San Angelo, city, seat (1875) of Tom Green county, west-central Texas, U.S. It lies about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Abilene. Founded in 1869 near Fort Concho (now a museum) at the confluence of the North, South, and Middle Concho rivers, it was first known as Over-the-River but was renamed

Sint Anna Bay, deep channel separating the two parts of Willemstad, capital of Curaçao. The bay is a narrow waterway, about 1 mile (1.6 km) long and 300 to 1,000 feet (90 to 300 metres) wide. The south end opens into the Caribbean Sea, and the north end opens up into the Schottegat—a giant, deep

Antonio López de Santa Anna was a Mexican army officer and statesman who was the storm centre of Mexico’s politics during such events as the Texas Revolution (1835–36) and the Mexican-American War (1846–48). The son of a minor colonial official, Santa Anna served in the Spanish army and rose to the

Antonio López de Santa Anna was a Mexican army officer and statesman who was the storm centre of Mexico’s politics during such events as the Texas Revolution (1835–36) and the Mexican-American War (1846–48). The son of a minor colonial official, Santa Anna served in the Spanish army and rose to the

Réunion, island of the Mascarene Islands that is a French overseas département and overseas région. It is located in the western Indian Ocean about 420 miles (680 km) east of Madagascar and 110 miles (180 km) southwest of Mauritius. Réunion is almost elliptical in shape, about 40 miles (65 km) long

Robert Schenkkan: … and the daytime soap opera Santa Barbara. He also had a role as a school guidance counselor in the 1990 film Pump Up the Volume. At that point he began to focus primarily on writing and got his big break with The Kentucky Cycle, a series of nine short plays…

Santa Barbara, city, seat (1850) of Santa Barbara county, southwestern California, U.S. It lies along the Pacific coast at the base of the Santa Ynez Mountains, facing the Santa Barbara Channel. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) northwest of Los Angeles. Because it is protected to the south by the

Santa Bárbara, town, northwestern Honduras. It lies in the hot lowlands near the Ulúa River and west of Lake Yojoa. It was founded in 1761 by settlers from Gracias. Santa Bárbara is a commercial centre. The raising of livestock and the cultivation of sugarcane and coffee are the principal economic

Samaná, city, northeastern Dominican Republic, on the southern shore of the Samaná Peninsula. The city was founded in 1756 by Spaniards from the Canary Islands. In 1825 there was a notable influx of black immigrants from the United States. Samaná serves as a commercial and manufacturing centre for

tapestry: 17th and 18th centuries: …Alfombras de Santa Barbara (Royal Factory of Tapestries and Rugs of St. Barbara) in 1720 at Madrid, however, that important tapestry was produced in Spain. Initially, the weavers and director were Flemings. The first tapestries made at Santa Barbara were woven from the cartoons of such Flemish Baroque painters…

Channel Islands, island chain extending some 150 miles (240 km) along, and about 12–70 miles (20–115 km) off, the Pacific coast of southern California. The islands form two groups. The Santa Barbara group, to the north, is separated from the mainland by the Santa Barbara Channel and includes San

California: Education of California: Riverside, Santa Barbara, San Francisco, Irvine, Santa Cruz, and San Diego. The campuses at Santa Cruz and San Diego were established on variations of the Oxford University system of numerous small independent colleges sharing limited

Western painting: Early and High Baroque in Italy: The little church of Santa Bibiana in Rome harbours three of the key works that ushered in the High Baroque, all executed in 1624–26: Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s facade and the marble figure of Santa Bibiana herself, over the altar, and Pietro da Cortona’s series of frescoes of Bibiana’s life,…

Guantánamo, city, eastern Cuba. It lies in the mountains 21 miles (34 km) north of strategic Guantánamo Bay on the Caribbean Sea. Founded in 1819, the settlement was called Santa Catalina del Saltadero del Guaso until 1843. French refugees from Haiti aided in the colonization of the area, and many

Santa Catalina Island, one of the Channel Islands, 22 miles (35 km) off the Pacific coast of California, U.S. The largest of the Santa Catalina group of the Channel Islands, it is 22 miles long and 8 miles (13 km) across at its greatest width and has an area of 74 square miles (192 square km). It

Santa Catarina, southern coastal estado (state) of Brazil, bounded to the north by the state of Paraná, to the south by the state of Rio Grande do Sul, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and to the west by Misiones province of Argentina. It is one of the smaller Brazilian states. The capital is

Guadalupe: …above sea level on the Santa Catarina River, about 3 miles (5 km) east of Monterrey, the state capital. Guadalupe is primarily an agricultural centre. Corn (maize) is the principal crop in the environs, but chickpeas are also important. Cattle and sheep are raised in the vicinity. By virtue of…

Guimarães: …at the foot of the Serra de Santa Catarina (2,018 feet [615 metres]), northeast of the city of Porto.

