roller coaster: Introduction of steel coasters: …which arrived in 1966 at Six Flags over Texas. Toomer, who designed some 80 rides for Arrow, worked on the company’s helix-shaped corkscrew coaster, which first appeared at Knott’s Berry Farm (Buena Park, Calif.) in 1975. It added 360-degree rolls to the coaster design canon—the first inversion of the modern…

Gregory Maguire: …Seven Spiders Spinning (1994) and Six Haunted Hairdos (1997) and finishing with One Final Firecracker (2005). Later children’s books include What-the-Dickens: The Story of a Rogue Tooth Fairy (2007) and Egg & Spoon (2014). In Cress Watercress (2022) a young bunny deals with the loss of her father.

Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

history of Europe: Political, economic, and social background: …able to write, in his Six Books of the Commonweal, that the king of France had absolute sovereignty because he alone in the kingdom had the power to give law unto all of his subjects in general and to every one of them in particular.

Six Masters of the early Qing period, Group of major Chinese artists who worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Qing dynasty). Also known as “orthodox masters,” they continued the tradition of the scholar-painter, following the injunctions of the artist-critic Dong Qichang late in the Ming

Six Masters of the early Qing period, Group of major Chinese artists who worked in the 17th and early 18th centuries (Qing dynasty). Also known as “orthodox masters,” they continued the tradition of the scholar-painter, following the injunctions of the artist-critic Dong Qichang late in the Ming

Granite City, city, Madison county, southwestern Illinois, U.S. Situated on the Mississippi River just northeast of St. Louis, Missouri, it lies within that city’s metropolitan area. Granite City was first settled in the early 19th century as a farming community and known as Six Mile Prairie,

The Six Million Dollar Man, American television show, a science-fiction thriller about a secret agent whose body was equipped with a number of electromechanical aids. The show aired on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network for five seasons (1974–78). In The Six Million Dollar Man, Col.

Judi Dench: Her later movie credits included Six Minutes to Midnight, a World War II drama, and the comedy Blithe Spirit (both 2020), which was based on a Noël Coward play. For her performance in Branagh’s Belfast (2021), a drama inspired by his childhood during the Troubles in Northern Ireland, Dench earned…

Nellie Bly: …articles were subsequently collected in Six Months in Mexico (1888).

Éric Rohmer: …scripts were later published as Six Moral Tales (1977).

Iroquois Confederacy, confederation of five (later six) Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America. The five original Iroquois nations were the Mohawk

Six Nations Championship, annual rugby competition between the national teams of the six most prominent European rugby-playing countries (England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales). It is the most significant international rugby competition that takes place solely in the Northern

George Burns: …Broadcast (1932), International House (1933), Six of a Kind (1934), Love in Bloom (1935), and College Swing (1938). A Damsel in Distress (1937) provided the team with their best screen roles; the film is particularly memorable for two intricate dance routines performed by Burns, Allen, and Fred Astaire.

Agreed Framework: …larger process known as the Six Party Talks, which included the U.S, South Korea, Japan, China, and Russia.

Muqi Fachang: …paintings associated with Muqi include Six Persimmons; a triptych with a white-robed Guanyin at the centre flanked on either side by a scroll of monkeys and a crane; and a surviving set of four sections of an original set of Eight Views of the Xiao and Xiang Rivers. However the…

Anton Webern: Legacy of Anton Webern: …even “programmatic,” such as the Six Pieces for Orchestra (1909), which, according to the composer himself, describe episodes connected with his mother’s death. Formal plans, revealing definite extramusical associations, preface sketches to various instrumental compositions, even in the later period. Similarly, literary affinities result in a preponderance of vocal works.

art criticism: …century), who offered the “Six Principles” for great art—a major principle being the qi yun sheng dong (“spirit resonance, life-motion”)—and to literati, who wrote biographies of great artists. For these and other regional approaches to art evaluation and historiography, see art, African; arts, Central Asian; arts, East Asian; arts,

Adolfo Bioy Casares: …para Don Isidro Parodi (1942; Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi) and Crónicas de Bustos Domecq (1967; Chronicles of Bustos Domecq), both of which satirize a variety of Argentine personalities. The two also edited Los mejores cuentos policiales (1943; “The Greatest Detective Stories”), a two-volume book of gaucho poetry (Poesía…

