirs, notably Phantom Lady (1944), The Killers (1946), and Criss Cross (1949). Siodmak worked as a film editor before codirecting his first feature, a pseudodocumentary entitled Menschen am Sonntag (People on Sunday), in 1930;

Zambezi River: Physiography: …of rapids that extends from Ngonye (Sioma) Falls south to the Katima Mulilo Rapids, after which for about 80 miles it forms the border between Zambia to the north and the eastern Caprivi Strip—an extension of Namibia—to the south. In this stretch the river meanders through the broad grasslands of…

Sion, capital of Valais canton, southwestern Switzerland. It lies along the Rhône River, at the mouth of La Sionne River, southeast of Lake Geneva (Lac Léman). It originated as a Celtic and Roman settlement called Sedunum. Sion became the seat of a bishop in the late 6th century, and from 999 the

Siôn Cent was a Welsh religious poet who challenged the values of the bardic tradition. According to Siôn Cent, the traditional praise of the nobles was hollow flattery and lies. His writings (poems in cywydd metre) reflect the influence of the moralists of the European Middle Ages, treating of

Siôn Cent was a Welsh religious poet who challenged the values of the bardic tradition. According to Siôn Cent, the traditional praise of the nobles was hollow flattery and lies. His writings (poems in cywydd metre) reflect the influence of the moralists of the European Middle Ages, treating of

Siôn Cent was a Welsh religious poet who challenged the values of the bardic tradition. According to Siôn Cent, the traditional praise of the nobles was hollow flattery and lies. His writings (poems in cywydd metre) reflect the influence of the moralists of the European Middle Ages, treating of

Siôn Cent was a Welsh religious poet who challenged the values of the bardic tradition. According to Siôn Cent, the traditional praise of the nobles was hollow flattery and lies. His writings (poems in cywydd metre) reflect the influence of the moralists of the European Middle Ages, treating of

Siôn Cent was a Welsh religious poet who challenged the values of the bardic tradition. According to Siôn Cent, the traditional praise of the nobles was hollow flattery and lies. His writings (poems in cywydd metre) reflect the influence of the moralists of the European Middle Ages, treating of

Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), U.S. strategic war-fighting plan for the use of nuclear weapons that contains the specifics of targeting orders, scheduling, and needed weapons. The first SIOP was approved in late 1960 as an attempt to develop a more systematic approach to the various

Eugenio Monti: …Austria, Monti and his partner Sergio Siorpaes were the defending world champions and found themselves in heated competition with the British team of Anthony Nash and Robin Dixon. When a faulty axle on the British sled was sure to lead to their withdrawal, Monti took a part from his own…

Siouan languages, family of languages in North America spread primarily across the Great Plains, extending from Canada to Mississippi to North Carolina. The languages belonging to this family are classified as follows. The Catawban branch (formerly spoken in North and South Carolina) is the most

Macro-Siouan hypothesis, a proposal, now mostly abandoned, of a distant family relationship (phylum, macro-family, or superstock) that would group together languages in North America of the Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan language families and the language isolate Yuchi. Earlier versions of the

Siouan languages, family of languages in North America spread primarily across the Great Plains, extending from Canada to Mississippi to North Carolina. The languages belonging to this family are classified as follows. The Catawban branch (formerly spoken in North and South Carolina) is the most

Oceti Sakowin, broad alliance of Indigenous North American peoples who spoke three related languages within the Siouan language family, commonly known by the exonym (a name given and used by outsiders) Sioux. The Oceti Sakowin people are divided into three groups based on the language variant they

Sioux City, city, seat (1856) of Woodbury county, northwestern Iowa, U.S. It lies on the Missouri River (bridged to South Sioux City, Nebraska) at the influx of the Big Sioux and Floyd rivers, where Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska meet. The former territory of Omaha, Sioux, and Oto peoples, the

Chicago White Sox, American professional baseball team based in Chicago that plays in the American League (AL). The White Sox have won three World Series titles, two in the early 1900s (1906, 1917) and the third 88 years later, in 2005. They are often referred to as the “South Siders,” a reference

Sioux Falls, city, seat (1868) of Minnehaha county, southeastern South Dakota, U.S. It lies on the Big Sioux River, near the Iowa and Minnesota state lines. Sioux Indians occupied the area when the town site, which was named for the falls of the river, was founded in 1857 by land speculators. In

Sioux Falls: …include Augustana College (1860), the University of Sioux Falls (1883), North American Baptist Seminary, Kilian Community College (1977), Southeast Technical Institute (1968), and a centre (1992) combining educational programs from Dakota State University, South Dakota State University, and the University of South Dakota. The state penitentiary and a school for…

American frontier: How the West was won: history) during the U.S.-Dakota War in southern Minnesota. Two years later, U.S. troops carried out the massacre of hundreds of surrendered and partially disarmed Cheyenne at the Sand Creek Massacre.

Crazy Horse: …Sioux resistance to European Americans’ invasion of the northern Great Plains.

The Oceti Sakowin, or Sioux, are an alliance of Native American peoples who speak three related Siouan languages: the Dakota-speaking Santee, the Nakota-speaking Yankton, and the Lakota-speaking Teton, each having lesser divisions. These peoples call themselves the Oceti Sakowin (“Seven Council

punk: the Clash (“Complete Control”), and Siouxsie and the Banshees (“Hong Kong Garden”) scored hits in 1977–78. Anarchist, decentralizing, and libertarian, U.K. punk was drawn into the polarized politics of British society and by 1979 had self-destructed as a pop style. Postpunk groups such as Public Image Ltd and Joy Division…

Iron Gate: …until the construction of the Sip Canal in 1896. A joint development project of Romania and Yugoslavia on the Danube River (including a dam and hydroelectric power plant) was completed in 1972, providing equal amounts of energy to each country and quadrupling the annual tonnage of shipping. The name Iron…

sipahi, feudal cavalryman of the Ottoman Empire whose status resembled that of the medieval European knight. The sipahi (from Persian for “cavalryman”) was holder of a fief (timar; Turkish: tımar) granted directly by the Ottoman sultan and was entitled to all of the income from it in return for

sipahi, feudal cavalryman of the Ottoman Empire whose status resembled that of the medieval European knight. The sipahi (from Persian for “cavalryman”) was holder of a fief (timar; Turkish: tımar) granted directly by the Ottoman sultan and was entitled to all of the income from it in return for

Orinoco River: Physiography of the Orinoco: …Colombian Llanos, and the Guayapo, Sipapo, Autana, and Cuao rivers from the Guiana Highlands.

kiva: …word for this element is sípapu. Although a kiva’s most important purpose is as a venue for rituals, kivas can also be used for political meetings and casual gatherings of the men of the village. Women perform their rituals in other venues and rarely enter kivas.

Natural Bridges National Monument: The largest bridge, Sipapu, rises 220 feet (67 metres) above the streambed and has a span of 268 feet (82 metres). The Kachina and Owachomo bridges are, respectively, 210 and 106 feet (64 and 32 metres) high with spans of 204 and 180 feet (62 and 55 metres).…