Santonian Stage, fourth of six main divisions (in ascending order) of the Upper Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Santonian Age, which occurred 86.3 million to 83.6 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Rocks of the Santonian overlie those of the

santoor, stringed instrument of the hammered dulcimer, or struck zither, family that is found in various forms across southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Related instruments—known by various names, such as the Hungarian cimbalom and the Chinese yangqin—are found in central and

elastomer: Polymer blends: Santoprene (trademark) is an example. Santoprene consists of a mixture of approximately 60 parts ethylene-propylene-diene monomer copolymer (EPDM) with 40 parts polypropylene. A hydrocarbon oil, compatible with EPDM, and interlinking reagents for EPDM are also added. Because the polymers are molecularly incompatible, they form a…

Thera, island, southernmost island of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes) group, southeastern Greece, in the Aegean Sea, sometimes included in the Southern Sporades group. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) within the South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region). Geologically, Thera is the

Thera, island, southernmost island of the Cyclades (Modern Greek: Kykládes) group, southeastern Greece, in the Aegean Sea, sometimes included in the Southern Sporades group. It constitutes a dímos (municipality) within the South Aegean (Nótio Aigaío) periféreia (region). Geologically, Thera is the

pancreas: Anatomy and exocrine and endocrine functions: …individuals a smaller duct (the duct of Santorini) also empties into the duodenum. Enzymes active in the digestion of carbohydrates, fat, and protein continuously flow from the pancreas through these ducts. Their flow is controlled by the vagus nerve and by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced in…

Santorio Santorio was an Italian physician who was the first to employ instruments of precision in the practice of medicine and whose studies of basal metabolism introduced quantitative experimental procedure into medical research. Santorio was a graduate of the University of Padua (M.D., 1582),

Santorio Santorio was an Italian physician who was the first to employ instruments of precision in the practice of medicine and whose studies of basal metabolism introduced quantitative experimental procedure into medical research. Santorio was a graduate of the University of Padua (M.D., 1582),

Rick Santorum is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative (1991–95) and senator (1995–2007) from Pennsylvania. He also sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2012 and 2016. Santorum grew up in a Roman Catholic family, the middle of three children. He studied political

Rick Santorum is an American politician who served as a U.S. representative (1991–95) and senator (1995–2007) from Pennsylvania. He also sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2012 and 2016. Santorum grew up in a Roman Catholic family, the middle of three children. He studied political

Santos, port city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It occupies an alluvial plain on the inner side of São Vicente Island, cut off from the mainland by a tidal channel. The city lies only a few feet above sea level, and its swampy island is drained by deep concrete

Juan Manuel Santos: …to 1942, and his cousin Francisco Santos Calderón served as vice president (2002–10) under Álvaro Uribe Vélez. The family also founded El Tiempo, one of the country’s largest newspapers. Santos attended the Naval Academy of Cartagena before traveling to the United States to earn a B.A. in economics and business…

Juan Manuel Santos is a Colombian politician who cofounded (2005) the Social Party of National Unity (Partido Social de Unidad Nacional, or Partido de la U), later served as president of Colombia (2010–18), and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016 for his efforts to end the protracted war with

airport: Evolution of airports: La Guardia Airport and Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro are examples of airports that still operate on sites originally chosen for their ability to handle large seaplanes. The large facilities at Southampton Water in the United Kingdom have now disappeared, but the artificial lake at Linate Airport…

Pelé: …national teams that won three World Cup championships (1958, 1962, and 1970).

Kaká is a Brazilian football (soccer) player who was named the World Player of the Year by the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) in 2007. Kaká owed his nickname to his younger brother Rodrigo, who as a child could not pronounce Ricardo and could manage only “Caca.” Kaká was

Punta Arenas: José de los Santos Mardones, it flourished as a port of call and coaling station until the opening of the Panama Canal (1914) and the replacement of coal (still mined nearby) by fuel oil as a maritime fuel. Now the service centre of a large…

Eduardo Santos Montejo was a prominent Latin American journalist and the president of Colombia from 1938 to 1942. Santos earned a doctorate of law at the National University in 1908 and pursued further studies in Paris. He acquired the Bogotá daily newspaper El Tiempo in 1913, and he became active

José Santos Zelaya was a Nicaraguan politician and dictator from 1893 to 1910, noted for his hostility toward the United States and for his effort to unify Central America in 1907. During his rule he all but monopolized his country’s economic resources. In 1893 Zelaya came to power through a

Marquis de Pombal: With architect Eugénio dos Santos’s plans, old medieval Lisbon was changed into one of the most beautiful European cities.

