Indian cuisine: Cuisines across India: Street foods such as kachori and chaat are very popular, as well as sweets (called mithai) such as gulab jamun, petha, and rasmalai. Food of this region is typically richly spiced. Variations exist within northern India, from the desert regions of Rajasthan, which see heavy…

gang, a group of persons, usually youths, who share a common identity and who generally engage in criminal behaviour. In contrast to the criminal behaviour of other youths, the activities of gangs are characterized by some level of organization and continuity over time. There is no consensus on the

Wesley Ruggles: The sound era: …Ruggles directed his first all-talkie, Street Girl, a musical with Jack Oakie and Betty Compson. It was one of RKO’s first releases and a profitable one at that. Honey (1930) was a musical that had been a hit on Broadway; its high point was the “Sing You Sinners” number performed…

Gwendolyn Brooks: Early work and A Street in Bronzeville: Brooks’s first published collection, A Street in Bronzeville, reveals her talent for making the ordinary life of her neighbors extraordinary. Its title refers to the vibrant and storied Black neighborhood in Chicago where Brooks lived, and its poems feature everyday settings such as vacant lots, front and back yards,…

history of photography: Social documentation: A later effort, Street Life in London (1877), by Adolphe Smith and John Thomson, included facsimile reproductions of Thomson’s photographs and produced a much more persuasive picture of life among London’s working class. Thomson’s images were reproduced by Woodburytype, a process that resulted in exact, permanent prints but…

Giacomo Balla: The Street Light—Study of Light (1909), for example, is a dynamic depiction of light. Despite his unique taste in subject matter, in works such as this Balla conveys a sense of speed and urgency that puts his paintings in line with Futurism’s fascination with the…

pipeline: History: …to transmit natural gas to light their capital, Peking, as early as 400 bce.

skateboarding: The sport of street luge began with the use of longboards, ridden in a prone position down a steep hill. The street luge vehicles are still essentially skateboards but are up to 8.5 feet (2.6 meters) long and have supports for the head and feet. They can reach…

animation: Nontraditional forms: Their Street of Crocodiles (1986), obliquely based on the stories of Bruno Schulz, is a parable of obscure import in which a puppet is freed of his strings but remains enslaved by bizarre sexual impulses.

street photography, a genre of photography that records everyday life in a public place. The very publicness of the setting enables the photographer to take candid pictures of strangers, often without their knowledge. Street photographers do not necessarily have a social purpose in mind, but they

barrel piano, stringed musical instrument (chordophone) in which a simple pianoforte action is worked by a pinned barrel turned with a crank, rather than by a keyboard mechanism. It is associated primarily with street musicians and is believed to have been developed in London early in the 19th

brown rat, (Rattus norvegicus), species of rat found on every continent except Antarctica. The alternate name “Norway rat” came from a false hypothesis widely believed in 18th-century England that the rats were native to Norway. Research has confirmed, however, that the brown rat is native to Asia,

Street Scene, play in three acts by Elmer Rice, produced and published in 1929. The play is set in a New York City slum and offers a realistic portrayal of life in a tenement building. The story focuses particularly on the tragedy of one family, the Maurrants, which is destroyed when the husband

Marissa Mayer: …most locations on Earth; and Street View, a searchable database of street-level photographs.

William Keighley: …starring Shirley Temple, Keighley directed The Street with No Name (1948), a noir featuring Richard Widmark as a menacing gangster who is being hunted by the FBI. In 1950 he made Rocky Mountain, one of Flynn’s least memorable efforts, but Close to My Heart (1951) is an effective melodrama with…

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: In Street, Berlin (1907), the curvilinear rhythms of fashionable women on promenade accentuate the primitive sensuousness hidden beneath the panoply of fashion and propriety—a sensuousness rendered ominous by the savage, dark outlines of their figures and their masklike faces. His second version of Street, Berlin (1913)…

George Edmund Street was an English architect of the High Victorian period, noted for his many English churches in the Gothic Revival style. Street worked as an assistant to George Gilbert Scott in London for five years. He opened his own practice in 1849 and designed about 260 buildings during his

