Sri Lanka, island country lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. It is located between latitudes 5°55′ and 9°51′ N and longitudes 79°41′ and 81°53′ E and has a maximum length of 268 miles (432 km) and a maximum width of 139 miles (224 km). Proximity to the

national flag consisting of a yellow field (background) bearing vertical stripes of green and orange at the hoist and, at the fly end, a crimson rectangle with a sword-wielding lion and four bo leaves. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 1 to 2.According to legend, Prince Vijaya, founder of

history of Sri Lanka, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Sri Lanka from ancient times to the present day. The country, formerly known as Ceylon, is an island lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. Proximity to the Indian

elephant: maximus sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. maximus maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, which are used to dissipate body heat.

leopard: Conservation status: …that the populations of the Sri Lankan leopard (P. pardus kotiya) and the Persian leopard (P. pardus saxicolor) were endangered species and the Amur leopard (P. pardus orientalis), Arabian leopard (P. pardus nimr), and Javan leopard (P. pardus melas) continued to decrease, with several of these subspecies

Sri Lanka: Ethnic composition: …Tamil segment comprises two groups—Sri Lankan Tamils (long-settled descendants from southeastern India) and Indian Tamils (recent immigrants from southeastern India, most of whom were migrant workers brought to Sri Lanka under British rule). Slightly more than one-eighth of the total population belongs to the former group. Muslims, who trace…

Adam’s Peak, mountain in southwestern Sri Lanka. It is 7,559 feet (2,304 metres) high and located 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Ratnapura, the capital of Sabaragamuwa province. It is well known for the Sri Pada (Sinhala for “Sacred Footprint”), a hollow that is 67 inches (170 cm) long and 18 inches

Nayanthara: Rise to stardom: …of the goddess Sita in Sri Rama Rajyam (2011; “The Kingdom of Lord Rama”). However, the film marked a period of turbulence in her personal life: she was subjected to tremendous public criticism for allegedly having had a relationship with married costar Prabhudeva, and she put her acting career on…

Srirangam: Its main feature, the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to the Hindu deity Ranganatha, is primarily Vaishnavite but is also holy to Shaivites. The temple is composed of seven rectangular enclosures, one within the other, the outermost having a perimeter more than 2 miles (3 km) in length. A remarkable…

Ramakrishna Mission: The Sri Sarada Math, begun in Calcutta in 1953, was made a completely separate organization in 1959, following the earlier wishes of Vivekananda; together with its sister organization, the Ramakrishna Sarada Mission, it operates a number of centres in different parts of India. Several Ramakrishna Mission…

Sri Vijaya Puram, city, capital of Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory, India, between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Built by the British in the late 18th century when India was under colonial rule, the city (which they named Port Blair) was occupied by the Japanese during World

Lha-mo, in Tibetan Buddhism, the only goddess among the “Eight Terrible Ones,” who are defenders of the faith. See

Shri-Nathaji, representation of the Hindu god Krishna. It is the major image of devotion for the Vallabhacharya (or Vallabha Sampradaya), a religious sect of India. The image is enshrined in the main temple of the sect at Nathdwara (Rajasthan state), where it is accorded an elaborate service of

Udasi: Srichand (1494–1612?), the elder son of Nanak (1469–1539), the first Guru and the founder of Sikhism. The authoritative text of the Udasi movement is the Matra (“Discipline”), a hymn of 78 verses attributed to Srichand. The Matra emphasizes the need for spiritual elevation, to be…

Pulicat Lake: The long and narrow Sriharikota Island, which separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, is the site of Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India’s satellite-launching facility. The only sea entrance into the lake is around the south end of the island, north of the town of Pulicat on the…

Śrīharsha was an Indian author and epic poet whose Naiadhīyacarita, or Naiadha, is among the most popular mahākāvyas in Sanskrit literature. The details of Śrīharsha’s life are uncertain. Reportedly, when Śrīharsha’s father, a poet in King Vijayacanra’s court in Kannauj, was disgraced in a poetry

Sylhet, city, northeastern Bangladesh. It lies along the right bank of the Surma River. The most important town in the Surma River valley, it is connected by road and rail with Comilla, Chhatak, and Habiganj, by road with the states of Assam and Meghalaya (both in India), and by air with Dhaka and

Srikakulam, city, northeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. The city lies on a low-lying plain along the Nagavali River, about 5 miles (8 km) from the Bay of Bengal. Srikakulam once served as the capital of a Muslim region that was known as the Northern Circārs (Northern Sarkārs). Of