Juan Manuel Santos is a Colombian politician who cofounded (2005) the Social Party of National Unity (Partido Social de Unidad Nacional, or Partido de la U), later served as president of Colombia (2010–18), and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2016 for his efforts to end the protracted war with

Lucia dos Santos was a Portuguese shepherd girl, later a Carmelite nun, who claimed that she received visions of the Virgin Mary in 1917 at Fátima, Portugal, which subsequently became one of the most famous Marian shrines in the world. The first of six visions came to Lucia on May 13, 1917, while

Lucia dos Santos was a Portuguese shepherd girl, later a Carmelite nun, who claimed that she received visions of the Virgin Mary in 1917 at Fátima, Portugal, which subsequently became one of the most famous Marian shrines in the world. The first of six visions came to Lucia on May 13, 1917, while

Garrincha was a Brazilian football (soccer) player considered by many to be the best right winger in the history of the sport. An imaginative and skillful dribbler, he starred along with Pelé and Didí on the Brazilian national teams that won the World Cup in 1958 and 1962. His brother gave him the

Santos-Dumont No. 14-bis, airplane designed, built, and first flown by the Brazilian aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont in 1906. Inspired by rumours that the Wright brothers had made flights of over half an hour in the relative seclusion of a pasture near Dayton, Ohio, Santos-Dumont began work

Alberto Santos-Dumont was a Brazilian aviation pioneer who captured the imagination of Europe and the United States with his airship flights and made the first significant flight of a powered airplane in Europe with his No. 14-bis. Santos-Dumont, the son of a wealthy coffee planter, traveled to

santoor, stringed instrument of the hammered dulcimer, or struck zither, family that is found in various forms across southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Related instruments—known by various names, such as the Hungarian cimbalom and the Chinese yangqin—are found in central and

santoor, stringed instrument of the hammered dulcimer, or struck zither, family that is found in various forms across southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Related instruments—known by various names, such as the Hungarian cimbalom and the Chinese yangqin—are found in central and

Anne Frank: …few non-Jewish friends, among them Miep Gies, who smuggled in food and other supplies, the Frank family and four other Jews—Hermann and Auguste van Pels and their son, Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer—lived confined to the “secret annex.” During this time, Anne wrote faithfully in her diary, recounting day-to-day life in…

Anne Frank: …few non-Jewish friends, among them Miep Gies, who smuggled in food and other supplies, the Frank family and four other Jews—Hermann and Auguste van Pels and their son, Peter, and Fritz Pfeffer—lived confined to the “secret annex.” During this time, Anne wrote faithfully in her diary, recounting day-to-day life in…

santoor, stringed instrument of the hammered dulcimer, or struck zither, family that is found in various forms across southeastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia. Related instruments—known by various names, such as the Hungarian cimbalom and the Chinese yangqin—are found in central and

Latin American dance: Puerto Rico: The Santurce style is similar to Ponce’s. The man lifts his torso and keeps his arms rather stiff. He dances with sharp shifts of weight and produces accents with his legs. The woman wears a head scarf and a wide ruffled skirt over a starched white…

Santurtzi, city, Vizcaya provincia (province), in Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies at the entrance to the Bay of Biscay. Santurtzi is the outport of Bilbao city, where iron ore and steel products are shipped. It is the site of an annual festival

Santurtzi, city, Vizcaya provincia (province), in Basque Country comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), northern Spain. It lies at the entrance to the Bay of Biscay. Santurtzi is the outport of Bilbao city, where iron ore and steel products are shipped. It is the site of an annual festival

Greece: The islands: …1207 among the Cyclades by Marco Sanudo, a relative of the Venetian doge, or magistrate, with a body of plundering merchants and nobles. Initially under the overlordship of the Latin emperor at Constantinople, the duchy later transferred its allegiance to Achaea in 1261 and to Naples in 1267, although Venice…

