Norwegian literature: The 20th century: …new ideas in the periodical Samtiden (“The Present Age”): “Fra det ubevidste sjæleliv” (“From the Unconscious Life of the Mind”). Hamsun was impatient with contemporary emphasis on social problems, and his early novels—such as Sult (1890; Hunger)—exemplified these ideas. (His later novels were less extreme, and he won the Nobel…

Four Noble Truths: …the origin (Pali and Sanskrit: samudaya) or cause of suffering, which the Buddha associated with craving or attachment in his first sermon. In other Buddhist texts the causes of suffering are understood as stemming from negative actions (e.g., killing, stealing, and lying) and the negative mental states that motivate negative…

Samudra Gupta was a regional emperor of India from about 330 to 380 ce. He generally is considered the epitome of an “ideal king” of the “golden age of Hindu history,” as the period of the imperial Guptas (320–510 ce) has often been called. The son of King Chandra Gupta I and the Licchavi princess

2002 Bali Bombings: …of the Bali terrorist operation, Imam Samudra, was arrested in November 2002 and sentenced to death a year later. He confessed his involvement in the attacks and claimed that it was his Muslim duty to fight infidels. In December 2002 Ali Ghufron (also known as Mukhlas) was arrested in Java.…

Indonesia: Muslim kingdoms of northern Sumatra: …existed by that time at Samudra-Pasai and Perlak. A royal tomb at Samudra-Pasai, dating to 1297, is inscribed entirely in Arabic. By the 15th century the beachheads of Islam in Indonesia had multiplied with the emergence of several harbour kingdoms, ruled by local Muslim princes, on the north coast of…

Samuel was the tsar (997–1014) of the first Bulgarian empire. Samuel began his effective rule in the 980s in what is now western Bulgaria and Macedonia. (See Researcher’s Note: Macedonia: a contested name.) He then conquered Serbia and further extended his power into northern Bulgaria, Albania, and

Samuel was a religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his day—seer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel.

Hungary: The early kings: Samuel Aba, the “national” king, who had taken Peter’s place, was murdered; however, Peter himself was killed in a pagan rebellion in 1046. He was followed on the throne by Andrew (Endre) I, of a collateral branch of the house of Árpád, who was killed…

Judaism: Babylonia (200–650): …Arika (known as Rav) and Samuel bar Abba, began to propagate the Mishna and related tannaitic literature as normative standards. As heads of the academies at Sura and Nehardea, respectively, Rav and Samuel cultivated a native Babylonian rabbinate, which increasingly provided the manpower for local Jewish courts and other communal…

Samuel ha-Nagid was a Talmudic scholar, grammarian, philologist, poet, warrior, and statesman who for two decades was the power behind the throne of the caliphate of Granada. As a youth Samuel received a thorough education in all branches of Jewish and Islāmic knowledge and mastered Arabic

W. Jackson Bate: Samuel Johnson (1977), a colourful account of Johnson’s personality and a vivid portrayal of the times in which he lived, won the acclaim of scholars and critics and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award on 1978.

Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel was a British statesman and philosopher, one of the first Jewish members of the British cabinet (as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 1909–10). He was perhaps most important as the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920–25), carrying out

Samuel of Nehardea was a Babylonian amora (scholar), head of the important Jewish academy at Nehardea. His teachings, along with those of Rav (Abba Arika, head of the academy at Sura), figure prominently in the Babylonian Talmud. What is known about Samuel’s life is a combination of speculation and

Judah ben Samuel: He was the son of Samuel the Ḥasid, also a mystic, and belonged to the eminent Kalonymos family, which provided medieval Germany with many of her mystics and spiritual leaders. It is known that in about 1195, possibly because of German persecution, he left Speyer for Regensburg, where he founded…

books of Samuel, two Old Testament books that, along with Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 and 2 Kings, belong to the tradition of Deuteronomic history first committed to writing about 550 bc, during the Babylonian Exile. The two books, which were originally one, are principally concerned with

Herbert Louis Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel was a British statesman and philosopher, one of the first Jewish members of the British cabinet (as chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster, 1909–10). He was perhaps most important as the first British high commissioner for Palestine (1920–25), carrying out

Seal is a British singer known for his rich original blend of Motown, British glam rock, and Chicago house music, which earned him critical and popular acclaim, multiple Grammy Awards, and millions of dollars in sales. Seal’s dense rhythms and soulful melodies have been compared to those of such