Nanjangud: The Srikanteshwara, or Nanjundeshwara, Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, is an important landmark that attracts thousands of pilgrims annually. One of the biggest temple complexes in Karnataka, it is dotted with a large number of shrines to different deities. In the 17th and 18th…

South Asian arts: Bengali: …distinctively Bengali style is the Śrīkṛṣṇa-kīrtana (“Praise of the Lord Krishna”), a long padāvalī poem by Caṇḍīdās, which is dated to the early 15th century. In it the poet praises the virtues and celebrates the loves of Krishna, a theme that had remained popular in Bengal ever since its first…

Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Rise to national prominence: …write his magnum opus, the Śrīmad Bhagavadgitā Rahasya (“Secret of the Bhagavadgita”)—also known as Bhagavad Gita or Gita Rahasya—an original exposition of the most-sacred book of the Hindus. Tilak discarded the orthodox interpretation that the Bhagavadgita (a component of the Mahabharata epic poem) taught the ideal of renunciation; in his…

Srinagar, city, summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir union territory (Jammu is the winter capital), northern India, situated in the Kashmir region of the Indian subcontinent. The city lies along the banks of the Jhelum River at an elevation of 5,200 feet (1,600 metres) in the Vale of Kashmir.

South Asian arts: 14th–19th century: Śrīnātha was a 15th-century poet honoured in many courts for his scholarship, poetry, and polemics. He rendered Sanskrit poems and wrote Haravilāsam (Four Śaiva Tales); Krīḍābhirāmam, a charming, often vulgar account of social life in Warangal; and Palanāṭi Vīra Caritra, a popular ballad on a…

anthropology: Anthropology in Asia: …with locally grounded knowledge was M.N. Srinivas. He had studied with Ghurye in Bombay before seeking admission in 1945 for the D.Phil. in social anthropology at Oxford. At Oxford Srinivas first studied with A.R. Radcliffe-Brown and then completed his doctorate under the supervision of Edward Evans-Pritchard. Srinivas adapted the structural-functionalism…

sriracha, bright-red hot sauce of Thai origin made of chili peppers, vinegar, garlic, salt, and sugar that has become a popular condiment in the United States and elsewhere. Although sriracha is mainly used on food or as a dipping sauce, the condiment is occasionally added to drinks, such as a

India: Loss of central control: When Tirumala retired, his son Shriranga I (reigned 1572–85) tried to continue the process of rebuilding while struggling to maintain his place among the Muslim sultanates without any support from the major Telugu houses. An invasion by Bijapur was repulsed with the aid of Golconda, but subsequent invasions by Golconda…

India: Breakup of the empire: Venkata’s nephew and successor, Shriranga II, ruled for only four months. He was murdered, along with all but one of the members of his family, by one of the two contending parties of nobles. A long civil war resulted and finally degenerated into a series of smaller wars among…

Srirangam, former city, east-central Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India. It lies on an island at the division of the Kaveri (Cauvery) and Kollidam (Coleroon) rivers and is now incorporated administratively into the nearby city of Tiruchchirappalli. Srirangam is one of the most frequently visited

Shrirangapattana, town, south-central Karnataka state, southern India. It is situated at the western end of an island in the Kaveri (Cauvery) River, just north of Mysore. The town is named for its 12th-century temple dedicated to Shri Ranga (the Hindu god Vishnu). It was fortified in the 15th

Sisaket, town, eastern Thailand. Sisaket lies on the railway between Nakhon Ratchasima and Udon Thani. The surrounding area is one of Thailand’s poorest regions; rice and tobacco are the main products. The region borders Cambodia and has a substantial Khmer-speaking population. Pop. (2000)

Premchand was an Indian author of novels and short stories in Hindi and Urdu who pioneered in adapting Indian themes to Western literary styles. Premchand worked as a teacher until 1921, when he joined Mohandas K. Gandhi’s Noncooperation Movement. As a writer, he first gained renown for his

Srivijaya empire, maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and the 13th centuries, largely in what is now Indonesia. The kingdom originated in Palembang on the island of Sumatra and soon extended its influence and controlled the Strait of Malacca. Srivijaya’s power was based

Srivijaya empire, maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and the 13th centuries, largely in what is now Indonesia. The kingdom originated in Palembang on the island of Sumatra and soon extended its influence and controlled the Strait of Malacca. Srivijaya’s power was based

Hermann Oberth: …another location to work on solid-propellant antiaircraft rockets. He spent a year in Switzerland after the war as a rocket consultant, and in 1950 he moved to Italy, where he worked on solid-propellant antiaircraft rockets for the Italian navy. In the United States from 1955, he did advanced space research…

transfer RNA (tRNA), small molecule in cells that carries amino acids to organelles called ribosomes, where they are linked into proteins. In addition to tRNA there are two other major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). By 1960 the involvement of tRNAs in the assembly of

rules of engagement: …recognized rules of engagement are standing ROE (SROE), which refer to situations in which the U.S. is not actually at war and thus seeks to constrain military action, and wartime ROE (WROE), which do not limit military responses to offensive actions.

