landslide: Types of landslides: A spread is the complex lateral movement of relatively coherent earth materials resting on a weaker substrate that is subject to liquefaction or plastic flow. Coherent blocks of material subside into the weaker substrate, and the slow downslope movement frequently extends long distances as a result…

soil mechanics: …may be either of the spread footing (made with wide bases placed directly beneath the load-bearing beams or walls), mat (consisting of slabs, usually of reinforced concrete, which underlie the entire area of a building), or floating types. A floating foundation consists of boxlike rigid structures set at such a…

rounding: …the opposite of rounding; in unrounded vowels the lips are slack or may be drawn back, as in pronouncing the ee in “meet.” Generally speaking, front vowels tend to be unrounded and back vowels rounded, and this tendency is recognized in the classification of vowels (see vowel). However, the French…

telecommunication: Code-division multiple access: …is sometimes referred to as spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA), because the process of multiplying the signal by the code sequence causes the power of the transmitted signal to be spread over a larger bandwidth. Frequency management, a necessary feature of FDMA, is eliminated in CDMA. When another user wishes to…

clothing and footwear industry: Cutting processes: …basic operations: making the marker, spreading the fabric, and chopping the spread fabric into the marked sections. The marker, or cutting lay, is the arrangement of patterns on the spread fabrics. When hides are cut, the lay length is the hide size; many hides are cut in single plies. Short…

spreading centre, in oceanography and geology, the linear boundary between two diverging lithospheric plates on the ocean floor. As the two plates move apart from each other, which often occurs at a rate of several centimetres per year, molten rock wells up from the underlying mantle into the gap

spike moss: Major species: Spreading club moss, or Krauss’s spike moss (S. kraussiana), from southern Africa, roots readily along its trailing stems of bright green branches. It sometimes is grown as a houseplant, as are S. emmeliana from tropical America, variegated spike moss (S. martensii) from Mexico, blue spike…

lupine: Major species: Spreading lupine (L. diffusus) and lady lupine (L. villosus) are distributed throughout the southern United States. Bigleaf lupine (L. polyphyllus), from the Pacific Northwest, is an invasive species in parts of Europe and New Zealand, where its ornamental Russell hybrids have escaped cultivation.

clothing and footwear industry: History: The first spreading machines in the late 1890s, often built of wood, carried fabrics in either bolt or book-fold form as the workers propelled the spreading machines manually and aligned the superposed plies vertically on the cutting table, thus making the cutting lay. Although most of the…

Japanese yew, (Taxus cuspidata), an ornamental evergreen shrub or tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to Japan and widely cultivated in the Northern Hemisphere. Rising to a height of 16 metres (about 52 feet), it resembles the English yew but is hardier and faster-growing. Each leaf has two

spreadsheet, computer program that represents information in a two-dimensional grid of data, along with formulas that relate the data. Historically, a spreadsheet is an accounting ledger page that shows various quantitative information useful for managing a business. Electronic spreadsheets

Sprechstimme, (German: “speech-voice”), in music, a cross between speaking and singing in which the tone quality of speech is heightened and lowered in pitch along melodic contours indicated in the musical notation. Sprechstimme is frequently used in 20th-century music. Its introduction is

Sprechstimme, (German: “speech-voice”), in music, a cross between speaking and singing in which the tone quality of speech is heightened and lowered in pitch along melodic contours indicated in the musical notation. Sprechstimme is frequently used in 20th-century music. Its introduction is

Spree River, river in northeastern Germany, rising in the Lusatian Mountains just above Neugersdorf and flowing north past Bautzen and Spremberg, where it splits temporarily into two arms. After it passes Cottbus, the river divides into a network of channels, forming a marshy wooded region that is

serial murder: Definition and motives: …is often sexually motivated, and spree serial murder, which is usually motivated by thrill seeking. Although some serial murders have been committed for profit, most lack an obvious rational motive, a fact that distinguishes them from political assassinations and terrorism and from professional murders committed by gangsters. Serial murderers are…

explosive: Sprengel explosives: In England in 1871, Hermann Sprengel patented combinations of oxidizing agents such as chlorates, nitrates, and nitric acid with combustible substances such as nitronaphthalene, benzene, and nitrobenzene. These differed from previous explosives in that one of the ingredients was liquid and the mixture…