āstika, in Indian philosophy, any orthodox school of thought, defined as one that accepts the authority of the Vedas (sacred scriptures of ancient India); the superiority of the Brahmans (the class of priests), who are the expositors of the law (dharma); and a society made up of the four

Chinese writing: Characteristics: …characters into six types (called liu shu, “six scripts”), the most common of which is xingsheng, a type of character that combines a semantic element (called a radical) with a phonetic element intended to remind the reader of the word’s pronunciation. The phonetic element is usually a contracted form of…

As king of England from 1509 to 1547, Henry VIII may have presided over the beginnings of the English Renaissance and the English Reformation and incorporated Wales within the realm of England, but he is largely remembered for having six wives. The six queens can be hard to keep straight, and many

Lucy Lippard: Publication of Six Years (1973), an innovative book she edited and annotated to record the contemporaneous evolution of conceptual art, further cemented her reputation.

Les Six, group of early 20th-century French composers whose music represents a strong reaction against the heavy German Romanticism of Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss, as well as against the chromaticism and lush orchestration of Claude Debussy. Les Six were Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc,

Continental Airlines, Inc.: …came under the control of Robert Forman Six (president 1938–82), who gave the airline the name Continental and, in the following decades, transformed the shoestring operation into one of the major American transportation companies, headquartered first in Denver and then (from 1963) in Los Angeles, California. By the 1970s it…

six-day race, form of indoor bicycle racing in which riders race continuously for six days with only brief stops for rest and refreshment. The contestant who covers the greatest distance in the allotted time is the winner. This type of competition achieved early popularity in the United States,

Six-Day War, brief war that took place June 5–10, 1967, and was the third of the Arab-Israeli wars. Israel’s decisive victory included the capture of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Old City of Jerusalem, and Golan Heights; the status of these territories subsequently became a major

spider: Annotated classification: Family Sicariidae (six-eyed crab spiders) About 130 species of Southern Hemisphere deserts; includes genus Loxosceles (recluse spiders). Large, 6 eyes, low carapace; legs extended toward sides; burrow in sand. Family Theridiosomatidae (ray spiders) More than 100 species. Globular abdomen; high

hexatonic scale, musical scale containing six different tones within an octave. Using the syllables ut, re, me, fa, sol, and la to refer to the pitches, the 11th-century Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo identified three hexatonic scales—which he called hexachords—built of whole- and half-step

bezique: …four (rubicon bezique), six (Chinese bezique), and even eight decks. Bezique all but died out in the 20th century under the pressure of rummy games, which are quicker and simpler.

Texas Rangers: They made the six-shooter (the Colt revolver) the weapon of the West, and at their peak in the 1870s they effectively brought law and order to hundreds of miles of Texas frontier. Although their importance declined in the 20th century, the Rangers have assumed a prominent position in Texas legend…

leafhopper: The six-spotted leafhopper (Macrosteles fascifrons) is greenish yellow with six black spots. It produces several generations per year. It infects asters and other garden plants and transmits aster yellow virus, which causes excessive branching, stunted growth, and foliage to turn yellow.

tiger beetle: Physical description: The six-spotted tiger beetle (C. sexguttata), which is a commonly occurring species in eastern North America, is distinguished by its shiny bluish green color and by six white markings on its elytra. Species that inhabit sandy areas are often light-colored and match the environment.

hexatonic scale, musical scale containing six different tones within an octave. Using the syllables ut, re, me, fa, sol, and la to refer to the pitches, the 11th-century Italian theorist Guido d’Arezzo identified three hexatonic scales—which he called hexachords—built of whole- and half-step

social network: Early pioneers: com and SixDegrees.com. Classmates.com, founded in 1995, used an aggressive pop-up advertising campaign to draw Web surfers to its site. It based its social network on the existing connection between members of high school and college graduating classes, armed service branches, and workplaces. SixDegrees.com was the first…

Philadelphia 76ers, American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia. The franchise has won three National Basketball Association championships (1955, 1967, and 1983) and has advanced to the NBA finals on nine occasions. Often referred to simply as the Sixers, the team is the oldest

