Sasak, largest ethnic group on Lombok, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia. They constitute most of the island’s population and numbered about 2.6 million at the turn of the 21st century. The Sasak speak Sasak or Sasak-flavoured Balinese, both of which are Austronesian languages.

King Philip’s War: …and found guilty of murdering John Sassamon, a Harvard-educated “praying Indian” convert to Puritanism who had served as an interpreter and advisor to Philip but whom Philip had accused of spying for the colonists. His murder ignited a tinderbox of tensions between Indians and whites that had been smoldering for…

Sassandra River, river in western Africa, rising as the Tienba in the highlands between Odienné and Boundiali, northwestern Côte d’Ivoire, and becoming the Sassandra 36 miles (58 km) east-northeast of Touba at its confluence with the Férédougouba (Bagbé) River from eastern Guinea. It then follows a

Sasanian dynasty, ancient Iranian dynasty that ruled an empire (224–651 ce), rising through Ardashīr I’s conquests in 208–224 ce and destroyed by the Arabs during the years 637–651. The dynasty was named after Sāsān, an ancestor of Ardashīr. Under the leadership of Ardashīr (reigned as “king of

Sardinian language: …northernmost varieties of Sardinian—Sassarese (Sassarian) in the northwest and Gallurese (Gallurian) in the northeast—exhibit a mixed Sardinian-Italian typology as a consequence of the encroachment of medieval Ligurian and Corsican influences. Gallurese in particular is related to the dialect of Sartène in Corsica, and it may have been imported into…

Sassari, city, Sardinia, Italy, near the north coast of the island and on the edge of the limestone hills above the plain of Riu Mannu, north-northwest of Cagliari. In the 12th century Sassari, then called Tathari, grew as the coastal peoples retreated inland from the raiding Saracens. It became

Sardinian language: …northernmost varieties of Sardinian—Sassarese (Sassarian) in the northwest and Gallurese (Gallurian) in the northeast—exhibit a mixed Sardinian-Italian typology as a consequence of the encroachment of medieval Ligurian and Corsican influences. Gallurese in particular is related to the dialect of Sartène in Corsica, and it may have been imported into…

Ben Sasse is an American Republican politician who represented Nebraska in the U.S. Senate from 2015 to 2023. He later served as president of the University of Florida (2023–24). Sasse grew up in Fremont, near Omaha, Nebraska, where he excelled in high school. He went on to study at Harvard

Ben Sasse is an American Republican politician who represented Nebraska in the U.S. Senate from 2015 to 2023. He later served as president of the University of Florida (2023–24). Sasse grew up in Fremont, near Omaha, Nebraska, where he excelled in high school. He went on to study at Harvard

Sassetta was a Gothic-style painter considered to be the greatest Sienese painter of the early 15th century. The date and place of his birth are uncertain. He seems to have been trained in Siena, and the force of the Sienese tradition is evident in the vivid colours and elegant use of line in the

Domenico Ghirlandaio: Frescoes for the Sassetti and Tornabuoni chapels and other work: …earlier was executed for the Sassetti Chapel in Santa Trinita in Florence. Commissioned by Francesco Sassetti, an agent of the Medici bank, they were painted between about 1482 and 1485. The six main frescoes represent scenes from the life of St. Francis of Assisi, Sassetti’s patron saint. Once more, the…

Sarah Vaughan was an American jazz vocalist and pianist known for her rich voice, with an unusually wide range, and for the inventiveness and virtuosity of her improvisations. She is regarded as one of the greatest of all jazz singers. Vaughan was the daughter of amateur musicians. Her father, a

Western painting: Early and High Baroque in Italy: Sassoferrato (1609–85), for example, painted in a deliberately archaizing manner, carefully reproducing Raphaelesque formulas. The cryptically romantic movement, centred on Pier Francesco Mola, Pietro Testa, and Salvator Rosa, was more important and, together with the landscapes of Gaspard Dughet, was to have considerable repercussions in…

Bartolus of Saxoferrato was a lawyer, law teacher at Perugia, and chief among the postglossators, or commentators, a group of northern Italian jurists who, from the mid-14th century, wrote on the Roman (civil) law. Their predecessors, the glossators, had worked at Bologna from about 1125. Bartolus