Royal Dutch Shell PLC: In 1878 in London, Marcus Samuel (1853–1927) took over his father’s import-export business (which included the import of Oriental shells—hence the later name) and started a sideline of handling consignments of kerosene. In 1892 he began operating tankers sailing to the Far East and set up oil depots and…

Megadeth: Formation and debut album: …guitarist Chris Poland and drummer Gar Samuelson, two musicians from Dunkirk, New York. Megadeth quickly forged a sonically aggressive combination of intricate dual-guitar work and fast-thudding bass and drums with Mustaine growling angry lyrics laced with dark humor. In 1985 the band recorded its debut album, Killing Is My Business…and…

Paul Samuelson was an American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1970 for his fundamental contributions to nearly all branches of economic theory. Samuelson was educated at the University of Chicago (B.A., 1935) and at Harvard University (Ph.D., 1941). He became a

Paul Samuelson was an American economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences in 1970 for his fundamental contributions to nearly all branches of economic theory. Samuelson was educated at the University of Chicago (B.A., 1935) and at Harvard University (Ph.D., 1941). He became a

waterskiing: Ralph Samuelson, considered the “father” of the sport, was first to water-ski in 1922 at Lake Pepin, Minn. Fred Waller of Long Island, N.Y., received the first patent (1925) on a design for water skis.

Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson was a Swedish biochemist who was a corecipient, with fellow Swede Sune K. Bergström and Englishman John Robert Vane of the 1982 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The three scientists were honored for their isolation, identification, and analysis of numerous

Marcus Samuelsson is an Ethiopian-born chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality. In 1995, as executive chef of Aquavit, a Scandinavian restaurant in New York City, Samuelsson, at age 24, became the youngest chef to earn a three-star rating from The New York Times. He has won many

Battle of Samugarh, (May 29, 1658), decisive struggle in a contest for the throne between the sons of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān after the emperor’s serious illness in September 1657. The battle was fought between the princes Aurangzeb and Murād Bakhsh, third and fourth sons of the emperor, on

simoom, extremely hot and dry local wind in Arabia and the Sahara. Its temperature often reaches 55 °C (about 130 °F), and the humidity of the air sometimes falls below 10 percent. It is caused by intensive ground heating under a cloudless sky. Simoom is an Arabic word that means “poison wind.” It

Caspian Sea: Shoreline features: The Sulak, Samur, Kura, and a number of smaller rivers flow in on the western shore of the middle and southern Caspian, contributing about 7 percent of the total flow into the sea. The remainder comes in from the rivers of the southern, Iranian shore. Apart from…

Endō Shūsaku: Other fiction: … and the novel Samurai (1980; The Samurai)—a fascinating account of a samurai’s journey on behalf of his shogun to open trade with Mexico, Spain, and Rome—are considered Endō’s best writing, showing the complexities of the interactions between cultures as well as presenting a supple and well-told narrative.

samurai, member of the Japanese warrior caste. The term samurai was originally used to denote the aristocratic warriors (bushi), but it came to apply to all the members of the warrior class that rose to power in the 12th century and dominated the Japanese government until the Meiji Restoration in

Mike Singletary is an American gridiron football player and coach who was the middle linebacker for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL) from 1981 to 1992. The remarkably durable Singletary played nearly every down and missed only two games in his 12-year career. Singletary’s

Endō Shūsaku: Other fiction: … and the novel Samurai (1980; The Samurai)—a fascinating account of a samurai’s journey on behalf of his shogun to open trade with Mexico, Spain, and Rome—are considered Endō’s best writing, showing the complexities of the interactions between cultures as well as presenting a supple and well-told narrative.

Japan: Muromachi government structure: The Samurai-dokoro, besides handling legal judgments, was entrusted with the control of the capital. Leading officials called shoshi who held the additional post of shugo of Yamashiro province (now in Kyōto urban prefecture) were next in importance to the kanrei. New offices were established to streamline…

Samut Prakan, town, south-central Thailand, on the Gulf of Thailand. Samut Prakan (sometimes called Paknam) lies at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River and serves as a lower port of Bangkok, 12 miles (19 km) north, with which it is linked by road and railway. The adjacent gulf coastline is marshy

Samut Sakhon, town, south-central Thailand. The fishing port of Samut Sakhon is located on the Gulf of Thailand at the mouth of the Tha Chin River. It is a rice-milling centre and is linked to nearby Bangkok by road, railway, and canal. The town is also called Tha Chin, or Tachin. Fishing, salt