Gondwana: …System in India, and the Santa Catharina System in South America. It also occurs in the Maitland Group of eastern Australia as well as in the Whiteout conglomerate and Polarstar formations of Antarctica. Though the concept of Gondwana was widely accepted by scientists from the Southern Hemisphere, scientists in the…

Naples: Santa Chiara: Overlooked from the west by Palazzo Pignatelli (where the painter Edgar Degas resided while in Naples) and with the 18th-century ornate Neapolitan obelisk Guglia dell’Immacolata at its centre, this square is dominated by the church of Gesù Nuovo, its gem-cut facade masking a…

Bernardo Antonio Vittone: …example is the Church of Santa Chiara at Bra (1742); it has a low vault pierced by windows through which one sees a second shell, painted with heavenly scenes and lit by windows not visible from the interior.

Silicon Valley: Explosive growth: …price of a home in Santa Clara county was more than twice the national median for major metropolitan areas.

Santa Clara, city, central Cuba. It lies at 367 feet (112 metres) above sea level amid hills of coral rock, about 30 miles (50 km) north-northwest of Sancti Spíritus. Santa Clara was founded in 1689 by families fleeing constant pirate threats in coastal Remedios. It occupies the site of the ancient

Santa Clara, city, Santa Clara county, west-central California, U.S. It lies along the Guadalupe River in the Santa Clara Valley, about 48 miles (77 km) southeast of San Francisco and immediately adjacent to San Jose on the southeast. The original settlement grew around the Mission Santa Clara de

Santa Clara University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Santa Clara, California, U.S., affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers a variety of undergraduate programs as well as graduate and professional degrees in law, business, engineering,

legal personhood: Corporations and legal personhood: Supreme Court case Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad implied that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment—which granted equal legal rights to Black Americans and formerly enslaved people—also applied to corporations. The 2010 case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission established that laws prohibiting corporations…

Santa Clara University, private coeducational institution of higher learning in Santa Clara, California, U.S., affiliated with the Jesuit order of the Roman Catholic church. It offers a variety of undergraduate programs as well as graduate and professional degrees in law, business, engineering,

San Jose: History: The Santa Clara Valley thus soon developed into a region of orchards and fruit processing.

Santa Clarita, city, Los Angeles county, southern California, U.S. Situated along the Santa Clara River in the Santa Clarita valley between the San Gabriel and Santa Susana mountains, it lies 35 miles (55 km) northwest of central Los Angeles. It consists of several communities, including Canyon

Drew Barrymore: Later career: …Olyphant in the Netflix series Santa Clarita Diet (2017–19), playing a real estate agent who becomes a zombie. In 2019 she was a judge on the TV series The World’s Best, an international talent show. The following year she began hosting The Drew Barrymore Show, a daytime talk show that…

Santa Claus, town, Spencer county, southwestern Indiana, U.S. It lies 38 miles (61 km) east-northeast of Evansville. Laid out in 1846, it was jocularly called Santa Claus after the preferred name, Santa Fe, was found to be that of another Indiana community (and because it was the Christmas season).

St. Nicholas ; Western feast day December 6; Eastern feast day December 19) was one of the most popular minor saints commemorated in the Eastern and Western churches and now traditionally associated with the festival of Christmas. In many countries, children receive gifts on December 6, St.