Johann Adolph Hasse was an outstanding composer of operas in the Italian style that dominated late Baroque opera. Hasse began his career as a singer and made his debut as a composer in 1721 with the opera Antioco. He went to Italy, where he studied with Nicola Porpora and with Alessandro Scarlatti

Siegfried Sassoon was an English poet and novelist known for his antiwar poetry and for his fictionalized autobiographies, which drew praise for their evocation of English country life. (Read Britannica’s essay “War Stories: 13 Modern Writers Who Served in War.”) Sassoon grew up in Weirleigh, a

Siegfried Sassoon was an English poet and novelist known for his antiwar poetry and for his fictionalized autobiographies, which drew praise for their evocation of English country life. (Read Britannica’s essay “War Stories: 13 Modern Writers Who Served in War.”) Sassoon grew up in Weirleigh, a

Denis Sassou-Nguesso is a Congolese politician and former military leader who twice served as president of the Republic of the Congo (1979–92 and 1997– ). Sassou-Nguesso attended Loubomo Secondary School from 1956 until 1961. He then joined the army, which sent him to Algeria and France for

Sarah Vaughan was an American jazz vocalist and pianist known for her rich voice, with an unusually wide range, and for the inventiveness and virtuosity of her improvisations. She is regarded as one of the greatest of all jazz singers. Vaughan was the daughter of amateur musicians. Her father, a

Ayyappan, in Hinduism, a deity who is always celibate, generally depicted in a yogic posture, with a bell around his neck. His most prominent shrine is at Sabarimala, in the southern Indian state of Kerala, where he is most popular, though the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka also

Shastan, North American Indian peoples that spoke related languages of Hokan stock and lived in the highlands of what is now interior northern California, in the basins of the Upper Klamath, the Scott, and the Shasta rivers. Their main subdivisions were the Shasta, New River Shasta, Konomihu, and

Spanish literature: Theatre: Alfonso Sastre rejected Buero’s formula, preferring more-direct Marxist approaches to social problems, but censors prohibited many of his dramas. A dramatic theorist and existentialist, Sastre in his works presents individuals ensnared in Kafkaesque bureaucratic structures, struggling but failing while the struggle itself endures and advances…

Smarta sect: …earned the honorary title of shastri (Sanskrit: “men of learning”), or, in Tamil, ayyar, which often follows their names.

South Asian arts: Classical theatre: …plays edited in 1912 by Pandit Ganapati Sastri, who dug out their manuscripts in Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala state. These, ascribed to Bhasa (1st century bce–1st century ce), include the one-act Urubhanga (“The Broken Thigh”), a tragedy that is a departure from Sanskrit convention, and the six-act Svapnavasavadatta (“The…

Srinivasa Sastri was a liberal Indian statesman and founder of the Indian Liberal Federation, who served his country under British colonial rule in many important posts at home and abroad. Sastri was born of poor Brahman parents in Madras (Chennai). He began his career as a schoolmaster, but his

Srinivasa Sastri was a liberal Indian statesman and founder of the Indian Liberal Federation, who served his country under British colonial rule in many important posts at home and abroad. Sastri was born of poor Brahman parents in Madras (Chennai). He began his career as a schoolmaster, but his

South Asian arts: Other classical dance forms: …was enriched by the musician-poet Venkatarama Sastri (1759–1847), who composed important dance-dramas in the Telugu language. Mohini attam is based on the legend of the Hindu mythological seductress Mohini, who tempted Shiva. It is patterned on bharata natyam with elements of kathakali. It uses Malayalam songs with Karnatak music. Kuravanchi…

glacier: Accumulation: …dunes in their several shapes; sastrugi are jagged erosional features (often cut into snow dunes) caused by strong prevailing winds that occur after snowfall. Sharp, rugged sastrugi, which can be one to two metres high, make travel by vehicle or on foot difficult. The annual snow layers exposed in the…

Sasuntzi Davith, Armenian folk epic dealing with the adventures of David of Sasun, a legendary Christian hero, in his defense against invaders from Egypt and Persia. The epic was based on oral tradition that presumably dates from the 8th to the 10th century; it was widely known from the 16th