Marino Sanudo was a Venetian historian whose Diarii is an invaluable source for the history of his period. In his enthusiasm for historical and classical learning, Sanudo collected a notable library of manuscripts, rare books, maps, and ethnographical drawings. Sanudo began his Vite dei dogi

Crusades: The later Crusades: …of France, and in 1321 Marino Sanudo, in his Secreta fidelium crucis (“Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross”), produced an elaborate plan for an economic blockade of Egypt. But none of these or any other such schemes was put into effect.

al-Sanūsī was a North African Islamic theologian who founded a reformist Sufi movement, the Sanūsiyyah, which helped Libya win its independence in the 20th century. During his formative years in his native Tursh (now in Algeria), which was incorporated in the Ottoman Empire, al-Sanūsī observed the

Sanūsiyyah, a Muslim Sufi (mystic) brotherhood established in 1837 by Sīdī Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Sanūsī. In modern history, the head of the Sanūsī brotherhood was king of the federal kingdom of Libya from its creation in 1951 until it was superseded by a Socialist republic in 1969. The Sanūsiyyah

Sanūsiyyah, a Muslim Sufi (mystic) brotherhood established in 1837 by Sīdī Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Sanūsī. In modern history, the head of the Sanūsī brotherhood was king of the federal kingdom of Libya from its creation in 1951 until it was superseded by a Socialist republic in 1969. The Sanūsiyyah

Italian literature: Women writers: Francesca Sanvitale won acclaim for her apparently autobiographical novels, such as Madre e figlia (1980; “Mother and Daughter”), though her Il figlio dell’impero (1993; “The Son of the Empire”) is a historical novel set in 19th-century France. Rosetta Loy, who had evoked a collective memory…

calligraphy: The scripts of humanism (14th to 16th century): … of Verona, and Giovanni Marcanova, Bartolomeo Sanvito, and Andrea Mantegna from Padua; Mantegna, an engraver and painter, became one of the first Renaissance artists to incorporate classical lettering into his artwork. These men compiled their researches into sillogi (anthologies of texts from Roman inscriptions) that provided models for square capital…

Northern Mariana Islands: Spanish colonial rule: …arrival of the Jesuit priest Diego Luis de Sanvitores in 1668. With him were priests, laymen, women, and some Filipino soldiers. Mariana of Austria, the regent of Spain, financed his mission, and he renamed the islands the Marianas in her honour. Sanvitores and his colonists established churches and religious schools.…

Sanwa Bank, former Japanese commercial bank that became part of UFJ Holdings in 2001 through its merger with Asahi Bank and Tōkai Bank. Sanwa was established in 1933 by the merger of Konoike Bank Ltd. (established 1877), Yamaguchi Bank Ltd. (1879), and the Sanjūshi Bank Ltd.

Sanwa Bank, former Japanese commercial bank that became part of UFJ Holdings in 2001 through its merger with Asahi Bank and Tōkai Bank. Sanwa was established in 1933 by the merger of Konoike Bank Ltd. (established 1877), Yamaguchi Bank Ltd. (1879), and the Sanjūshi Bank Ltd.

Three Gorges Dam, dam on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) just west of the city of Yichang in Hubei province, China. When construction of the dam officially began in 1994, it was the largest engineering project in China. At the time of its completion in 2006, it was the largest dam structure in the

sanxian, any of a group of long-necked, fretless Chinese lutes. The instrument’s rounded rectangular resonator has a snakeskin front and back, and the curved-back pegbox at the end of the neck has lateral, or side, tuning pegs that adjust three silk or nylon strings. The sanxian is made in several

Nyainqêntanglha Mountains: …across the range traverses the Sanxiong Pass between Yangbajain and Nagqu (formerly Heihe). This carries the main road from Lhasa north to Golmud at the southern end of the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province; a new rail line (opened 2006) connecting Lhasa and Golmud also links Lhasa to the rest…

Thailand: The 1973 revolution and its aftermath: The king chose Judge Sanya Dharmasakti, a former rector of Thammasat University, to be interim prime minister and to oversee the drafting of a new constitution. The constitution, promulgated in 1974, ushered in a brief period of parliamentary democracy in Thailand. Ranking members of the military, however, interpreted the…

Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal was an Indian painter and sculptor who was credited with bringing modernism into Indian art and who was central in the founding of several Indian arts institutions. Sanyal studied sculpture and painting at the Government School of Art and Craft, Calcutta (now Kolkata). He was

Bhabesh Chandra Sanyal was an Indian painter and sculptor who was credited with bringing modernism into Indian art and who was central in the founding of several Indian arts institutions. Sanyal studied sculpture and painting at the Government School of Art and Craft, Calcutta (now Kolkata). He was

Shevaroy Hills: …5,231 feet (1,594 metres) at Sanyasimalai (Duff’s Hill) on the Yercaud plateau. Widespread bauxite deposits are the basis for aluminum-processing plants at Mettur and Yercaud. Coffee is extensively grown on the plateau. In 1845 the British established a hill station at Yercaud, which is now a resort and educational centre.

Umniati River: …is also known as the Sanyati. The river valley has been interesting to mineral prospectors for years, and copper has been mined near the confluence with the Umfuli.

Alejandro Sanz is a Spanish guitarist and singer-songwriter who soared to international stardom in the late 20th century and remained popular into the 21st century with his flamenco-influenced popular music. Sanz was raised in Cádiz, a city in the Andalusia region of Spain. His father was a

Xinyang, city, southern Henan sheng (province), east-central China. It is situated in the far south of the Henan plain, in the basin between the Dabie Mountains (south) and the Huai River (north). It has traditionally been on a cultural divide between the plain and the hilly districts to the south.

China: The rise of neo-Confucianism: …an elementary catechism, titled the Sanzijing (“Three Character Classics”), that conveyed the entire value system of this school in simple language for what approximated mass education.

Raphael was a master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. His School of Athens in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II’s private apartments in the Vatican, is perhaps the

Raphael was a master painter and architect of the Italian High Renaissance. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican. His School of Athens in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II’s private apartments in the Vatican, is perhaps the

Sanaa, city, capital of Yemen. It is situated at the western foot of Mount Nuqum, at an elevation of more than 7,200 feet (2,200 metres) above sea level, in the western part of the country. Sanaa has for many centuries been the chief economic, political, and religious centre of the Yemen Highlands.

Cameroon: Ethnic and linguistic composition: The Sudanic-speaking peoples include the Sao, who live on the Adamawa Plateau; the Fulani; and the Kanuri. The Fulani came from the Niger basin in two waves, in the 11th and 19th centuries; they were Muslims who converted and subjugated the peoples of the Logone valley and the Kébi and…

fu: …to the more subjective, lyrical sao. Its prosody was freer than that of the sao, the rhyme pattern being less restrictive. The elements of the fu form include a long line, caesura, and the use of balanced parallel phrases. The use of rhyme places it somewhere between poetry and prose.

Lisbon: City layout: …of Bairro Alto is the Palace of the National Assembly, also known as the Palace of São Bento. Nearby is the official residence of Portugal’s prime minister. Farther west, toward Belém, Necessidades Palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

São Bernardo do Campo, city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), southern Brazil. It is located on a tributary of the Tietê River at 2,506 feet (764 metres) above sea level, part of the greater São Paulo metropolitan area. Formerly known as Borda do Campo and São Bernardo, the original colonial

Graciliano Ramos: In 1934 he published São Bernardo, the reflections of Paulo Honório, who has risen by methods ranging from petty deceit to murder to become master of the plantation St. Bernard, where he was once a hired hand.

São Bernardo do Campo, city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), southern Brazil. It is located on a tributary of the Tietê River at 2,506 feet (764 metres) above sea level, part of the greater São Paulo metropolitan area. Formerly known as Borda do Campo and São Bernardo, the original colonial

Bartolomeu Dias: The voyage: …day it was) or the Bay of Cowherds, from the people he found there. Dias’s black companions were unable to understand those people, who fled but later returned to attack the Portuguese. The expedition went on to Angra da Roca (present-day Algoa Bay). The crew was unwilling to continue, and…

São Caetano do Sul, city, southeastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil, situated near the Tamanduatei River at 2,418 feet (737 metres) above sea level. It was founded in 1631 by Benedictine monks. São Caetano do Sul was made the seat of a municipality in 1948 and is now part of the