Christian Konrad Sprengel was a German botanist and teacher whose studies of sex in plants led him to a general theory of fertilization which, basically, is accepted today. Sprengel studied theology and languages, spent some years as a schoolmaster in Spandau and Berlin, and became rector of

explosive: Sprengel explosives: In England in 1871, Hermann Sprengel patented combinations of oxidizing agents such as chlorates, nitrates, and nitric acid with combustible substances such as nitronaphthalene, benzene, and nitrobenzene. These differed from previous explosives in that one of the ingredients was liquid and the mixture was made just prior to use.…

asparagus: Other species: Sprenger’s fern (A. aethiopicus), African asparagus fern (or bridal creeper, A. asparagoides), and asparagus fern (A. densiflorus) are grown for their attractive lacy foliage and are common ornamentals.

Malleus maleficarum: …the work of two Dominicans: Johann Sprenger, dean of the University of Cologne in Germany, and Heinrich (Institoris) Kraemer, professor of theology at the University of Salzburg, Austria, and inquisitor in the Tirol region of Austria. In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII issued the bull Summis desiderantes affectibus, in which he…

G.M. Sprengtporten was a soldier and politician who successfully conspired to bring Sweden’s grand duchy, Finland, into the Russian Empire. Sprengtporten first achieved prominence in August 1772, when, as a major in the Swedish Army in Finland, he joined his half brother, Baron J.M. Sprengtporten,

G.M. Sprengtporten was a soldier and politician who successfully conspired to bring Sweden’s grand duchy, Finland, into the Russian Empire. Sprengtporten first achieved prominence in August 1772, when, as a major in the Swedish Army in Finland, he joined his half brother, Baron J.M. Sprengtporten,

G.M. Sprengtporten was a soldier and politician who successfully conspired to bring Sweden’s grand duchy, Finland, into the Russian Empire. Sprengtporten first achieved prominence in August 1772, when, as a major in the Swedish Army in Finland, he joined his half brother, Baron J.M. Sprengtporten,

J.M. Sprengtporten was a soldier and political conspirator who planned and led the August 1772 coup d’etat that enabled the absolutist King Gustav III to seize full power in Sweden. Prompted by royalist sentiment and by concern that Finland would be taken over by Russia, Sprengtporten and other

J.M. Sprengtporten was a soldier and political conspirator who planned and led the August 1772 coup d’etat that enabled the absolutist King Gustav III to seize full power in Sweden. Prompted by royalist sentiment and by concern that Finland would be taken over by Russia, Sprengtporten and other

Lucerne: The Spreuerbrücke (1407), now the oldest bridge, is roofed and decorated with some 56 paintings, scenes from the Dance of Death, dating from the early 17th century. Until its destruction by fire in 1993, the Kapellbrücke (1333; “Chapel Bridge”) was the oldest bridge. It was similarly…

Swedish literature: Political writing: …known for his partially autobiographical Sprickorna i muren (1971–78; “The Cracks in the Wall”), called by some his Divine Comedy for its richness and broad scope. In it the protagonist progresses from his childhood hell to the terminal cancer patient’s private paradise of pain relief.

trilobite: …arthropods, may be represented by Spriggina, which is known from Precambrian shallow-water marine deposits in Australia. Trilobites are frequently used for stratigraphic correlations.

Astbury-Whieldon ware: The process was known as sprigging.

Chelsea porcelain: …1743 by Charles Gouyn and Nicolas Sprimont, the latter a silversmith. By the 1750s the sole manager was Sprimont, from whose genius stemmed Chelsea’s greatest achievements. In 1769 the factory was sold to James Cox; and he sold it a year later to William Duesbury of Derby, Derbyshire, who maintained…

arch: …supports is known as the spring, or springing line. During construction of an arch, the voussoirs require support from below until the keystone has been set in place; this support usually takes the form of temporary wooden centring. The curve in an arch may be semicircular, segmental (consisting of less…

spring, in hydrology, opening at or near the surface of the Earth for the discharge of water from underground sources. A spring is a natural discharge point of subterranean water at the surface of the ground or directly into the bed of a stream, lake, or sea. Water that emerges at the surface

spring, in climatology, season of the year between winter and summer during which temperatures gradually rise. It is generally defined in the Northern Hemisphere as extending from the vernal equinox (day and night equal in length), March 20 or 21, to the summer solstice (year’s longest day), June

spring, in technology, elastic machine component able to deflect under load in a prescribed manner and to recover its initial shape when unloaded. The combination of force and displacement in a deflected spring is energy, which may be stored when moving loads are being arrested or when the spring