O. Henry: …three more collected volumes appeared: Sixes and Sevens (1911), Rolling Stones (1912), and Waifs and Strays (1917). Later seven fugitive stories and poems, O. Henryana (1920), Letters to Lithopolis (1922), and two collections of his early work on the Houston Post, Postscripts (1923) and

quasicrystal: Translational periodicity and symmetry: …Figure 1 has axes of sixfold rotational symmetry passing through each atomic position. The arrows represent translational symmetries of this crystalline structure. That is, if the entire array of atoms is displaced along one of these arrows, say the one labeled a, all new atomic positions coincide with the locations…

Jennifer Johnston: …an Irish family’s struggles, and A Sixpenny Song (2013) centers on a woman who uncovers family secrets after inheriting her estranged father’s house following his death. She also wrote short stories and plays, such as Three Monologues: Twinkletoes; Mustn’t Forget High Noon; Christine (1995) and The Desert Lullaby: A Play…

number symbolism: 16: Because 16 is the square of 4, it inherits favourable attributes. It was popular in ancient India; the Vedas talk of 16-fold incantations, and the Chinese-Indian goddess Pussa has 16 arms. The Rosicrucians believed that nature consisted of 16 elements.

France: The Wars of Religion: …a central committee called the Sixteen set up a Committee of Public Safety and conducted a reign of terror in a manner similar to the much more famous one that occurred during the revolution 200 years later. Paradoxically, this genuinely populist and revolutionary element in the Holy League paved the…

Brat Pack: Brat Pack films: …this definition include Class (1983), Sixteen Candles (1984), Oxford Blues (1984), Pretty in Pink (1986), Blue City (1986), About Last Night… (1986), Wisdom (1986), and Fresh Horses (1988).

China: The Shiliuguo (Sixteen Kingdoms) in the north (303–439): The term Sixteen Kingdoms traditionally denotes the plethora of short-lived non-Chinese dynasties that from 303 came to rule the whole or parts of northern China. Many ethnic groups were involved, including ancestors of the Turks (such as the Xiongnu,…

Sixteenth Amendment, amendment (1913) to the Constitution of the United States permitting a federal income tax. Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution empowers Congress to “lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare

Sixth Amendment, amendment (1791) to the Constitution of the United States, part of the Bill of Rights, that effectively established the procedures governing criminal courts. Based on the principle that justice delayed is justice denied, the amendment balances societal and individual rights in its

human nervous system: Abducens nerve (CN VI or 6): From its nucleus in the caudal pons, the abducens nerve exits the brainstem at the pons-medulla junction, pierces the dura mater, passes through the cavernous sinus close to the internal carotid artery, and exits the cranial vault via the…

Crusades: The Crusade of Frederick II: The failure of the Fifth Crusade placed a heavy responsibility on Frederick II, whose motives as a Crusader are difficult to assess. A controversial figure, he has been regarded by some as the archenemy of the popes and by others as…

Arnold Schwarzenegger: … (1990), True Lies (1994), and The 6th Day (2000).

Richard Leakey: …book with Roger Lewin was The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind (1995), in which he argued that human beings are responsible for a catastrophic reduction in the number of plant and animal species living on Earth. Leakey later collaborated with Virginia Morell to write his…

extinction: Human-induced extinctions: …to call modern times the sixth mass extinction. This high extinction rate is largely due to the exponential growth in human numbers: growing from about 1 billion in 1850, the world’s population reached 2 billion in 1930 and more than 7.8 billion in 2020 and is expected to reach about…

South Korea: Constitutional framework: …1987 is known as the Sixth Republic. The constitutional structure is patterned mainly on the presidential system of the United States and is based on separation of powers among the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. The government system, highly centralized during most of South Korea’s existence, is less so…

Toni Collette: Her performance in The Sixth Sense (1999)—in which she evinced the distress of a mother whose son can see ghosts—brought her an Academy Award nomination for best supporting actress. She received a Tony Award nomination for The Wild Party (2000), her Broadway debut. Though occasionally relegated to one-dimensional…

rhythm: Time: …the second movement of Tchaikovsky’s Sixth Symphony. Rimsky-Korsakov, in Sadko, and Stravinsky, in Le Sacre du printemps, use 11 as a unit. Ravel’s piano trio opens with a signature of 88 with the internal organization 3 + 2 + 3. Folk song and folk

Alois Hába: … (1940), is written in a sixth-tone system.