Samut Sakhon, town, south-central Thailand. The fishing port of Samut Sakhon is located on the Gulf of Thailand at the mouth of the Tha Chin River. It is a rice-milling centre and is linked to nearby Bangkok by road, railway, and canal. The town is also called Tha Chin, or Tachin. Fishing, salt

Samut Sakhon, town, south-central Thailand. The fishing port of Samut Sakhon is located on the Gulf of Thailand at the mouth of the Tha Chin River. It is a rice-milling centre and is linked to nearby Bangkok by road, railway, and canal. The town is also called Tha Chin, or Tachin. Fishing, salt

Samut Songkhram, town, south-central Thailand. It lies along the Gulf of Thailand southwest of Bangkok. The town is a fishing port on the northwestern coast of the Gulf of Thailand at the mouth of the Mae Klong River. It is also a collecting point for coconuts and rice. Locally known as Mae Klong,

Samut Prakan, town, south-central Thailand, on the Gulf of Thailand. Samut Prakan (sometimes called Paknam) lies at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River and serves as a lower port of Bangkok, 12 miles (19 km) north, with which it is linked by road and railway. The adjacent gulf coastline is marshy

South Asian arts: Qualities of the scales: …term sonant, meaning “having sound”; samvadi, comparable to the Western consonant (concordant; reposeful); vivadi, comparable to dissonant (discordant; lacking repose); and anuvadi, comparable to assonant (neither consonant nor dissonant). As in the ancient Greek Pythagorean system, which influenced Western music, only

nirjara: …of new karman is called samvara. This is accomplished by observing moral vows (vratas); controlling body, speech, and mind; taking care in walking and handling things; developing moral virtues; and patiently enduring pain and trouble.

Saṃvara, in northern Buddhism, a fierce protective deity. Like Heruka and Hevajra, he is an emanation of the Buddha Akṣobhya and wears a figure of that god in his headdress. Saṃvara is widely worshiped as a yi-dam (tutelary, or guardian, deity) in Tibet and China and is said to be incarnated in

saṃvṛti-satya, (Sanskrit: “the empirical truth”), in Buddhist thought, the truth based on the common understanding of ordinary people. It refers to the empirical reality usually accepted in everyday life and can be admitted for practical purposes of communication. It is distinct from the ultimate

saṃvṛti-satya, (Sanskrit: “the empirical truth”), in Buddhist thought, the truth based on the common understanding of ordinary people. It refers to the empirical reality usually accepted in everyday life and can be admitted for practical purposes of communication. It is distinct from the ultimate

Cat Stevens: Breakthrough albums: …Hurst and signed with producer Paul Samwell-Smith, former bassist of the Yardbirds, at Island Records. Working with Samwell-Smith, Stevens had the freedom to record his music the way he desired. Samwell-Smith also introduced Stevens to guitarist Alun Davies, who helped him record new music. Davies and Stevens developed a long-lasting…

Samye Debate, in Tibetan Buddhism, a two-year debate (c. 792–794 ce) between Indian and Chinese Buddhist teachers held at Samye, the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet. The debate centred on the question of whether enlightenment (bodhi) is attained gradually through activity or suddenly and without

Sutta Pitaka: Samyutta Nikaya (“Cluster Collection”; Sanskrit Samyuktagama), a total of 7,762 individual suttas, some quite brief, arranged more or less by subject matter into 56 samyuttas, or “clusters.” The best known of these is the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (“Discourse on the Turning of the Wheel of the Law”),…

Sutta Pitaka: Samyutta Nikaya (“Cluster Collection”; Sanskrit Samyuktagama), a total of 7,762 individual suttas, some quite brief, arranged more or less by subject matter into 56 samyuttas, or “clusters.” The best known of these is the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (“Discourse on the Turning of the Wheel of the Law”),…

San, an indigenous people of southern Africa, related to the Khoekhoe (Khoikhoi). They live chiefly in Botswana, Namibia, and southeastern Angola. Bushmen is an Anglicization of boesman, the Dutch and Afrikaner name for them; saan (plural) or saa (singular) is the Nama word for “bush dweller(s),”

styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), a rigid, transparent plastic produced by the copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile. SAN combines the clarity and rigidity of polystyrene with the hardness, strength, and heat and solvent resistance of polyacrylonitrile. It was introduced in the 1950s

Southeast Asian arts: The Philippines: …and painting was executed, only San Agustin (1599–1614), in Manila, still stood in the 21st century. It was designed by Fray Antonio de Herrera, son or nephew of the great Spanish architect Juan de Herrera. During the 19th century the Neo-Gothic style was imported, mainly through the Philippine architect Felipe…