Spring and All, volume of poems and prose pieces by William Carlos Williams, published in 1923 in Paris in an edition of 300 copies. It contains Williams’s attempts to articulate his beliefs about the role and form of art in a modern context. Included are some of Williams’s best-known poems. The

Kao-hsiung: …King Ning-ching (Ningjing), and the Ch’un-ch’iu (Chunqiu; Spring and Autumn) Pagodas are major tourist attractions. Feng-shan (Fengshan), administrative seat of the former county, is linked by railway to Chi-lung (Jilong, or Keelung) in northeastern Taiwan. The National Sun Yat-sen University was founded in 1980 at Kao-hsiung.

Spring and Autumn period, (770–476 bce), in Chinese history, the period during the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 bce)—specifically the first portion of the Dong (Eastern) Zhou—when many vassal states fought and competed for supremacy. It was named for the title of a Confucian book of chronicles, Chunqiu,

Spring and Fall, poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins, written in 1880 and published posthumously in 1918 in Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. The poet likens a little girl’s sorrow at the waning of summer to the larger, tragic nature of human life. Set in rhymed couplets, the melancholy poem is a notable

Spring and Fall, poem by Gerard Manley Hopkins, written in 1880 and published posthumously in 1918 in Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins. The poet likens a little girl’s sorrow at the waning of summer to the larger, tragic nature of human life. Set in rhymed couplets, the melancholy poem is a notable

Frank Wedekind: …his tragedy Frühlings Erwachen (The Awakening of Spring, also published as Spring Awakening) created a scandal. Successfully produced by Max Reinhardt in 1905, the play is a series of brief scenes, some poetic and tender, others harsh and frank, dealing with the awakening of sexuality in three adolescents. In…

Bill T. Jones: …his work in the musical Spring Awakening. Based on Frühlings Erwachen (1891), a tragedy by German dramatist Frank Wedekind, the musical dealt with adolescent sexual awakening and the damage that can be caused by a repressive and hypocritical society. Jones later cowrote the book for, choreographed, and directed the musical…

spring balance, weighing device that utilizes the relation between the applied load and the deformation of a spring. This relationship is usually linear; i.e., if the load is doubled, the deformation is doubled. In the circular balance shown in the figure, the upper ends of the helical springs are

spring beauty, (species Claytonia virginica), small, succulent, spring-flowering perennial plant of the purslane family (Portulacaceae), native to eastern North America and often planted in moist shady areas of rock gardens. It grows to 30 cm (12 inches) from a globose corm and produces narrow

click beetle, (family Elateridae), family of approximately 7,000 species of beetles named for the clicking noise made when seized by a predator. Taxonomy See also list of insects. Most click beetles range between 2.5 and 18 mm (less than 0.75 inch) in length and are brown or black in color with

A24: Films: Spring Breakers (2012), a dark comedy directed by Harmony Korine and starring actress Selena Gomez, gained attention for its provocative, neon-lit portrayal of four college girls who are determined to have a good spring break, even if it requires them to resort to crime. The…

caliper: …nut and are known as spring calipers, while those on the left are an illustration of firm-joint calipers, which are held in place by friction at the joint. Outside calipers measure thicknesses and outside diameters of objects; inside calipers measure hole diameters and distances between surfaces. To check the dimensions…

measuring worm: The spring cankerworm (species Paleacrita vernata) and the fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) attack fruit and shade trees, skeletonizing the leaves and spinning threads between the branches. Pupation usually occurs in the soil without a cocoon. Because of their distinctive larvae, the name measuring worm moth is…

conjunctivitis: Vernal conjunctivitis is an allergic inflammation that tends to recur in the conjunctivas of susceptible (usually male) children. There are two types of vernal conjunctivitis. In one, the lining of the upper eyelid is affected, with a characteristic red pebbled appearance. In the second type,…

bracket clock, English spring-driven pendulum clock, more properly known as a table clock or spring clock. The earliest of these clocks, made for a period after 1658, were of architectural design, sometimes with pillars at the sides and a pediment on top; in later versions the pillars were omitted,

mechanics: Simple harmonic oscillations: …from equilibrium (Figure 2B), the springs exert a force F proportional to x, such thatwhere k is a constant that depends on the stiffness of the springs. Equation (10) is called Hooke’s law, and the force is called the spring force. If x is positive (displacement to the

vernal equinox, two moments in the year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator and day and night are of equal length; also, either of the two points in the sky where the ecliptic (the Sun’s annual pathway) and the celestial equator intersect. In the Northern Hemisphere the vernal equinox falls