Campinas, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil, located in the highlands near the Atibaia River at 2,274 feet (693 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Campinas de Mato Grosso and as São Carlos, it was given town status and was made the

São Carlos, city, in the highlands of eastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is located at 2,903 feet (885 metres) above sea level on Monjolinho Stream, a tributary of the Jacaré Guaçu River. Formerly known as São Carlos do Pinhal, the settlement was given town status in 1865 and

Lisbon: Cultural life: The St. Charles and the National Theatre of Dona Maria II are Lisbon’s two principal theatres. The former, which was constructed in the late 18th century, has a beautiful elliptical interior, and the latter, which was built about 1845, displays a facade of six giant columns…

São Carlos, city, in the highlands of eastern São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is located at 2,903 feet (885 metres) above sea level on Monjolinho Stream, a tributary of the Jacaré Guaçu River. Formerly known as São Carlos do Pinhal, the settlement was given town status in 1865 and

São Cristóvão, city and port, eastern Sergipe estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is located near the mouth of the Vasa Barris River, almost adjacent to Aracaju, the state capital. It is a port for coastal shipping, and its industries include sugar milling and distilling. The city was the

African art: Daima and Sao: Not far from the Nok area but very different in style, at Daima near Lake Chad, small, simple clay animal figures were by the 6th century bce being made by a population of Neolithic herdsmen. A little later they began making animals with more…

São Domingos, town situated on an estuary of the Cacheu River in northwestern Guinea-Bissau. Its economy is based on agriculture; rice culture predominates in the nearby western coastal areas, palm culture farther inland, and mixed forest to the east. São Domingos is connected by road and river to

Benguela, city, western Angola. The city was founded in 1617 around São Filipe fortress and was one of the bases for Portuguese expansion in Africa. Benguela is the political and economic coordinating centre for the activities of the hinterland to the east and is linked by rail via the Benguela

Benguela, city, western Angola. The city was founded in 1617 around São Filipe fortress and was one of the bases for Portuguese expansion in Africa. Benguela is the political and economic coordinating centre for the activities of the hinterland to the east and is linked by rail via the Benguela

South America: The Precambrian: …the Amazonia, Luis Alves, and São Francisco cratons, although precisely dated rock samples are scarce. Ages older than 3 billion years have been reported in the Imataca Complex of Venezuela and in the Xingu area of Brazil, both in the Amazonia craton. The oldest rocks found so far—with ages of…

Taubaté: Formed as the village of São Francisco das Chagas de Taubaté in 1645, it was chartered as a city in 1842 at the onset of the Paraíba valley coffee boom. Remaining an agricultural centre after the boom declined, it also became industrialized. Engines and other automotive parts are manufactured there,…

Pelotas, coastal city, southeastern Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil. It is located on the left bank of the São Gonçalo Canal, the river that connects Mirim Lagoon with the Patos Lagoon. Founded in 1780 as São Francisco de Paula, Pelotas was raised to town status and renamed in

São Francisco River, major river of eastern South America. With a length of 1,811 miles (2,914 kilometres), it is the fourth largest river system of the continent and the largest river wholly within Brazil. The São Francisco has been called the “river of national unity,” for it long has served as a

Belo Horizonte: …bold architecture, exemplified by the Chapel of São Francisco, designed by Oscar Niemeyer and decorated by Cándido Portinari, and by the Mineirão stadium, one of the largest football (soccer) stadiums in the country. Notable sights in the city centre include the Municipal Park, the broad tree-lined Afonso Pena Avenue, and…

São Francisco River, major river of eastern South America. With a length of 1,811 miles (2,914 kilometres), it is the fourth largest river system of the continent and the largest river wholly within Brazil. The São Francisco has been called the “river of national unity,” for it long has served as a

Vasco da Gama: The first voyage: …120 tons, named the “São Gabriel” and the “São Rafael”; a 50-ton caravel, named the “Berrio”; and a 200-ton storeship. With da Gama’s fleet went three interpreters—two Arabic speakers and one who spoke several Bantu dialects. The fleet also carried padrões (stone pillars) to set up as marks of…