Srong-brtsan-sgam-po was a Tibetan king (crowned 629) who extended his dominion to include Nepal and parts of India and China and whose reign marked the beginning of recorded history in Tibet. He commissioned a court scholar to create the Tibetan written language using an Indo-European model for

Srong-brtsan-sgam-po was a Tibetan king (crowned 629) who extended his dominion to include Nepal and parts of India and China and whose reign marked the beginning of recorded history in Tibet. He commissioned a court scholar to create the Tibetan written language using an Indo-European model for

Cambodia: Tensions between the CPP and the opposition: …Funcinpec—as well as with the Sam Rainsy Party (SRP), another opposition party that had won nearly as many seats as Funcinpec in the elections—dragged into 2004, however, and were resolved only by midyear. In October 2004 Sihanouk resigned as king, and his youngest son, Norodom Sihamoni, succeeded him. Sihanouk continued…

fascism: Germany: …in July 1944, founded the Socialist Reich Party (Sozialistische Reichspartei; SRP), one of the earliest neofascist parties in Germany. Openly sympathetic to Nazism, the SRP made considerable gains in former Nazi strongholds, and in 1951 it won 11 percent of the vote in regional elections in Lower Saxony. The party…

cell: The rough endoplasmic reticulum: …RNA molecule known as the signal recognition particle (SRP). The SRP also binds to the ribosome to halt further formation of the protein. The membrane of the ER contains receptor sites that bind the SRP-ribosome complex to the RER membrane. Upon binding, translation resumes, with the SRP dissociating from the…

Bosnian War: Background: …however, made cooperation with the Serb Democratic Party, led by Radovan Karadžić, increasingly difficult.

Serbia: Independent Serbia: The newly formed Serbian Progressive Party (Srpska Napredna Stranka; SNS), which had split off from the Radicals in 2008, had by 2010 joined the DS in supporting Serbia’s accession to the EU. In March 2010 the Serbian parliament voted to condemn the 1995 Srebrenica massacre of Bosniaks (Bosnian…

fascism: Serbia: …the expense of Vojislav Seselj’s Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Radikalna Stranka; SRS), then the largest neofascist party in Serbia. Although the SPS had won 65 percent of the vote in elections to the Serbian assembly in 1990, deteriorating economic conditions and perceived threats to Serbian enclaves in Croatia and Bosnia…

Vuk Stefanović Karadžić: …1818 he first published his Srpski rječnik (“Serbian Lexicon”), a Serbian-German-Latin dictionary containing 26,270 words and many important sidelights on folklore. The second edition (1852), expanded to about 47,000 words, remains a classic. Though there was strong opposition to his reform from the church and from writers, the Serbian government…

metamaterial: …as metallic wire arrays and split-ring resonators (SRRs), proposed by English physicist John Pendry in the 1990s and now widely adopted. By adjusting the spacing and size of the elements in metallic wire arrays, a material’s electric permittivity (a measure of the tendency of the electric charge within the material…

fascism: Serbia: …the expense of Vojislav Seselj’s Serbian Radical Party (Srpska Radikalna Stranka; SRS), then the largest neofascist party in Serbia. Although the SPS had won 65 percent of the vote in elections to the Serbian assembly in 1990, deteriorating economic conditions and perceived threats to Serbian enclaves in Croatia and Bosnia…

Somalia: Constitutional framework: …one legal political party, the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, and various socialist-style mass organizations existed.