Meret Oppenheim: …of close friends in Bern: Spring Feast (“Frühlingsfest”), an elaborate banquet that Oppenheim served (without silverware) on the body of a nude woman laid out on a long table. Breton asked her to reproduce the piece for the Exposition inteRnatiOnale du Surréalisme (EROS) in Paris (1959–60). Though she did participate,…

Lunar New Year, festival typically celebrated in China and other Asian countries that begins with the first new moon of the lunar calendar and ends on the first full moon of the lunar calendar, 15 days later. The lunar calendar is based on the cycles of the moon, so the dates of the holiday vary

mechanics: Simple harmonic oscillations: …the force is called the spring force. If x is positive (displacement to the right), the resulting force is negative (to the left), and vice versa. In other words, the spring force always acts so as to restore mass back toward its equilibrium position. Moreover, the force will produce an…

Torrents of Spring, novella by Ivan Turgenev, published in Russian as Veshniye vody in 1872. The book has also been translated as Spring Torrents and Spring Freshets. Cast as a reminiscence, the work concerns the reflections of the middle-aged and world-weary Sanin on his youthful romance with

gravity: Relative measurements: Spring gravimeters balance the force of gravity on a mass in the gravity field to be measured against the elastic force of the spring. Either the extension of the spring is measured, or a servo system restores it to a constant amount. High sensitivity is…

gravity: Relative measurements: Spring gravimeters balance the force of gravity on a mass in the gravity field to be measured against the elastic force of the spring. Either the extension of the spring is measured, or a servo system restores it to a constant amount. High sensitivity is…

Spring Green, village, Sauk county, south-central Wisconsin, U.S. The village lies near the Wisconsin River, about 35 miles (55 km) west of Madison. It was laid out in 1843 and named for the way the south-facing hills turned green early in spring. It was a shipping point for livestock and wheat and

spring hare, (Pedetes capensis), a bipedal grazing rodent indigenous to Africa. About the size of a rabbit, the spring hare more closely resembles a giant jerboa in having a short round head, a thick muscular neck, very large eyes, and long, narrow upright ears. Like jerboas, it has short forelegs

Claude McKay: …of two volumes of poetry, Spring in New Hampshire (1920) and Harlem Shadows (1922), McKay emerged as the first and most militant voice of the Harlem Renaissance.

lamb: …sold as baby lamb, and spring lamb is from sheep of age five to six months.

Las Vegas: City site: …eastward from the picturesque, pine-clad Spring Mountains, whose highest point, Charleston Peak, rises above 11,910 feet (3,630 metres). To the north lie three lower ranges, the Pintwater, Spotted, and Desert mountains, and to the east are the McCullough and Sheep ranges. A wide pass between those two ranges leads to…

Spring of Khosrow Carpet, ancient Persian carpet, possibly the most costly and magnificent of all time, made for the Ctesiphon palace of the Sāsānian king Khosrow I (reigned ad 531–579). Described in the historical annals of the Muslim scholar al-Ṭabari, it became the model for subsequent garden

Battle of Belleau Wood: …boosted morale amid the Germans’ Spring Offensive. The battle was the first major engagement of the U.S. army in World War I, and, only 39 miles from Paris, marked the closest the Germans came to the French capital during the war. The struggle for Belleau Wood, at the time a…

green onion, young onions (family Amaryllidaceae) harvested when their tops are green and the underdeveloped bulbs are 13 mm (0.5 inch) or less in diameter. Many commercial green onions are immature plants of the common onion (Allium cepa), but the Chinese onion (A. chinense) and the Welsh onion

spring peeper, (species Pseudacris crucifer), small tree frog (family Hylidae) found in woodland areas in the eastern United States and Canada. Outside of the breeding season, when it may be found in ephemeral woodland ponds, it is seldom seen. The spring peeper, with its high, whistling call, is

pin fastener: The spring pin is a split tube with a slightly larger diameter than the hole into which it is placed. The pin is compressed when driven into the hole and exerts a spring pressure against the wall of the hole to create a frictional locking grip.…

automobile: Suspension: …and deflection known as the spring rate, defined as the load in pounds divided by the deflection of the spring in inches. A soft spring has a low rate and deflects a greater distance under a given load. A coil or a leaf spring retains a substantially constant rate within…

dim sum: …the ubiquitous egg roll or spring roll, a deep-fried dumpling containing minced meat and vegetables or, often, vegetables alone. Steamed dishes are traditionally served in bamboo baskets. Alongside these dumplings and rolls are served small dishes such as pork spareribs and chicken feet.