Once a year, millions of children around the world eagerly wait for a plump, bearded man dressed in red and white to bring them presents to open on Dec. 25. Known as Santa Claus, his origins are mysterious, and his very existence has been disputed. Some people believe that he lives and works in the

Santa Claus, legendary figure who is the traditional patron of Christmas in the United States and other countries, bringing gifts to children. His popular image is based on traditions associated with Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century Christian saint who is typically depicted in red bishop’s robes. The

Alan Arkin: His subsequent films included The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006), the thriller Rendition (2007), the 2008 big-screen treatment of the 1965–70 TV series Get Smart, and the sentimental dog movie Marley & Me (2008). Arkin was nominated for another Oscar for his turn as the brash studio…

Santa Coloma de Gramenet, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. The city, a northern industrial suburb of Barcelona, produces metallurgical goods, textiles, chemicals, bicycles, and paper. Nearby is the Torre

Santa Coloma de Gramenet, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. The city, a northern industrial suburb of Barcelona, produces metallurgical goods, textiles, chemicals, bicycles, and paper. Nearby is the Torre

Western architecture: Second period, after 313 ce: The deconsecrated church of Santa Costanza in Rome, built between 337 and 350 for members of the imperial family, was a rotunda with an ambulatory or circular walkway separated from the central area by columns; the mausoleum of Centcelles (Tarragona) in Spain, likewise a rotunda, was probably the burial…

Santa Croce, church of the Franciscans in Florence, one of the finest examples of Italian Gothic architecture. It was begun in 1294, possibly designed by Arnolfo di Cambio, and was finished in 1442, with the exception of the 19th-century Gothic Revival facade and campanile. On many of the interior

Rome: Santa Croce in Gerusalemme: The Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Holy Cross in Jerusalem) minor basilica was built into the palace in which St. Helena lived (317–322). About this time a hall of the palace was converted into a church, and two adjoining small rooms were…

Santa Cruz, provincia (province), southern Argentina. It lies within the region of Patagonia and extends westward from the Atlantic Ocean to the cordilleras of the southern Andes Mountains on the frontier with Chile. It is sparsely inhabited. Río Gallegos, in the far south, is the provincial

Saint Croix, largest island of the U.S. Virgin Islands, in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies some 65 miles (105 km) southeast of Puerto Rico and 40 miles (65 km) south of St. Thomas. In the west some hills run parallel to the coast, culminating in Mount Eagle (1,088 feet [332 metres]) and Blue

Max Frisch: Frisch’s play Santa Cruz (1947) established the central theme found throughout his subsequent works: the predicament of the complicated, skeptical individual in modern society. One of Frisch’s earliest dramas was the morality play Nun singen sie wieder (1946; Now They Sing Again), in which Surrealistic tableaux reveal…

Santa Cruz, city, seat (1850) of Santa Cruz county, west-central California, U.S. It lies on the north shore of Monterey Bay, at the foot of the Santa Cruz Mountains, and is about 80 miles (130 km) south of San Francisco. The area was first explored by the Spaniard Gaspar de Portolá (1769), who

Manila: Manufacturing: …and truck terminals), Binondo, and Santa Cruz. Heavy industries are located in the districts of Paco, Pandacan, and Santa Ana.

Santa Cruz, city, east-central Bolivia. It is situated in the hot, tropical lowlands at an elevation of 1,365 feet (416 metres) above sea level. Founded by Spaniards from Paraguay in 1561 at what is now San José de Chiquitos, it was attacked repeatedly by Indians until 1595, when it was moved to

Oran: The contemporary city: …by the Turkish citadel of Santa Cruz, which was subsequently modified by the Spanish and the French. The Spanish quarter, with its narrow streets, contains the former Cathedral of Saint-Louis (rebuilt by the French in 1838), the Porte de Canastel (reconstructed in 1734), and the fountain in the Place Emerat…

Barahona, city, southwestern Dominican Republic. It lies along Neiba Bay, off the Caribbean Sea, at the northeastern foot of the Baoruco Mountains. The gateway to the Dominican Republic’s lake district, Barahona is an important port and fishing centre. Sugarcane is grown in the surrounding alluvial

Santa Cruz, city, east-central Bolivia. It is situated in the hot, tropical lowlands at an elevation of 1,365 feet (416 metres) above sea level. Founded by Spaniards from Paraguay in 1561 at what is now San José de Chiquitos, it was attacked repeatedly by Indians until 1595, when it was moved to

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, port city, capital of the island of Tenerife and of Santa Cruz de Tenerife provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of the Canary Islands, Spain. The city occupies a small plain between two usually waterless ravines. It was founded in 1494. The

Santa Cruz de Tenerife, provincia (province) in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of the Canary Islands, Spain. It consists of the western members of the Canary Islands, specifically Tenerife, La Palma, La Gomera, and Ferro islands. The port city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife on the island