śruti, (Sanskrit: “heard”), in the music of India and Pakistan, the smallest tonal interval that can be perceived. The octave, in Indian theory, is divided into 22 śrutis. The division is not precisely equal, but these microtonal units may be compared to Western quarter tones, of which there are 24

Richard Boleslavsky was a motion-picture and stage director who introduced the Stanislavsky method of acting to the United States. He directed such popular American films of the 1930s as Rasputin and the Empress (1932), Les Misérables (1935), and Theodora Goes Wild (1936). Boleslavsky first acted

SS, the black-uniformed elite corps and self-described “political soldiers” of the Nazi Party. Founded by Adolf Hitler in April 1925 as a small personal bodyguard, the SS grew with the success of the Nazi movement and, gathering immense police and military powers, became virtually a state within a

U Geminorum star, any of a class of irregular variable stars that display sudden increases in brightness so great that they are sometimes called dwarf novae. Some have been observed to brighten by as much as 5 magnitudes (100 times) in a period of hours. The prototype star, U Geminorum, brightens

Edmund Fitzgerald, American freighter that sank during a storm on November 10, 1975, in Lake Superior, killing all 29 aboard. Its mysterious demise inspired Gordon Lightfoot’s hit song “The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald” (1976), which helped make it the most famous shipwreck in the Great Lakes. In

Giorgio Chinaglia: …a member (1969–76) of Rome’s SS Lazio. He helped the team to its first Serie A championship in the 1973–74 season while leading the league in goals scored. (Overall he scored 98 goals in 209 matches.)

MS St. Louis, German ocean liner that gained international attention in May–June 1939 when Cuba, the United States, and Canada denied entry to its more than 900 Jewish passengers, most of whom had fled Nazi Germany. Ultimately, several European countries took the refugees, though 255 of the

20th-century international relations: UN coalition and ultimatum: …neutral Israel, firing 39 Soviet-made Scud surface-to-surface missiles at Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. Most fell harmlessly, none contained the poison gas warheads Hussein had threatened to use, and after the first days many were destroyed in flight by American Patriot antimissile missiles. Furthermore, Hussein’s purpose in launching the Scuds at…

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: …German technology and developed the SS-10/SS-11 family of missiles. The SS-11 was adopted by the United States as an interim helicopter-fired antitank missile pending the development of the TOW (for tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided) missile. Because it was designed for greater range and hitting power, TOW was mounted primarily on…

rocket and missile system: Antitank and guided assault: The SS-11 was adopted by the United States as an interim helicopter-fired antitank missile pending the development of the TOW (for tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided) missile. Because it was designed for greater range and hitting power, TOW was mounted primarily on vehicles and, particularly, on attack…

rocket and missile system: From liquid to solid fuel: …Soviet solid-fueled ICBM was the SS-13 Savage, which became operational in 1969. This missile could carry a 750-kiloton warhead more than 5,000 miles. Because the Soviet Union deployed several other liquid-fueled ICBMs between 1962 and 1969, Western specialists speculated that the Soviets experienced engineering difficulties in producing solid propellants.

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …1,000 to 1,500 feet: the SS-17 Spanker, with four 750-kiloton warheads; the SS-18 Satan, with up to 10 500-kiloton warheads; and the SS-19 Stiletto, with six 550-kiloton warheads. Each of these Soviet systems had several versions that traded multiple warheads for higher yield. For instance, the SS-18, model 3, carried…

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …with four 750-kiloton warheads; the SS-18 Satan, with up to 10 500-kiloton warheads; and the SS-19 Stiletto, with six 550-kiloton warheads. Each of these Soviet systems had several versions that traded multiple warheads for higher yield. For instance, the SS-18, model 3, carried a single 20-megaton warhead. This giant missile,…

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …10 500-kiloton warheads; and the SS-19 Stiletto, with six 550-kiloton warheads. Each of these Soviet systems had several versions that traded multiple warheads for higher yield. For instance, the SS-18, model 3, carried a single 20-megaton warhead. This giant missile, which replaced the SS-9 in the latter’s silos, had about…

20th-century international relations: Renewal of arms control: …Soviet deployment of the new SS-20 theater ballistic missile in Europe. In 1979 the Carter administration had acceded to the request by NATO governments that the United States introduce 572 Pershing II and cruise missiles into Europe to balance the 900 SS-20s. The European antinuclear movement, however, now officially patronized…

Lance missile: …known to NATO as the SS-21 Scarab.