windmill: …Meikle, a Scot, invented his spring sail, substituting hinged shutters, like those of a Venetian blind, for sailcloths and controlling them by a connecting bar and a spring on each sail. Each spring had to be adjusted individually with the mill at rest according to the power required; the sails…

chinook salmon, (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) prized North Pacific food and sport fish of the family Salmonidae. It weighs up to 60 kg (130 pounds) and is silvery with round black spots. Spawning runs occur in spring, adults swimming as far as 3,200 km (2,000 miles) up the Yukon. Young chinook salmon

valley: Sapping: A variation of this process, spring sapping, occurs where groundwater outflow undermines slopes and, where appropriately concentrated, contributes to the development of valleys. The action of groundwater in sapping may be concentrated at valley heads, leading to headward growth. Both enhanced weathering and direct erosion by the concentrated fluid flow…

Japanese music: Traditional styles: …koto, Haru no umi (“Spring Sea”), has proved Baroque-like in its performance practice, for it is often heard played by the violin, with koto or piano accompaniment. Its style equals that of the French composer Claude Debussy in his most “orientale” moments. The Japanese traditionalist’s view of Western music…

The Sea of Fertility: …four parts—Haru no yuki (Spring Snow), Homma (Runaway Horses), Akatsuki no tera (The Temple of Dawn), and Tennin gosui (The Decay of the Angel)—is set in Japan, and together they cover the period from roughly 1912 to the 1960s. Each of them depicts a different reincarnation of the same…

snowflake: Several species, including spring snowflake (Leucojum vernum) and summer snowflake (L. aestivum), are cultivated as garden flowers. The plants are closely related to snowdrops (genus Galanthus) and typically emerge from bulbs in early spring.

Symphony No. 1 in B-flat Major, Op. 38, symphony by German composer Robert Schumann that premiered on March 31, 1841, in Leipzig and was conducted by Schumann’s friend Felix Mendelssohn. It is an intensely optimistic work and is the most frequently performed of Schumann’s four symphonies.

cantata: …Benjamin Britten gave the title Spring Symphony (1949) to a work that is actually a cantata.

spring tide, tide of maximal range, near the time of new and full moon when the Sun and Moon are in syzygy—i.e., aligned with the Earth. Conjunction is the time during new moon when the Sun and Moon lie on the same side of the Earth. The other syzygy condition, opposition, occurs during full moon

Torrents of Spring, novella by Ivan Turgenev, published in Russian as Veshniye vody in 1872. The book has also been translated as Spring Torrents and Spring Freshets. Cast as a reminiscence, the work concerns the reflections of the middle-aged and world-weary Sanin on his youthful romance with

Mesa: The Chicago Cubs have their spring training camp there. In 2007 commercial air service began at the Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (previously known as the Williams Gateway Airport)—on the site of the former Williams Air Force Base—providing the Phoenix area with its second commercial airport. Inc. town, 1883; city, 1930. Pop.…

spring wagon, four-wheeled vehicle drawn by draft animals (most often horses), having a square box and between two and four movable seat boards. It was a general-purpose wagon used for the transportation of either goods or passengers, and in 19th century America it enjoyed wide popularity with

agricultural technology: Dryland farming: …the most favoured crop, although spring wheat is planted in some areas where severe winter killing may occur. (Grain sorghum is another crop grown in these areas.) Where some summer rainfall occurs, dry beans are an important crop. All dryland crop yield is mainly dependent on precipitation, but practices of…

North America: Cool temperate, humid regions: The Spring Wheat Belt—in the Dakotas, Montana, Minnesota, the Canadian Prairie Provinces, and part of the Columbia basin—has a severe winter that forces postponement of sowing to spring. Then the warmth and wetness of the sudden northward surge of tropical gulf air quickly bring on the…