Fortune Theatre: …of the Fortune, Henslowe employed Peter Street, the same contractor who had built the Globe. What is known about the features of the Globe, therefore, is largely derived from Henslowe’s contract for the Fortune. These documents reveal that the Fortune had a circular, open yard, approximately 55 feet (17 metres)…

Picabo Street is an American Alpine skier who was one of the most successful downhill skiers of the 1990s. Street earned two World Cup downhill titles (1994–95 and 1995–96), and, noted for her natural talent and easygoing charm, she became one of the most popular figures of the sport, both in the

Balthus: In works such as The Street (1933), he presented ordinary moments of contemporary life on a grand scale and utilized traditional, Old Master painting techniques. Although his works were formally somewhat conservative, some raised controversy for their subject matter: the scenes often have an erotic, disturbing atmosphere and are…

Jennifer Connelly: …her first TV series since The $treet (2000–01). She returned to the big screen in 2022, starring with Tom Cruise in Top Gun: Maverick (2022), a sequel to the 1986 blockbuster.

The Street, naturalistic novel by Ann Petry, published in 1946, that was one of the first novels by an African American woman to receive widespread critical acclaim. Set in Long Island, New York, in suburban Connecticut, and in Harlem, The Street is the story of intelligent, ambitious Lutie

Bob Dylan: Dylan in the 1970s: …and released a studio album, Street-Legal, and a live album, Bob Dylan at Budokan. In a dramatic turnabout, he converted to Christianity in 1979 and for three years recorded and performed only religious material, preaching between songs at live shows. Critics and listeners were, once again, confounded. Nonetheless, Dylan received…

Street-Porter House, house in London that was designed by architect Piers Gough and completed in 1988. It is celebrated for its quirky details and postmodern design. In the 1980s, Janet Street-Porter, a television producer who started out as a student at the Architectural Association School of

Street-Porter House: In the 1980s, Janet Street-Porter, a television producer who started out as a student at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, commissioned the house from Gough, a friend from her student days. Gough went on to become a founding partner of CZWG, a practice that brought…

skateboarding: Street style features tricks performed in a real or simulated urban environment with stairs, rails, ledges, and other obstacles. Skateboarding has developed as a youth subculture that emphasizes creativity and individuality. It is an alternative to mainstream team sports, which are more formally organized and…

streetcar, vehicle that runs on track laid in the streets, operated usually in single units and usually driven by electric motor. Early streetcars were either horse-drawn or depended for power on storage batteries that were expensive and inefficient. In 1834 Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from

A Streetcar Named Desire, play in three acts by Tennessee Williams, first produced and published in 1947 and winner of the Pulitzer Prize for drama for that year. One of the most admired plays of its time, it concerns the mental and moral disintegration and ultimate ruin of Blanche DuBois, a former

A Streetcar Named Desire, American film drama, released in 1951, that made Marlon Brando a movie star and helped revolutionize acting in the mid-20th century. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Adapted by Tennessee Williams from his Broadway play, the sexually charged

Bess Genevra Streeter Aldrich was an American author whose prolific output of novels and short stories evoked the American Plains and the people who settled them. Bess Streeter graduated from Iowa State Teachers College (now the University of Northern Iowa) in 1901 and then taught school for five

Burnett Hillman Streeter was an English theologian and biblical scholar, noted for his original contributions to knowledge of Gospel origins. Educated at Queen’s College, University of Oxford, Streeter spent most of his life there, becoming chaplain in 1928 and provost in 1933. He was ordained in

Billy Joel: Piano Man to The Stranger: …Man and Joel’s subsequent albums—Streetlife Serenade (1974) and Turnstiles (1976)—earned praise from critics and set the stage for The Stranger (1977). Featuring four U.S. hit singles (one of which, “Just the Way You Are,” won Grammy Awards for song of the year and record of the year), it sold…

Australia: Visual arts: …own identity when Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Frederick McCubbin, and others in the so-called Heidelberg school (named for the town outside Melbourne where they often painted) began to depict uniquely Australian subject matter, usually the landscape, in their plein-air canvases. This focus on the Australian landscape continued into the early…

ballad: Occupational ballads: …with their proper work: “The Streets of Laredo,” for example, is known in lumberjack and soldier versions as well as the usual cowboy lament version, and the pirate ballad “The Flying Cloud” was much more popular in lumbermen’s shanties than in forecastles.