Talca, city, central Chile. It lies in the Central Valley near the Maule River. Founded in 1692 by Tomás Marín de Poveda, it was destroyed by earthquakes in 1742 and 1928 and was completely rebuilt. It is now a major urban centre midway between Santiago, 160 miles (260 km) to the north-northeast,

Arequipa: …city’s educational centres are the National University of San Agustín (1828) and the Catholic University of Santa María (1961). The historic city centre, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2000, was damaged by a powerful earthquake the following year. On August 15, Arequipa annually celebrates the anniversary…

Tanis, ancient city in the Nile River delta, capital of the 14th nome (province) of Lower Egypt and, at one time, of the whole country. The city was important as one of the nearest ports to the Asiatic seaboard. With the decline of Egypt’s Asiatic empire in the late 20th dynasty, the capital was

crypt: …in the 10th-century crypt of S. Ambrogio at Milan. With the increased desire for richness in all parts of the church, the general plan became more complex. The choir floor, for example, was raised, thereby opening the front of the crypt to the nave, which then was on an intermediate…

Linares, city, central Chile. It lies inland, 60 miles (100 km) from the Pacific coast, in the fertile Central Valley. Founded in 1755 as San Javier de Bella Isla, it was renamed San Ambrosio de Linares in 1794, and its present name became official in 1875. The city is a commercial and agricultural

Andrea Mantegna: Years as court painter in Mantua: …chapel in the church of S. Andrea at Mantua was dedicated to Mantegna’s memory. Decorated with frescoes, including a dome painted (possibly by Correggio) with paradise symbols related to Mantegna’s Madonna of the Victory, it was finished in 1516. No other 15th-century artist was dignified by having a funerary chapel…

pediment: …can be seen on the Church of San Andrea al Quirinale (Rome, 1658–70) by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

Amalfi: …town is dominated by the Cathedral of Sant’Andrea (begun in the 9th century, often restored), which has magnificent bronze doors, executed at Constantinople about 1065, and a campanile (1180–1276). Also notable are the Chiostro del Paradiso (cloister; 1266–68), adjacent to the cathedral; high on a cliff is the former Capuchin…

Dwayne Johnson: Acting: …earthquake in the action film San Andreas (2015), and in 2016 he starred opposite comedian Kevin Hart in the buddy comedy Central Intelligence.

San Andreas Fault, major fracture of the Earth’s crust in extreme western North America. The fault trends northwestward for more than 800 miles (1,300 km) from the northern end of the Gulf of California through western California, U.S., passing seaward into the Pacific Ocean in the vicinity of San

Zapatista National Liberation Army: The rebellion: …what became known as the San Andrés Accords, which outlined a program of land reform, indigenous autonomy, and cultural rights. In December of that year, however, Zedillo rejected the accords.

San Andres Mountains, segment of the southern Rocky Mountains, extending southward parallel to the Rio Grande for 150 miles (241 km), through Socorro, Sierra, and Doña Ana counties in southern New Mexico, U.S. Spanish missionaries named the mountains for Saint Andrew, the disciple of Jesus. Salinas

San Andrés Tuxtla, city, southeastern Veracruz estado (state), south-central Mexico. It lies on the slopes of San Martín Tuxtla volcano, along the Tuxtla River at an elevation of 1,181 feet (360 metres) above sea level. The town was founded by Ixtlecos Indians in 1664, after an eruption of the

San Andrés y Providencia, island departamento, Colombia, consisting of the Andrés and Providencia islands and several small keys in the Caribbean Sea, 440 miles (710 km) northwest of Cartagena, Colom., and 110 miles (180 km) off the coast of Nicaragua. Three of the keys are also claimed by the

La Paz: …is the site of the University of San Andrés (1830) and Bolivian Catholic University (1966). The National Museum of Art, a children’s museum, the Museum of Ethnography and Folklore, the National Museum of Archaeology, and the Mercado de Brujas (“Witches’ Market”), where herbs and other remedies used by the Aymara…

San Angelo, city, seat (1875) of Tom Green county, west-central Texas, U.S. It lies about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Abilene. Founded in 1869 near Fort Concho (now a museum) at the confluence of the North, South, and Middle Concho rivers, it was first known as Over-the-River but was renamed

Angelo State University, public, coeducational institution of higher education located in San Angelo, Texas, U.S. Angelo State is a regional university serving western Texas. It offers bachelor’s degrees through the school of education and colleges of liberal and fine arts, business and