In 1654 Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the republican Commonwealth, declared war on Spain, unleashing English fleets to attack Spanish shipping and colonies in the Caribbean and Atlantic. On April 20, 1657, Admiral Robert Blake destroyed a Spanish treasure fleet in a daring raid at Santa Cruz

Santa Cruz del Quiché, town, northwestern Guatemala. It lies in the southwestern Chuacús Mountains at an elevation of 6,631 feet (2,021 metres) above sea level. It was founded in 1539. The University of San Carlos of Guatemala and the Academy of Mayan Languages both have campuses in Santa Cruz del

El Seíbo, city, eastern Dominican Republic, on the Soco River. Founded in 1502, the city serves as a trading centre for the agricultural hinterland. The region yields cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and corn (maize), in addition to beeswax and medicinal plants. Cattle are also raised. The city lies on

Miocene Epoch: In Argentina the Santa Cruz Formation of Middle Miocene time provides an excellent record of the unusual Miocene fauna of South America. Marsupial carnivores, aberrant endentates (mammals resembling anteaters, armadillos, and sloths), litopterns (hoofed mammals similar to horses and camels),

Santa Cruz Island, second largest of the Galapagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. It is roughly circular in shape, has a central volcanic crater that rises to 2,300 feet (700 meters), and covers an area of 389 square miles (1,007 square km).

Santa Cruz Islands: The main islands are Nendö (also called Ndeni Island or Santa Cruz Island), Utupua, Vanikolo, and Tinakula. Nendö is 25 miles (40 km) long and 14 miles (22 km) wide, with heavily wooded slopes rising to 1,800 feet (550 metres). The Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira tried…

Santa Cruz Islands, volcanic group of islands in the country of Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 345 miles (555 km) east of Guadalcanal. The main islands are Nendö (also called Ndeni Island or Santa Cruz Island), Utupua, Vanikolo, and Tinakula. Nendö is 25 miles (40 km) long and 14

Battle of Guadalcanal: The Battles of the Eastern Solomons, Cape Esperance, and Santa Cruz: …weeks later the much larger Battle of Santa Cruz occurred against the backdrop of a major Japanese ground offensive on Guadalcanal. U.S. commanders were anticipating a Japanese attack, and Vice Adm. William (“Bull”) Halsey, who had succeeded Ghormley as commander of U.S. naval forces in the South Pacific on October…

Cuzco school: …the late 17th-century indigenous painter Basilio de Santa Cruz Pumacallao. The Virgin of Belén, for example, reveals Santa Cruz’s use of dynamic composition and rich colouring.

Argentina: Drainage: Farther south the Santa Cruz River flows eastward out of the glacial Lake Argentino in the Andean foothills before reaching the Atlantic.

water lily: Major genera and species: …formerly Victoria regia) and the Santa Cruz water lily (V. cruziana) have upturned edges, giving each thickly veined leaf the appearance of a large shallow pan 60 to 180 cm (about 2 to 6 feet) across and accounting for its common name, water platter. The fragrant flowers of these species…

Latin American literature: Early novels: Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo, son of a Quechua father and a Spanish mother, penned satirical novels, treatises on medical and religious matters, and legal papers. His novel El nuevo Luciano de Quito (written in 1779; “The New Lucian of Quito”) and…

Álvaro de Bazán, Marqués de Santa Cruz was the foremost Spanish naval commander of his day. He was prominent in many successful naval engagements in a century that saw Spain rise to the zenith of its power and was the first proponent and planner of the Spanish Armada, the fleet that was to attempt

Argentina: Foreign policies: General Andrés de Santa Cruz, who had established a confederation of Peru and Bolivia, supported opponents of Rosas in Argentina. Rosas in turn aided the influential governor of the northern province of Tucumán when that governor decided to go to war against Santa Cruz’s confederation. The…

California: Education of California: Irvine, Santa Cruz, and San Diego. The campuses at Santa Cruz and San Diego were established on variations of the Oxford University system of numerous small independent colleges sharing limited central facilities or services. The original campus at Berkeley was founded in 1855 and has remained…

Santa Elena Peninsula, peninsula in western Ecuador that is the northernmost extension of the west-coast desert of South America. It is bounded by the Gulf of Guayaquil on the south and by Santa Elena Bay on the north. It is an arid region, but it has Ecuador’s important oil field at Ancón, as well