Bruce Springsteen: On his own: …eight years), the AIDS-related “Streets of Philadelphia,” from the film Philadelphia, for which he won both an Academy Award and a Grammy Award.

Michael Douglas: Early life and career: …on the popular television series The Streets of San Francisco (1972), costarring with veteran actor Karl Malden.

Taraji P. Henson: …made her big-screen debut in Streetwise, and her breakthrough movie roles came in John Singleton’s Baby Boy (2001), as the central character’s much-put-upon girlfriend, and Hustle & Flow (2005), as the pregnant prostitute Shug, opposite Terrence Howard, whom she later demanded be hired to play the role of Lucious Lyon,…

Tomie dePaola: … (2000), Strega Nona’s Gift (2011), Strega Nona Does It Again (2013), and Strega Nona and the Twins (2017). In 2000 26 Fairmount Avenue (1999) was named a Newbery Honor Book.

Nikolaus Lenau was an Austrian poet known for melancholy lyrical verse that mirrors the pessimism of his time as well as his personal despair. Severe depression and dissatisfaction characterized Lenau’s life. He began, but never completed, studies in law, medicine, and philosophy. A legacy in 1830

bow, in music, curved stick with tightly held fibres that produces sound by friction when drawn across the strings of a chordophone, such as a rebab, violin, or erhu. The most common material is rosined horsehair; some African bows used strips cut from rubber inner tubes, and the Korean ajaeng, a

Julius Streicher was a Nazi demagogue and politician who gained infamy as one of the most virulent advocates of the persecution of Jews during the 1930s. Streicher served in the German army during World War I and afterward taught elementary school in Nürnberg. He joined the Nazi Party in 1921,

Streisand effect, phenomenon in which an attempt to censor, hide, or otherwise draw attention away from something only serves to attract more attention to it. The name derives from American singer and actress Barbra Streisand’s lawsuit against a photographer in 2003, which drew attention to the

Barbra Streisand is an American singer, composer, actress, director, and producer who is considered by many to be the greatest popular singer of her generation. The first major female star to command roles as a Jewish actress, Streisand redefined female stardom in the 1960s and ’70s with her

Barbra Streisand is an American singer, composer, actress, director, and producer who is considered by many to be the greatest popular singer of her generation. The first major female star to command roles as a Jewish actress, Streisand redefined female stardom in the 1960s and ’70s with her

Arnold Zweig: …um den Sergeanten Grischa (1927; The Case of Sergeant Grischa).

Wilhelm Streitberg was a German historical linguist who, with Karl Brugmann, founded (1891) and edited Indogermanische Forschungen (“Indo-European Researches”), an influential journal in the field of Indo-European linguistic studies. Much of Streitberg’s scholarly work concerns comparative and

Hegelianism: Period of controversies chiefly in religion: 1831–39: …which he replied in his Streitschriften (1837–38; “Controversial Writings”), proposing the image of a Hegelian school split, like the French Parliament, into a right (Göschel, and several others), a centre (Rosenkranz), and a left (Strauss himself). There were responses from the right and centre and from Bruno Bauer, a philosopher,…

Gennady Mikhailovich Strekalov was a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut who flew five times in space over a period of 15 years and who participated in the first joint Russian-American flight to the Mir space station. From 1957 Strekalov was a mechanic at the OKB-1 design organization (now known as RKK

streltsy, (Russian: “musketeer”), Russian military corps established in the middle of the 16th century that formed the bulk of the Russian army for about 100 years, provided the tsar’s bodyguard, and, at the end of the 17th century, exercised considerable political influence. Originally composed of

Strelitziaceae: Genera and species: The southern African genus Strelitzia comprises five species, some of which resemble palm trees or banana plants. The bird-of-paradise flower (S. reginae), the white bird-of-paradise (S. alba), and the giant white bird-of-paradise (S. nicolai) are cultivated to various degrees for their unusual flowers and attractive foliage. Mountain strelitzia

bird-of-paradise flower: Other species: White bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia alba) and giant bird-of-paradise (S. nicolai) both feature white- to cream-coloured flowers and are sometimes cultivated.