Ukraine: Ukraine under Shelest: …“generation of the ’60s” (shestydesyatnyky) who, without the formative firsthand experience of Stalin’s reign of terror, experimented with themes and forms that at times provoked the ire of the preceding generation. More proscribed figures from the past were rehabilitated as literary scholars, and historians explored previously forbidden topics. New…

St. Sixtus I ; feast day April 3) was the pope from approximately 115 to about 125. He succeeded St. Alexander I and ruled the church under the Roman emperor Hadrian. Although authoritative sources vary on the dates of his pontificate, they all agree that he reigned for 9 or 10 years. Sixtus’s

St. Sixtus II ; feast day August 7) was the pope from 257 to 258, and is one of the early Roman church’s most venerated martyrs. He was elected in August 257 to succeed St. Stephen I, during whose pontificate there arose a conflict with certain Eastern churches over the rebaptism of converted

Saint Sixtus III ; feast day March 28) was the pope from 432 to 440. A chief Roman priest when he succeeded Pope St. Celestine I on July 31, 432, Sixtus had previously been suspected of favouring Pelagianism (heretical doctrine that minimized the role of divine grace in man’s salvation), but on

Sixtus IV was the pope from 1471 to 1484 who effectively made the papacy an Italian principality. Becoming a Franciscan, he subsequently taught and was chosen minister general of his order in 1464. He was made cardinal in 1467 by Pope Paul II, whom he succeeded on Aug. 9, 1471. Neither a crusader

Melozzo da Forlì: …first major work in Rome, Sixtus IV Founding the Vatican Library (completed 1477), a fresco showing the investiture of Bartolomeo Sacchi (called the Platina) as librarian to the pope, was painted in Sixtus IV’s library in the Vatican. This painting reveals Melozzo’s mastery of perspective, showing six figures—the pope and…

Sixtus V was the pope from 1585 to 1590, who reformed the Roman Curia. He entered the Franciscan order in 1533 and was ordained at Siena in 1547. He served twice (1557–60) as inquisitor general in Venice, his severity there causing his recall. Pope Pius V made him vicar general of the Franciscans

sixty-six, two-player card game, ancestral to bezique and pinochle, that was first recorded in 1718 under the name Mariagen-Spiel (German: “the marriage game”). It is still popular in Germany, even more so in Austria under the name Schnapsen (“booze”). The game uses a deck of 24 cards, ranked

Mohamed Siad Barre was the president of Somalia who held dictatorial rule over the country from October 1969, when he led a bloodless military coup against the elected government, until January 1991, when he was overthrown in a bloody civil war. Siad was born into a nomadic family in the small

Arabic literature: Popular narratives: … of Arab lore (in Arabic, siyar shaʿbiyyah). These include the exploits of the legendary poet-cavalier ʿAntar (see Romance of ʿAntar), the much-traveled tribal confederacy of the Banū Hilāl, the warrior-princess Dhāt al-Himmah, and the wily ʿAlī Zaybaq. In the context of such a public tradition of multi-episodic storytelling, the status…

Zhu Shijie: …“Introduction to Mathematical Science”) and Siyuan yujian (1303; “Precious Mirror of Four Elements”). The former is an introductory mathematics textbook, proceeding from elementary arithmetic to algebraic calculations. Through its layout and progression it clearly testifies to the author’s didactic concern. Following the southern Chinese tradition of mathematics, this book contains…

siyyum, (Hebrew: “termination”), joyous celebration observed by Jews, either when a study group completes a tractate of the Talmud (rabbinic compendium of law, lore, and commentary) or when the writing of a Torah scroll (first five books of the Bible) is completed. The study of the Talmud is

Álvaro Siza is a Portuguese architect and designer whose structures, ranging from swimming pools to public housing developments, are characterized by a quiet clarity of form and function, a sensitive integration into their environment, and a purposeful engagement with both cultural and