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …advance came with the solid-fueled SS-24 Scalpel and SS-25 Sickle ICBMs, deployed in 1987 and 1985, respectively. The SS-24 could carry eight or 10 MIRVed warheads of 100 kilotons, and the SS-25 was fitted with a single 550-kiloton RV. Both missiles had a CEP of 650 feet. In addition to…

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …the solid-fueled SS-24 Scalpel and SS-25 Sickle ICBMs, deployed in 1987 and 1985, respectively. The SS-24 could carry eight or 10 MIRVed warheads of 100 kilotons, and the SS-25 was fitted with a single 550-kiloton RV. Both missiles had a CEP of 650 feet. In addition to their accuracy, these…

rocket and missile system: The first ICBMs: …(later given the NATO designation SS-6 Sapwood) as well as the first man-made satellite, Sputnik. This prompted the “missile gap” debate in the United States and resulted in higher priorities for the U.S. Thor and Jupiter IRBMs. Although originally scheduled for deployment in the early 1960s, these programs were accelerated,…

rocket and missile system: Strategic missiles: …25-megaton warhead deployed on the SS-7 Saddler from 1961 to 1980 and a 25-megaton warhead on the SS-9 Scarp, deployed from 1967 to 1982. (For the development of nuclear weapons, see nuclear weapon.)

rocket and missile system: Strategic missiles: …a 25-megaton warhead on the SS-9 Scarp, deployed from 1967 to 1982. (For the development of nuclear weapons, see nuclear weapon.)

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: …such as Len Deighton’s thriller SS-GB (1978), about the grim role of Nazi occupiers in Britain, and Vladimir Nabokov’s involved and elegant Ada (1969). Alternate histories tend to cluster around particularly dramatic and colourful junctures of history, with World War II and the American Civil War as particular favourites. Some…

rocket and missile system: Antiship: The SS-N-12 Sandbox, introduced in the 1970s on the Kiev-class antisubmarine carriers, was apparently an improved Shaddock. The SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a small, vertically launched, flip-out wing supersonic missile with a range of about 390 miles, appeared in the 1980s.

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-surface systems: Subroc and the Soviet SS-N-15. These missiles break the ocean surface, streak through the air at supersonic speed for about 30 miles (50 km), and then release a nuclear depth bomb that drops back into the water and sinks to the level of the target before exploding.

rocket and missile system: Antiship: The SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a small, vertically launched, flip-out wing supersonic missile with a range of about 390 miles, appeared in the 1980s.

rocket and missile system: Antiship: Ship-based Soviet systems included the SS-N-2 Styx, a subsonic aerodynamic missile first deployed in 1959–60 with a range of 25 miles, and the SS-N-3 Shaddock, a much larger system resembling a swept-wing fighter aircraft with a range of 280 miles. The SS-N-12 Sandbox, introduced in the 1970s on the Kiev-class…

rocket and missile system: Antiship: …of 25 miles, and the SS-N-3 Shaddock, a much larger system resembling a swept-wing fighter aircraft with a range of 280 miles. The SS-N-12 Sandbox, introduced in the 1970s on the Kiev-class antisubmarine carriers, was apparently an improved Shaddock. The SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a small, vertically launched, flip-out wing supersonic missile…

rocket and missile system: The first SLBMs: …SLBM, the one- to two-megaton SS-N-4 Sark. This missile, deployed in 1958 aboard diesel-electric submarines and later aboard nuclear-powered vessels, had to be launched from the surface and had a range of only 350 miles. Partly in response to this deployment, the United States gave priority to its Polaris program,…

submarine: Attack submarines: Beginning in 1971, the SS-N-7 Starbright cruise missile, which could be launched underwater and could strike ships 35 nautical miles (65 km) away, was deployed in Soviet Charlie-class submarines. The SS-N-7 began a series of dive-launched antiship cruise missiles of increasing range, culminating in the SS-N-19 Shipwreck, a supersonic…

Vilnius: The contemporary city: …17th-century Baroque churches, notably the Church of SS. Peter and Paul. The cathedral dates originally from 1387, but in its present form from 1801. Around the old town are the newer sectors of the city, with a rectangular street plan, large apartment blocks, administrative buildings, and modern factories. The historic…

SpaceShipOne (SS1), the first private crewed space vehicle, which flew past the boundary of space (100,000 metres, or 328,000 feet) over the United States in 2004 in competition for the Ansari X Prize. Inspired by the Orteig Prize won by Charles Lindbergh for his solo flight across the Atlantic in

Burt Rutan: In 2009 Virgin Galactic unveiled SpaceShipTwo, a craft designed to make suborbital tourist flights beginning in 2012; however, that date was subsequently pushed back.

telephone: Out-of-band signaling: …America, CCITT-7 was implemented as Signaling System 7, or SS7.