Strelitziaceae: Genera and species: Mountain strelitzia (S. caudata), which grows to more than 5 metres (16 feet) in height, has banana-like fruit and resembles the traveler’s tree. The rush-leaved strelitzia, or narrow-leaved bird-of-paradise, (S. juncea) has long needlelike leaves and is somewhat frost resistant.

Strelitziaceae: Genera and species: The rush-leaved strelitzia, or narrow-leaved bird-of-paradise, (S. juncea) has long needlelike leaves and is somewhat frost resistant.

bird-of-paradise flower: Other species: White bird-of-paradise (Strelitzia alba) and giant bird-of-paradise (S. nicolai) both feature white- to cream-coloured flowers and are sometimes cultivated.

bird-of-paradise flower, (Strelitzia reginae), ornamental plant of the family Strelitziaceae native to South Africa. The plant is grown outdoors in warm climates and as a houseplant for its attractive foliage and unusual flowers. It is named for its resemblance to the showy forest birds known as

Strelitziaceae, family of flowering plants in the ginger order (Zingiberales), comprising three genera and seven species in tropical to subtropical regions. Several are cultivated as ornamentals in warm climates. The plants range in size from perennial herbs to trees. Members of the family are

Salvatore Viganò: In Gli strelizzi (1809) and subsequent ballets, he further developed Noverre’s dance-drama approach by combining conventional dance patterns with pantomime, whereas Noverre had stopped at the alternation of such sequences. Among Viganò’s more than 40 ballets were Die Geschöpfe des Prometheus (1801; The Creatures of Prometheus),…

St. Petersburg: Vasilyevsky Island: …architectural complex known as the Strelka (“Pointer”), facing the bifurcation of the Neva. Behind the two great Rostral Columns, decorated by carved ships’ prows, and across Pushkin Square, the point rises majestically to the former Exchange building (Thomas de Thomon, 1805–10), the city’s finest example of early 19th-century style and…

Peterhof: …Peterhof and the village of Strelna, but this division was not formally recognized by the Russian government until 2009.

streltsy, (Russian: “musketeer”), Russian military corps established in the middle of the 16th century that formed the bulk of the Russian army for about 100 years, provided the tsar’s bodyguard, and, at the end of the 17th century, exercised considerable political influence. Originally composed of

Ukraine: Theatre and motion pictures: …those directors are Taras Tomenko, Ihor Strembytsky, and Maryna Vroda. The Ukrainian motion picture industry is centred in Kyiv and Odessa.

strengite, phosphate mineral similar to variscite (q.v.) with the chemical formula

human development: Increase in body size: …leads to an increase in strength. Before adolescence, boys and girls are similar in strength for a given body size and shape; after, boys have much greater strength, probably due to development of more force per gram of muscle as well as to absolutely larger muscles. They also develop larger…

materials testing: Radiation: Tensile and yield strength of a type of carbon-silicon steel increase with exposure to neutron radiation, although elongation, reduction in area, and probably fracture toughness apparently decrease with exposure. Certain wood/polymeric composite materials are even prepared by a process that employs radiation. The wood is first impregnated…

Béla Fleck: Solo debut and success: …with the all-star acoustic group Strength in Numbers. By this time Fleck’s technical proficiency on the banjo and his adventurous musical experimentation had earned him an international following.