Álvaro Siza is a Portuguese architect and designer whose structures, ranging from swimming pools to public housing developments, are characterized by a quiet clarity of form and function, a sensitive integration into their environment, and a purposeful engagement with both cultural and

animal: Evolution of ecological roles: …permitted an increase in body size, which gave rise to successive levels of predators. Quite early in the rapid diversification of animal life, protective hard shells appeared, a defense against predators but later also a means of enabling animals to expand outward from the seas. The intertidal areas, with partial…

NP-complete problem: , for a problem of size n, the time or number of steps needed to find the solution is a polynomial function of n. Algorithms for solving hard, or intractable, problems, on the other hand, require times that are exponential functions of the problem size n. Polynomial-time algorithms are considered…

mineral processing: Size analysis: Coarsely ground minerals can be classified according to size by running them through special sieves or screens, for which various national and international standards have been accepted. One old standard (now obsolete) was the Tyler Series, in which wire screens were identified by…

atomic radius, half the distance between the nuclei of identical neighbouring atoms in the solid form of an element. An atom has no rigid spherical boundary, but it may be thought of as a tiny, dense positive nucleus surrounded by a diffuse negative cloud of electrons. The value of atomic radii

separation and purification: Exclusion and clathration: Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has proved effective for the separation and analysis of mixtures of polymers. In this method the largest molecules emerge from the chromatographic column first, because they are unable to penetrate the porous matrix of the support. Smaller molecules appear later, because they…

Theodore R. Sizer was an American educator and administrator who was best known for founding (1984) the Coalition of Essential Schools (CES), which advocated greater flexibility within schools and more-personalized instruction, among other reforms. After earning a B.A. (1953) at Yale University,

Theodore R. Sizer was an American educator and administrator who was best known for founding (1984) the Coalition of Essential Schools (CES), which advocated greater flexibility within schools and more-personalized instruction, among other reforms. After earning a B.A. (1953) at Yale University,

The solar system has two main types of planets. The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars—have rocky compositions. In contrast, the four outer planets, also called the Jovian, or giant, planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—are large objects that are composed primarily of hydrogen

sizhu, any of the traditional Chinese chamber music ensembles made up of stringed and wind instruments. Silk (strings) and bamboo (winds) were two of the materials of the bayin (“eight sounds”) classification system established during the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty (1046–771 bc); the others were

sizing, coating with a gelatinous or other substance to add strength or stiffness or to reduce absorbency. In the visual arts, a canvas or panel is prepared for painting by applying size, a dilute mixture of glue or a resinous substance. In oil painting it is essential that the canvas be coated

Chongzhen was the reign name (nianhao) of the 16th and last emperor (reigned 1627–44) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644). The Chongzhen emperor ascended the throne at the age of 16 on the death of his brother, the Tianqi emperor (reigned 1620–27), and tried to revive the deteriorating Ming government.

Zealand, largest and most populous island of Denmark, lying between the Kattegat and the Baltic Sea, separated from Sweden by The Sound (Øresund) and from Funen (Fyn) island by the Great Belt. Zealand’s basal rock platform is exposed in the chalk and limestone cliffs at Stevns Klint—which was

Sutan Sjahrir was an influential Indonesian nationalist and prime minister who favoured the adoption of Western constitutional democracy for Indonesia. Sjahrir, son of a public prosecutor, received a Dutch education in Sumatra and Java and attended the Law Faculty at the University of Leiden. In

Shailendra dynasty, a dynasty that flourished in Java from about 750 to 850 after the fall of the Funan kingdom of mainland Southeast Asia. The dynasty was marked by a great cultural renaissance associated with the introduction of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and it attained a high level of artistic

Halldór Laxness: …fishing village; Sjálfstætt fólk (1934–35; Independent People), the story of an impoverished farmer and his struggle to retain his economic independence; and Heimsljós (1937–40; World Light), a four-volume novel about the struggles of a peasant poet. These novels criticized Icelandic society from a socialist viewpoint, and they attracted a great…

Emir Kusturica: Films of the 1980s: …li se Dolly Bell? (1981; Do You Remember Dolly Bell?), is a tale of an adolescent growing up in a poor family dominated by his despotic father in the 1960s. Poetic and nostalgic, the movie, which was written by the Bosnian author Abdulah Sidran, won the Golden Lion award at…