San Antonio, city, seat (1837) of Bexar county, south-central Texas, U.S. It is situated at the headwaters of the San Antonio River on the Balcones Escarpment, about 80 miles (130 km) southwest of Austin. The second most-populous city in Texas, it is the focus of a metropolitan area that includes

Valparaíso: The port of San Antonio, south of Valparaíso city, exports copper brought by railroad from the large mine at El Teniente, near Rancagua in O’Higgins region. Highways and an electrified railway link the urban centres to Valparaíso city. The Pan-American Highway and the main north-south railroad pass through…

Ibarra, city, north-central Ecuador, situated in a valley of the Andes Mountains at an elevation of 7,300 feet (2,200 metres), within the Ecuadoran Lake District. It was founded in 1606 by the soldier Cristóbal Torre, a representative of Miguel de Ibarra, the president of the royal audiencia of

Francisco Goya: Period under Charles IV: …decoration of the church of San Antonio de la Florida, Madrid (1798), is still in the tradition of Tiepolo; but the bold, free execution and the expressive realism of the popular types used for religious and secular figures are unprecedented. In his numerous portraits of friends and officials a broader…

San Antonio de los Baños, city, west-central Cuba. It lies on the San Antonio de los Baños River, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Havana. The early settlement prospered and became a health resort because of its thermal springs. The city is also a commercial and manufacturing centre for the

Guayama, town, southeastern Puerto Rico. It is situated on the divide between the Sierra de Cayey and the dry southern coastal plain. The town was founded in 1736 as San Antonio de Padua de Guayama. It produces clothing, furniture, and lenses. Chief crops of the surrounding area include tobacco,

San Antonio: The contemporary city: San Antonio Missions National Historical Park (established 1978) preserves the Spanish missions Nuestra Señora de la Concepción de Acuña, San José y San Miguel de Aguayo, San Juan Capistrano, and San Francisco de la Espada. The park, with a total area of about 1.3 square…

Rupert Murdoch: Acquisitions: News of the World, The Sun, and The Times: …San Antonio News (later the Express-News)—he transformed into a sex-and-scandal sheet that soon dominated the city’s afternoon market. In 1974 he introduced a national weekly sensationalist tabloid, the Star, and in 1976 he purchased the afternoon tabloid New York Post, but in the late 1980s he sold both, profitably; he…

Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund: …attorneys faced a setback in San Antonio School District v. Rodriguez in 1973, when they failed to convince the U.S. Supreme Court that Texas had violated the Fourteenth Amendment by not providing equal educational opportunities to poor children. Greater selectivity and patience in developing test cases resulted in important victories,…

Chamique Holdsclaw: …Dream in 2009, and the San Antonio Silver Stars in 2010 before retiring. Her career totals include 4,716 points, 2,126 rebounds, and 699 assists.

San Antonio Spurs, American professional basketball team established in 1967 that is based in San Antonio, Texas. The Spurs won five National Basketball Association championships (1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014) during one of the most dominant stretches in NBA history. (Read James Naismith’s 1929

Chamique Holdsclaw: …Dream in 2009, and the San Antonio Silver Stars in 2010 before retiring. Her career totals include 4,716 points, 2,126 rebounds, and 699 assists.

San Antonio Zoological Gardens and Aquarium, one of the largest animal collections in the southwestern United States, located in San Antonio, Texas. Founded in 1914, the zoo and accompanying aquarium are operated by the San Antonio Zoological Society and occupy a 35-acre (14-hectare) site with

Cape San Antonio, cape, westernmost Cuba. Forming the western extremity of the island, its point juts out between the Gulf of Guanahacabibes on the north and Corrientes Bay on the south. Approximately 150 mi (240 km) to the west, across the Yucatán Channel, lies Cape Catoche, on Mexico’s Yucatán

Piacenza: …medieval churches are the former Cathedral of San Antonino, incorporating an 11th-century facade and elements of the 13th- and 14th-century construction; the restored San Savino (consecrated 1107), with unusual 12th-century floor mosaics; San Francesco (begun 1278); San Sisto (1499–1511), the original home of Raphael’s painting “Sistine Madonna”; and Santa Maria…

Andrea Mantegna: Formative years in Padua: … for the high altar of San Antonio (finished by 1450). Giovanni Bellini’s response to Mantegna’s style has been termed a dialogue, but Mantegna’s reaction to Donatello’s works might more aptly be called a struggle or even a dialectic. The frame and painted architecture of Mantegna’s San Zeno altarpiece (1459) answered…

Los Angeles: …Santa Catalina and San Clemente; Mount San Antonio, familiarly known as Mount Baldy or Old Baldy, 10,046 feet (3,062 metres) high; more than 900 square miles (2,330 square km) of desert; and 75 miles (120 km) of seacoast.