Morris Graves: …Before he left he painted Spring with Machine-Age Noises—No. 3 (1957), a visual cacophony that seems to sweep over a stretch of grass.

angiosperm: Secondary vascular system: …difference in density between the early wood (spring wood) and the late wood (summer wood); early wood is less dense because the cells are larger and their walls are thinner. Although the transition of early wood to late wood within a growth ring may be obscure, that demarcation between the…

Labour Party: History: …1992, under the leadership of Dick Spring, the party enjoyed its greatest success in 70 years, winning nearly 20 percent of the vote and 33 seats in the Dáil in general elections that year. A majority coalition with the Fianna Fáil party collapsed after two years in 1994, and the…

Howard Spring was a Welsh-born British novelist whose chief strength lies in his understanding of provincial life and ambition. Most of his books trace the rise of a character from poverty to affluence, often melodramatically. The son of a gardener, Spring left school at the age of 11 but continued

accelerometer: The former type, called a spring-mass accelerometer, incorporates a mass suspended by four precisely designed and matched springs; movement of the mass is restrained by a damper. The accelerometer housing is solidly attached to the moving object.

harrow: Spring-tooth harrows (developed in the 1860s) have curved, springy teeth designed for use in rough, stony ground and around roots. Knife-tooth harrows, with twisted blades spaced several inches apart, are driven in a rotary motion by a small gasoline motor. They are used chiefly by…

cultivator: Spring-tooth weeders have light spring teeth that flick out shallow-rooted weeds without injuring growing plants and can therefore be operated directly over planted rows in an early stage, ridding the field of many weeds as they emerge. Rod weeders are used for weed control in…

Lynn Seymour was a Canadian prima ballerina known for her performances with the Royal Ballet, London, from the late 1950s through the ’70s. As a teenager, Seymour went to England (1954), where she enrolled at the Sadler’s Wells School. She danced with the Covent Garden Opera Ballet (1956) before

Aileen Riggin: The Girl in the Pool: …in the first women’s Olympic springboard diving event, competing on the first U.S. women’s swimming and diving team. Riggin accomplished more than simply diving well—the water events, held in a canal filled with deep, bitterly cold black water, tested the performers’ ability to weather the elements as well as their…

springbok, (Antidorcas marsupialis), graceful, strikingly marked antelope of the gazelle tribe, Antilopini (family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla). The springbok is native to the open, treeless plains of southern Africa. It once roamed in enormous herds but is now much reduced in numbers. It is the

Springbok Flats, extensive plain in South Africa, extending northeast from Pretoria in Gauteng province for about 100 miles (160 km) to the town of Zebediela in Limpopo province. The name indicates an abundance of springboks, but now little game remains except in preserves. The whole plain, with an

Danie Craven: …national team (known as the Springboks), and he served in that capacity for several years. In 1956 he became president of the South African Rugby Board (SARB), a position he held until his death in 1993. In 1959 he was elevated to chairman of the International Rugby Football Board (IRB).

Springbok Flats, extensive plain in South Africa, extending northeast from Pretoria in Gauteng province for about 100 miles (160 km) to the town of Zebediela in Limpopo province. The name indicates an abundance of springboks, but now little game remains except in preserves. The whole plain, with an

springbok, (Antidorcas marsupialis), graceful, strikingly marked antelope of the gazelle tribe, Antilopini (family Bovidae, order Artiodactyla). The springbok is native to the open, treeless plains of southern Africa. It once roamed in enormous herds but is now much reduced in numbers. It is the

springer spaniel, either of two ancient breeds of sporting dogs used to flush game from cover and to retrieve it. The English springer spaniel is a medium-sized, compact dog standing 19 to 20 inches (48 to 51 cm) and weighing 40 to 50 pounds (18 to 23 kg). Its glossy coat is flat or wavy and

springer spaniel: The English springer spaniel is a medium-sized, compact dog standing 19 to 20 inches (48 to 51 cm) and weighing 40 to 50 pounds (18 to 23 kg). Its glossy coat is flat or wavy and usually black and white or liver-coloured and white. The English…

springer spaniel: The Welsh springer spaniel, known since at least the 14th century, is somewhat smaller than the English; its flat coat is always red-brown and white, with feathering on the chest, legs, and belly. It stands 17 to 19 inches (43 to 48 cm). It is noted…