Alf Sjöberg was a Swedish motion-picture director whose films were preeminent in the post-World War II Swedish film revival. He broke with the stage traditions that were inhibiting the artistic development of the Swedish cinema and was among the first to use a lyrical style that was further

Birger Sjöberg was a songwriter and poet known for his development of a strikingly original form in modern Swedish poetry. After very little formal education and a number of occupations, Sjöberg became a journalist. In his spare time he wrote the lyrics and music of songs, which he sang

biblical literature: The Gospel According to Mark: unique structure: E. Sjöberg (1955) has interpreted the messianic secret not as a literary invention but as an understanding both that the Messiah would appear without recognition except by those who are chosen and to whom he reveals himself and that he must suffer. For outsiders, then,…

urban culture: Definitions of the city and urban cultures: Gideon Sjoberg (The Preindustrial City, Past and Present, 1960), in the next step toward a cross-culturally valid understanding of cities, challenged this conception of urban culture as ethnocentric and historically narrow. He divided the world’s urban centres into two types, the preindustrial city and the…

Gert Fredriksson: …1,000-metre kayak pairs, paddling with Sven-Olov Sjödelius. Fredriksson coached the Swedish men’s kayaking team at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City.

Sjögren syndrome, chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by severe dryness of the eyes and mouth that results from a diminution in secretion of tears and saliva. Dryness may also involve the nose, pharynx, larynx, and tracheobronchial tree. Approximately half the persons affected also have

mascon: NASA scientists Paul Muller and William Sjogren discovered that as the spacecraft passed over certain surface regions, the stronger gravity field caused the craft to dip slightly and speed up. Muller and Sjogren used the Doppler-shifted radio signals of the spacecraft to make the first detailed gravity map of the…

Victor Sjöström was a motion-picture actor and director who contributed significantly to the international preeminence of the Swedish silent film in the post-World War I era. Influenced by the novels of Selma Lagerlöf, whose art is rooted in sagas and folklore and imbued with a reverence for

Victor Sjöström was a motion-picture actor and director who contributed significantly to the international preeminence of the Swedish silent film in the post-World War I era. Influenced by the novels of Selma Lagerlöf, whose art is rooted in sagas and folklore and imbued with a reverence for

Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö: …Per Wahlöö and his wife, Maj Sjöwall (married in 1962), wrote a series of detective stories in which Martin Beck and his colleagues at the Central Bureau of Investigation in Stockholm were the main characters. From Roseanna (1965) to Terroristerna (1975; “The Terrorists”), the series consists of 10 novels, all…

Maj Sjöwall and Per Wahlöö were Swedish journalists and innovative writers of detective fiction. As a team, Per Wahlöö and his wife, Maj Sjöwall (married in 1962), wrote a series of detective stories in which Martin Beck and his colleagues at the Central Bureau of Investigation in Stockholm were

Syv Systre, waterfalls in west-central Norway. The falls have their sources in Geit Mountain. The water flows over a high perpendicular cliff and plunges several hundred feet into Geiranger Fjord below. The name, which in English means “seven sisters,” is derived from the seven separate streams

The Seventh Seal, Swedish allegorical dramatic film, released in 1957, that is widely considered director Ingmar Bergman’s greatest work and a classic in world cinema. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Antonius Block (played by Max von Sydow) is a disillusioned knight

chaebol: SK Group. In the early 21st century the chaebols produced about two-thirds of South Korea’s exports and attracted the greater part of the country’s foreign capital inflows.

ska, Jamaica’s first indigenous urban pop style. Pioneered by the operators of powerful mobile discos called sound systems, ska evolved in the late 1950s from an early Jamaican form of rhythm and blues that emulated American rhythm and blues, especially that produced in New Orleans, Louisiana. A

Shkodër, town, northwestern Albania. It lies at the southeast end of Lake Scutari, at a point where the Buenë (Serbian and Croatian: Bojana) River, one of Albania’s two navigable streams, flows out of the lake toward the Adriatic Sea. The city is situated at the edge of a wide plain surrounded by