São Gonçalo, city, southwestern Rio de Janeiro estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It lies on the Imbuaçu Stream and reaches the eastern shore of Guanabara Bay. São Gonçalo is a northeastern suburb of Niterói, the former state capital. Its varied industries are dominated by chemical works. A large

São João Baptista de Ajudá, former Portuguese exclave (detached portion) of Sao Tome and Principe, in the city of Ouidah, Benin. Founded in 1721, it consisted of a fort and old factory (trading station). Until 1961, when the enclave was forcibly taken by Dahomey (now Benin) and its inhabitants

Rio Claro, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is situated at 2,050 feet (625 metres) above sea level along the Corumbataí River. Formerly called São João Batista da Beira do Ribeirão Claro and São João Batista do Morro Azul, it was given town

Rio Claro, city, in the highlands of east-central São Paulo estado (state), southeastern Brazil. It is situated at 2,050 feet (625 metres) above sea level along the Corumbataí River. Formerly called São João Batista da Beira do Ribeirão Claro and São João Batista do Morro Azul, it was given town

São João de Meriti, city and northwestern suburb of Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro estado (state), eastern Brazil. São João de Meriti, founded in 1647, was given city status in 1931. It lies near the headwaters of the São João de Meriti River, at 233 feet (71 metres) above sea level, 14 miles

São João del Rei, city, south-central Minas Gerais estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Lenheiro River on a site sandwiched between two hills, at 2,822 feet (860 metres) above sea level. Originally a gold-mining town, it was given city status in 1838. The city retains a colonial atmosphere and

Ilhéus, city, southeastern Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated just east of Itabuna near the mouth of the Cachoeira River on Ilhéus Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. An old Portuguese colonial settlement that was originally named São Jorge dos Ilhéos (1532), it was given

São Jorge Island, volcanic island of the central Azores of Portugal, east-central North Atlantic Ocean. São Jorge lies 35 miles (56 km) south of the island of Graciosa. It measures 36 by 4 miles (58 by 6 km) and has an area of about 95 square miles (246 square km). Its central peak, Esperança Peak,

São Jorge Island, volcanic island of the central Azores of Portugal, east-central North Atlantic Ocean. São Jorge lies 35 miles (56 km) south of the island of Graciosa. It measures 36 by 4 miles (58 by 6 km) and has an area of about 95 square miles (246 square km). Its central peak, Esperança Peak,

Caxias, city, east-central Maranhão estado (state), northeastern Brazil, lying on the Itapicuru River at 207 feet (63 metres) above sea level. Formerly known as São José das Aldeias Altas, it was renamed to honour Luis Alves de Lima e Silva, duque de Caxias, governor and military commander in

São José do Rio Prêto, city, in the highlands of northwestern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies 1,558 feet (475 metres) above sea level near the headwaters of the Prêto River. Originally called Rio Prêto, the city became a seat of a municipality in 1894 and grew as a service centre for an

São José dos Campos, city, eastern São Paulo estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Paraíba do Sul River at 2,110 feet (643 metres) above sea level. Known successively as Vila Nova de São José, Vila de São José do Sul, and Vila de São José do Paraíba, the colonial settlement developed around a

São Leopoldo, city, eastern Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), Brazil. It lies along the Sinos River at 85 feet (26 metres) above sea level, just north of Porto Alegre, the state capital, and is part of the greater Porto Alegre metropolitan area. The first German colony (1824) established in

São Lourenço River, northeastern tributary of the Paraguay River. The São Lourenço rises near Poxoreu, in southeastern Mato Grosso estado (“state”), Brazil, and flows approximately 300 miles (480 km) southwest through the Paraguay floodplain to join the Paraguay River 80 miles (130 km) north of

São Luís, city, capital of Maranhão estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the west side of São Luís Island on the Atlantic coast. The island is really a long, narrow peninsula between the drowned mouths of the Mearim and Itapicuru rivers (São Marcos Bay to the west and São José Bay to the

São Luís, city, capital of Maranhão estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies on the west side of São Luís Island on the Atlantic coast. The island is really a long, narrow peninsula between the drowned mouths of the Mearim and Itapicuru rivers (São Marcos Bay to the west and São José Bay to the