Mary J. Blige: Music career: The critically acclaimed Strength of a Woman (2017) was inspired by Blige’s acrimonious breakup with her husband and manager, Kendu Isaacs. Blige’s 14th studio album, Good Morning Gorgeous, appeared in 2022. Shortly thereafter she was among a group of hip-hop stars—which included Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, and Eminem—who…

strength of materials, Engineering discipline concerned with the ability of a material to resist mechanical forces when in use. A material’s strength in a given application depends on many factors, including its resistance to deformation and cracking, and it often depends on the shape of the member

powerlifting, an offshoot of Olympic weightlifting and weight training that emphasizes sheer strength more than technique, flexibility, and speed. Powerlifting (formerly called odd lifts or strength sets) was developed primarily in the United States and England by weightlifters who felt that

scarlet fever: …to streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly called strep throat, and is frequently referred to as “strep throat with a rash.” The major difference between the two illnesses is that the scarlet fever bacterium gives rise to an antigen called the erythrogenic (“redness-producing”) toxin, which is responsible for the characteristic rash.

currawong, any of several songbirds of the Australian family Cracticidae (order Passeriformes). They are large, up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) long, with black, gray, or black-and-white plumage and yellow eyes. All have resounding, metallic voices. Found in woodlands and occasionally flocking

chillawong, bird, a type of currawong

Giuseppe Verdi: The early middle years of Giuseppe Verdi: …who created Abigaille in Nabucco, Giuseppina Strepponi, who also had helped Verdi as early as 1839 with Oberto, ultimately became his second wife. Her love, support, and practical assistance on behalf of Verdi, over half a century, was boundless, though he was not an easy husband.

strepsipteran, (order Strepsiptera), any of about 600 species of small insects that are notable for their bizarre form of parasitism. Strepsipterans are parasitic in planthoppers, leafhoppers, treehoppers, froghoppers, bees, and other insects. Mature females are usually wingless and saclike,

strepsipteran, (order Strepsiptera), any of about 600 species of small insects that are notable for their bizarre form of parasitism. Strepsipterans are parasitic in planthoppers, leafhoppers, treehoppers, froghoppers, bees, and other insects. Mature females are usually wingless and saclike,

lemur, (suborder Strepsirrhini), generally, any primitive primate except the tarsier; more specifically, any of the indigenous primates of Madagascar. In the broad sense, the term lemur applies not only to the typical lemurs (family Lemuridae) but also to the avahis, sifakas, indri, and aye-aye of

gastropod: Classification: Superfamilies Streptaxacea and Rhytidacea Carnivorous snails and slugs (4 families) in most tropical areas, plus the herbivorous Acavidae of Australia, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar. Superfamily Bulimulacea Large, often arboreal snails of Melanesia and Neotropica (Bulimulidae); long, cylindrical snails of

Streptelasma, extinct genus of corals, existing as single animals rather than colonial forms and found as fossils in marine rocks of Ordovician to Devonian age (488 million to 359 million years old). Each horn-shaped specimen represents a single individual. The hard, and thus preserved, parts of

streptobacillary rat-bite fever, acute infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated with waste products of infected rodents. In the latter case, the illness may be referred to by

streptobacillary rat-bite fever: …infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of food or water that has been contaminated with waste products of infected rodents. In the latter case, the illness may be referred to by its alternate name, Haverhill fever. Streptobacillary rat-bite fever…

scarlet fever: …to streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly called strep throat, and is frequently referred to as “strep throat with a rash.” The major difference between the two illnesses is that the scarlet fever bacterium gives rise to an antigen called the erythrogenic (“redness-producing”) toxin, which is responsible for the characteristic rash.

pneumonia: Bacterial pneumonia: Streptococcal pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the single most common form of pneumonia, especially in hospitalized patients. The bacteria may live in the bodies of healthy persons and cause disease only after resistance has been lowered by other illness or infection. Viral infections such…

streptococcus, (genus Streptococcus), group of spheroidal bacteria belonging to the family Streptococcaceae. The term streptococcus (“twisted berry”) refers to the bacteria’s characteristic grouping in chains that resemble a string of beads. Streptococci are microbiologically characterized as

streptococcus: ” Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B streptococcus bacteria, can cause infections of the bladder and uterus in pregnant women; in newborn infants infection with the bacterium may result in sepsis (blood poisoning), meningitis (inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord), or pneumonia.

streptococcus: lactis and S. cremoris are used in commercial starters for the production of butter, cultured buttermilk, and certain cheeses.