Diego Maradona: …Cup in 1983) and then SSC Napoli (1984–91), where he enjoyed great success, raising the traditionally weak Naples side to the heights of Italian football. With Maradona the team won the league title and cup in 1987 and the league title again in 1990. Maradona’s stint with Napoli came to…

Somalia: Civil war: …of two opposition groups: the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF), drawing its main support from the Majeerteen clan of the Mudug region in central Somalia, and the Somali National Movement (SNM), based on the Isaaq clan of the northern regions. Formed in 1982, both organizations undertook guerrilla operations from bases…

statistics: Analysis of variance and goodness of fit: …commonly referred to as the error sum of squares. A key result in the analysis of variance is that SSR + SSE = SST.

Martyrs of Uganda: …religious instruction from the page Denis Ssebuggwawo, ordered that all the youths be arrested. Charles Lwanga, Mukasa’s successor, then secretly baptized those boys who had only been catechumens. The following day they were herded away to the village of Namugongo. Three of them—Pontian Ngondwe, a soldier, and the royal servants…

Tom Kilburn: The computer was called the Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or just “Baby.” It was the world’s first working stored-program computer, and the Williams tube became one of the two standard methods of storage used by computers worldwide until the advent of magnetic-core storage in the mid-1950s. By April 1949…

Bobi Wine is a Ugandan politician, performer, and activist who first garnered acclaim for his popular hits and socially conscious songs he called “edutainment”—the fusion of education and entertainment. He later became known for being a vocal critic of Ugandan Pres. Yoweri Museveni (1986– ) and his

Sihanoukville: Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone: …became the center of the Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone (SSEZ), a joint venture between the Cambodian and Chinese governments. After the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013, the SSEZ was showcased as a flagship BRI project, transforming the city from a sleepy beach town into an…

Sudan: The Addis Ababa Agreement: …and its political wing, the Southern Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM). Thereafter throughout 1971 the SSLM, representing General Lagu, maintained a dialogue with the Sudanese government over proposals for regional autonomy and the ending of hostilities. These talks culminated in the signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement on February 27, 1972.…

telecommunication: Code-division multiple access: …is sometimes referred to as spread-spectrum multiple access (SSMA), because the process of multiplying the signal by the code sequence causes the power of the transmitted signal to be spread over a larger bandwidth. Frequency management, a necessary feature of FDMA, is eliminated in CDMA. When another user wishes to…

Anṭūn Saʿādah: 16, 1932, Saʿādah founded the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, a secret society that grew from a few students to about 1,000 members by 1935. During the 1930s the party expanded into Syria, Transjordan, and Palestine. Saʿādah had created perhaps the first indigenous Arab youth organization. It stressed discipline, struggle, and…

Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), organization of students from predominantly white colleges and universities in the American South that promoted racial equality and other progressive causes during the American civil rights movement. Founded in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1964, the

measles: Treatment and complications: …central nervous system disease called subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), in which there is a gradual onset of progressive behavioral and intellectual deterioration. Motor incoordination and impairment of speech and sight subsequently develop. The final stages of stupor, dementia, blindness, and death occur within six to nine months. There is no…

Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), Roman Catholic priestly society founded in 1970 in Ecône, Switzerland, by Marcel Lefebvre, a conservative French archbishop who had dissented from the reforms of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65). Lefebvre was excommunicated in 1988 for consecrating new

statistics: Analysis of variance and goodness of fit: …is referred to as the residual sum of squares. For the data in Figure 4, SSE is the sum of the squared distances from each point in the scatter diagram (see Figure 4) to the estimated regression line: Σ(y − ŷ)2. SSE is also commonly referred to as the error…

antidepressant: SSRIs were introduced in the 1980s, and shortly thereafter they became some of the most commonly used antidepressants, primarily because they have fewer side effects than tricyclics or MAOIs. SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), and sertraline (Zoloft). SSRIs are also used in the treatment…

Euclidean geometry: Congruence of triangles: …are corresponding angle-side-angle (ASA) and side-side-side (SSS) theorems.

small body, any natural solar system object other than the Sun and the major planets and dwarf planets and their satellites (moons). The small bodies populate the solar system in vast numbers and include the mostly rocky asteroids, or minor planets, the predominantly icy comets, and the fragments

Staphylococcus aureus: Infections and transmission: …involving newborns or immunocompromised adults, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS; or Ritter disease) develops, causing the skin to turn red and blister, giving it a burned or scalded appearance. S. aureus skin infections are often associated with the transmission of bacteria from person to person. This occurs primarily through direct…

aerospace industry: Growth of the aircraft industry: …and risks in producing a supersonic transport (SST), the Concorde. The two countries were not alone in the race for a supersonic airliner. The Soviet Union built the delta-wing Tupolev Tu-144, which made its maiden flight in December 1968 and which in June 1969 was the first passenger jet to…