Ribeira, city, A Coruña provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. The city lies on the Arousa Inlet across the inlet from Vilagarcia de Arousa, in the coastal zone. Remains of Roman fortifications and of a Phoenician port, La Covasa,

L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, city, Barcelona provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain. It is a southwestern industrial suburb of Barcelona city and extends from the Marina Mountains to the coastal delta of the Llobregat River. First known

Tomás Eloy Martínez: …novela de Perón (1985) and Santa Evita (1995); the latter was translated into 30 languages and sold more than 10 million copies. In 2002 Martínez was awarded the prestigious Alfaguara Prize for his novel El vuelo de la reina. His other novels include Sagrado (1969), La mano del amo (1991),…

Santa Fe, city, capital of Santa Fe provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. It lies on a channel of the Paraná River, at the mouth of the Salado River, opposite the city of Paraná. It was founded in 1573 as Santa Fe de Vera Cruz at nearby Cayastá by Juan de Garay, lieutenant governor of

Santa Fe, county, a scenic area of northern New Mexico, U.S. The northeastern portion is in the Sangre de Cristo range of the Southern Rocky Mountains, featuring Santa Fe Baldy and Lake Peak, both more than 12,000 feet (3,650 metres) in elevation. At the mountains’ southern end is Glorieta Mesa, an

Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico, U.S., and seat (1852) of Santa Fe county, in the north-central part of the state, on the Santa Fe River. It lies in the northern Rio Grande valley at 6,996 feet (2,132 metres) above sea level, at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. A dry, invigorating

Santa Fe, provincia (province) of lowland plains, northeastern Argentina. It is bounded to the east by the Paraná River. Much of the province lies within the northern reaches of the Pampa, but in the subtropical northeast it has marshes, tall savannas, and clusters of woodland, and the subtropical

Santa Fe: …the Southern Rocky Mountains, featuring Santa Fe Baldy and Lake Peak, both more than 12,000 feet (3,650 metres) in elevation. At the mountains’ southern end is Glorieta Mesa, an area of hilly, grassy plains in the Basin and Range Province, with a landscape marked by colourful hills, mesas, and isolated…

Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It lies in central Colombia in a fertile upland basin 8,660 feet (2,640 meters) above sea level in the Cordillera Oriental of the Northern Andes Mountains. The city is divided into 20 localities, each with its own mayor and local administrative board. Bogotá is the

Bogotá, capital of Colombia. It lies in central Colombia in a fertile upland basin 8,660 feet (2,640 meters) above sea level in the Cordillera Oriental of the Northern Andes Mountains. The city is divided into 20 localities, each with its own mayor and local administrative board. Bogotá is the

Santa Fe, city, capital of Santa Fe provincia (province), northeastern Argentina. It lies on a channel of the Paraná River, at the mouth of the Salado River, opposite the city of Paraná. It was founded in 1573 as Santa Fe de Vera Cruz at nearby Cayastá by Juan de Garay, lieutenant governor of

Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 19, 2000, ruled (6–3) that a Texas school board policy that allowed “student-led, student-initiated prayer” before varsity high-school football games was a violation of the First Amendment’s establishment

Murray Gell-Mann: In 1984 Gell-Mann cofounded the Santa Fe Institute, a nonprofit centre located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, that supports research concerning complex adaptive systems and emergent phenomena associated with complexity. In “Let’s Call It Plectics,” a 1995 article in the institute’s journal, Complexity, he coined the word plectics to describe…

Santa Fe Island, one of the Galápagos Islands, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, about 600 mi (965 km) west of Ecuador. Situated halfway between San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz islands, it is south of the vortex of the archipelago, is dotted with small volcanic cones, and has an area of 7 12 sq mi (19 sq

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Company, former railway that was one of the largest in the United States. Chartered in Kansas as the Atchison and Topeka Railroad Company in 1859, it later exercised great influence on the settlement of the southwestern United States. It was renamed the

Santa Fe Trail, in U.S. history, famed wagon trail from Independence, Missouri, to Santa Fe, New Mexico, an important commercial route (1821–80). Opened by William Becknell, a trader, the trail was used by merchant wagon caravans traveling in parallel columns, which, when Native Americans attacked,

Michael Curtiz: The late 1930s and the 1940s: …of 1940, the misleadingly titled Santa Fe Trail, was a fanciful retelling of the story of abolitionist John Brown (Raymond Massey), with Flynn and Ronald Reagan along for the ride as Jeb Stuart and George Armstrong Custer, respectively.