strangles: >Streptococcus equi, a bacterium that invades nasal and throat passages and forms abscesses in lymph nodes and other parts of the body. It is also called distemper of horses. Young horses are most susceptible to it, and outbreaks of the disease usually occur where a…

streptococcus: Among the lactic species, S. lactis and S. cremoris are used in commercial starters for the production of butter, cultured buttermilk, and certain cheeses.

streptococcus: S. mutans, belonging to the viridans species, inhabits the mouth and contributes to tooth decay. Among the lactic species, S. lactis and S. cremoris are used in commercial starters for the production of butter, cultured buttermilk, and certain cheeses.

beekeeping: Diseases: …caused by a nonsporeforming bacterium, Streptococcus pluton, but Bacillus alvie and Acromobacter eurydice are often associated with Streptococcus pluton. This disease is similar in appearance to American foulbrood. In some instances it severely affects the colonies, but they recover so that colony destruction is not necessary. Terramycin can control the…

pneumococcus, (Streptococcus pneumoniae), spheroidal bacterium in the family Streptococcaceae that is responsible for various illnesses in humans, including pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media, and meningitis. It is microbiologically characterized as a gram-positive coccus, 0.5 to 1.25 μm

streptococcus: Streptococcus pyogenes, often referred to as group A streptococcus bacteria, can cause rheumatic fever, impetigo, scarlet fever, puerperal fever, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, strep throat, tonsillitis, and other upper respiratory infections. Necrotizing

bacteria: Bacteria in food: the mixture of Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Propionibacterium shermanii is responsible for the ripening of Swiss cheese and the production of its characteristic taste and large gas bubbles. In addition, Brevibacterium linens is responsible for the flavor of Limburger cheese, and molds (Penicillium

human disease: Infectious agents: Streptococcus viridans bacteria, for example, are found in the throats of more than 90 percent of healthy persons. In this area they are not considered pathogenic. The same organism cultured from the bloodstream, however, is highly pathogenic and usually indicates the presence of the disease…

fibrinolytic drug: One fibrinolytic drug is streptokinase, which is produced from streptococcal bacteria. When administered systemically, streptokinase lyses acute deep-vein, pulmonary, and arterial thrombi; however, the drug is less effective in treating chronic occlusions (blockages). When administered intravenously soon after a coronary occlusion has formed, streptokinase is effective in reestablishing the…

Streptomyces, genus of filamentous bacteria of the family Streptomycetaceae (order Actinomycetales) that includes more than 500 species occurring in soil and water. Many species are important in the decomposition of organic matter in soil, contributing in part to the earthy odour of soil and

streptomycin: … synthesized by the soil organism Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin was discovered by American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie in 1943. The drug acts by interfering with the ability of a microorganism to synthesize certain vital proteins. It was the first antimicrobial agent developed after penicillin and the first…

antibiotic: Antituberculosis antibiotics: Cycloserine, an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces orchidaceus, is also used in the treatment of tuberculosis. A structural analog of the amino acid d-alanine, it interferes with enzymes necessary for incorporation of d-alanine into the bacterial cell wall. It is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and penetrates most tissues quite…

scab: …caused by a bacteria (Streptomyces scabies and related species) that spreads rapidly in dry alkaline soils. It can be prevented by avoiding the use of materials such as wood ash, fresh manure, and lime that will add alkalinity to the soil. Other disease-prevention methods include planting resistant varieties or…

chloramphenicol: metabolism of the soil bacterium Streptomyces venezuelae (order Actinomycetales) and subsequently was synthesized chemically. It achieves its antibacterial effect by interfering with protein synthesis in these microorganisms. It is seldom used today, however, because of its potential toxicity and the availability of safer drugs.

streptomycin, antibiotic synthesized by the soil organism Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin was discovered by American biochemists Selman Waksman, Albert Schatz, and Elizabeth Bugie in 1943. The drug acts by interfering with the ability of a microorganism to synthesize certain vital proteins. It

turtledove: decaocto) and ring-necked doves (S. capicola). These slim-bodied, fast-flying gamebirds are found throughout the temperate and tropical Old World. The ringed turtledove, or ringdove, is a domestic variant of S. turtur that now has feral New World populations in California and Florida; it is sometimes given species…