San Bernardino, central city of the San Bernardino–Riverside–Ontario metropolitan complex, seat (1853) of San Bernardino county, southern California, U.S. Located east of Los Angeles, the city lies at the base of the San Bernardino Mountains. It was the site of a Spanish mission (1810) named for

San Bernardino Mountains, segment of the Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), southern California, U.S. The range extends southeastward for 55 miles (90 km) from Cajon Pass to San Gorgonio Pass and defines the eastern limit of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The two main peaks, San

San Bernardino Pass, mountain pass (6,775 ft [2,065 m]), in the Lepontine Alps of Graubünden canton, southeastern Switzerland. Although the pass was not mentioned until 941, it is believed to have been in use since prehistoric times. The road over the pass connects the villages of Splügen and

San Bernardino Mountains: The two main peaks, San Bernardino (10,649 feet [3,246 metres]) and San Gorgonio (11,499 feet [3,505 metres]; the highest point in southern California), lie east of the city of San Bernardino. To the southeast are the Little San Bernardino Mountains, constituting the western part of Joshua Tree National Park.…

Agostino Di Duccio: …facade of the Oratory of S. Bernardino at Perugia (c. 1457–61). His style—with its linear emphasis, cursive drapery, and flat, schematic forms—lacks the fundamentally naturalistic intention of most Florentine sculpture of his time and owes its mannerisms largely to the Humanist environment of Rimini.

Rome: The fountains of Rome: …triumphal arch fountain in the Piazza San Bernardo, commissioned by Pope Sixtus V. The figure is a pallid Moses, apparently in imitation of the work by Michelangelo that adorns the tomb of Pope Julius II. Its sculptor, Prospero Bresciano, is said to have been so hurt by the public’s jeers…

Tarija, city, southern Bolivia. It is situated at an elevation of 6,122 feet (1,866 metres) above sea level on the Guadalquivir River. Founded in 1574 by the conquistador Luis de Fuentes as San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarija, it is one of Bolivia’s oldest settlements. The inhabitants are well

Rome: The Viminal and Quirinal: …from the fact that the church of San Bernardo was built into one of the chambers some 500 feet (150 metres) west of the central hall of the frigidarium (cold room), into which Michelangelo built the cloister church of Santa Maria degli Angeli in 1561. A portion of the Museo…

Western architecture: High Renaissance in Italy (1495–1520): …Bramante, created his church of San Biagio at Montepulciano (1518–29) on a Greek cross plan. On the facade in the two recesses of the arms of the cross were to rise two towers, the right one never completed. Otherwise the massing is similar to that of Todi, with dome and…

San Blas, traditional region, eastern Panama, stretching about 100 miles (160 km) along the Caribbean Sea from the Colombian border to the Gulf of San Blas. The narrow strip of land includes the San Blas (formerly Mulatas) Archipelago. Agriculture—chiefly coconuts, yams, and plantains—and fishing

Panama: Relief: …River, which flows into the Gulf of San Blas on the Caribbean shore, to the mouth of the Chepo River on the Pacific coast. Nearly as narrow is the portion of the isthmus traversed by the Panama Canal.

Ibagué, city, central Colombia, on the eastern slopes of the Andean Cordillera Central (Central Mountains). Founded as San Bonifacio de Ibagué in 1550 on the site of an Indian village, it was moved to its present location, on a plain 4,216 feet (1,285 metres) above sea level, because of Indian

Ventura, city, seat (1873) of Ventura county, southern California, U.S. It lies on the Pacific coast overlooking the Santa Barbara Channel. It is the site of the San Buenaventura Mission, the ninth and last mission founded (1782) by Junípero Serra, which was restored as a historic site and remains

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, influential Baroque church in Rome that was designed by Francesco Borromini as part of a small monastery for a community of Spanish monks. It was commissioned in 1634 and was built during 1638–46, except for the tall facade, which was added about 1677. Built to fit

Naples: The Castel Nuovo: …on the north is the San Carlo opera house, which has heard and inspired many of the great artists of bel canto. Although the prodigious musical creativity of 18th-century Naples has no modern parallel, the San Carlo remains an important element of Europe’s musical life. Across the busy intersection from…