Italy: Collapse of the republics: Their Armata della Santa Fede (“Army of the Holy Faith”) was the most important peasant uprising in the history of modern Italy. Invoking God and king, they devastated the castles of the aristocracy and occupied communal lands that the local barons had usurped; they also killed…

Santa Gertrudis, breed of beef cattle developed in the 20th century by the King Ranch in Texas. It originally resulted from crossing Brahman bulls of about seven-eighths pure breeding and purebred Shorthorn cows. Over a period of years beginning with first crosses in 1910, selective breeding was

Italy: Socioeconomic developments in the countryside: …example, those of Bobbio and Santa Giulia at Brescia, whose estate records survive. They produced a sizable agricultural surplus, which the estates’ owners often sold in the cities (Santa Giulia, at least, had its own merchants). Not all estates, however, were organized this tightly; elsewhere demesnes, though common, tended to…

Benedictine: …and became known as the Cassinese Congregation. There were similar reforms throughout Europe. These reforms were confronted by the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. Within a few years (1525–60) the monasteries and nunneries disappeared almost entirely from northern Europe and suffered greatly in France and central…

Santa Hermandad, constabulary created in the late 15th century by the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) to maintain law and order throughout Spain. See

Malabo, capital of Equatorial Guinea. It lies on the northern edge of the island of Bioko (or Fernando Po) on the rim of a sunken volcano. With an average temperature of 77 °F (25 °C) and an annual rainfall of 75 inches (1,900 mm), it has one of the more onerous climates in the Bight of Biafra

Santa Isabel, island, central Solomon Islands, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Guadalcanal. About 130 miles (209 km) long and 20 miles (32 km) across at its widest point, it has a mountainous backbone with Mount Marescot (4,000 feet [1,219 metres]) as its highest peak. A

Bioko: …with its highest point being Santa Isabel Peak (9,869 feet [3,008 meters]). Malabo, Equatorial Guinea’s capital and chief port, stands on the island near a crater breached by the sea.

Mongolian languages: …Monguor (Tu), Bao’an (Bonan), and Santa (Dongxiang) in the south—were isolated from the main body of Mongolian languages when the tide of Mongol conquest receded. These languages diverged from the main group of Mongolian dialects and to this day retain archaic features characteristic of Middle Mongolian that have been lost…

Santiago: History: … and by Huelén (later renamed Santa Lucía) Hill to the east, which served as a lookout.

Santa Lucia Range, segment of the Coast Ranges (see Pacific mountain system), west-central California, U.S. The rugged range extends southeastward for about 140 miles (225 km) from Carmel Bay to the Cuyama River in Monterey and San Luis Obispo counties. Lowest in the south, the range rises to 5,862

Mossoró, city, northwestern Rio Grande do Norte estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the Apodi River, about 30 miles (50 km) from its mouth on the Atlantic coast, at 66 feet (20 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Santa Luzia de Mossoró, it was given city status in 1870 and is now

Santa Luzia Island, island of Cape Verde, situated in the Atlantic Ocean about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African coast between the islands of São Nicolau and São Vicente. It has an area of 14 square miles (35 square km) and rises to an altitude of 1,296 feet (395 metres). The island is

Santa María, Christopher Columbus’ flagship on his first voyage to America. About 117 feet (36 metres) long, the “Santa María” had a deck, three masts, and forecastle and sterncastle and was armed with bombards that fired granite balls. She performed well in the voyage but ran aground off Haiti on

Santa Maria, city, central Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil, lying in the Jacuí River valley at an elevation of 502 feet (153 metres). Founded in 1797, it was given city status in 1876. The community was once called Santa Maria da Bôca do Monte (“St. Mary of the Mountain’s Mouth”)

Santa Maria, largest of the Banks Islands in Vanuatu, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The island, with an area of 132 square miles (342 square km), is rugged and rises to Garet, an active volcano (2,615 feet [797 metres]) that contains a lake in its caldera at 1,404 feet (428 metres). The volcano has