André De Toth was a Hungarian-born film and television director who gained a cult following for a number of raw, violent, and psychologically disturbing B-movies, notably Pitfall (1948), but was best known to the general public for House of Wax (1953), widely considered the best of the early 3-D

aptitude test: The Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the American College Testing Exam (ACT) are examples of group tests commonly used in the United States to gauge general academic ability; in France the International Baccalaureate exam (le bac) is taken by secondary-school students. Such tests yield a profile…

SATA, an interface for transferring data between a computer’s central circuit board and storage devices. SATA replaced the long-standing PATA (parallel ATA) interface. Serial communication transfers data one bit at a time, rather than in several parallel streams. Despite the apparent advantage of

Levy Mwanawasa: His nearest competitor, Michael Sata, who received 29.37 percent of the vote, made claims of voting irregularities and contested the election. Sporadic violence ensued in areas loyal to Sata, but the result of the election stood, and Mwanawasa was sworn in for his second term in October 2006.…

Mādhyamika: …Treatise”) by Nāgārjuna and the Śataka-śāstra (“One Hundred Verses Treatise”), attributed to his pupil Āryadeva.

Satavahana dynasty, Indian family that, according to some interpretations based on the Puranas (ancient religious and legendary writings), belonged to the Andhra jati (“tribe”) and was the first Deccanese dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha—i.e., the southern region. At the height of their

Sesson Shūkei was a Japanese artist who was the most distinguished and individualistic talent among the numerous painters who worked in the style of Sesshū, the 15th-century artist considered the greatest of the Japanese suiboku-ga (“water-ink”) painters. Sesson was a monk of the Sōtō sect of

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: …with four 750-kiloton warheads; the SS-18 Satan, with up to 10 500-kiloton warheads; and the SS-19 Stiletto, with six 550-kiloton warheads. Each of these Soviet systems had several versions that traded multiple warheads for higher yield. For instance, the SS-18, model 3, carried a single 20-megaton warhead. This giant missile,…

Satan, in the three major Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), the prince of evil spirits and adversary of God. Satan is traditionally understood as an angel (or sometimes a jinnī in Islam) who rebelled against God and was cast out of heaven with other “fallen” angels before the

John Sturges: Later films: …direction with his next project, The Satan Bug (1965), a suspense drama about the attempts to recover a deadly virus that is stolen from a top-secret laboratory. The Hallelujah Trail (1965) was a western spoof centring on a cavalry colonel (Lancaster) who tries to deliver 40 wagonloads of whiskey to…

Isaac Bashevis Singer: …Der Sotn in Goray (Satan in Goray), was published in installments in Poland shortly before he immigrated to the United States in 1935.

William Dieterle: Warner Brothers: …break from biopics to direct Satan Met a Lady (1936), a pallid adaptation of Dashiell Hammett’s The Maltese Falcon, with the characters and material played for laughs. In 1937 he made the crime drama The Great O’Malley, which starred Pat O’Brien and Humphrey Bogart, and Another Dawn, an adequate soap…

Harry Warren: … (1953) and Cinderfella (1960), and Satan Never Sleeps (1962) and the theme for the 1955–61 television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp. He continued to compose but published little music after 1962.

Sharon Olds: Olds’s first collection, Satan Says (1980), describes her early sexual life in frank language. The book was praised as a daring, auspicious debut. In The Dead and the Living (1984), which received several major poetry awards, she refined her poetic voice. Her poems honouring the dead encompass both…

Leonid Andreyev: …last novel, Dnevnik Satany (Satan’s Diary), was unfinished at his death. Published in 1921, it paints a world in which boundless evil triumphs. In 1956 his remains were taken to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).

Jacobus Acontius: In his Satanae stratagemata (1565) Acontius identified the dogmatic creeds that divide the church as the “stratagems of Satan.” In the hope of finding a common denominator for the various creeds, he sought to reduce dogma to a minimum.

Church of Satan: …rituals of the church in The Satanic Bible (1969). The church did not worship Satan as the Christian embodiment of evil or even as an existing being. Instead, LaVey taught that “His Infernal Majesty” was a symbol of humanistic values such as self-assertion, rebellion against unjust authority, vital existence, and…

Satanic school, pejorative designation used by Robert Southey, most notably in the preface to his A Vision of Judgement (1821), in reference to certain English poets whose work he believed to be “characterised by a Satanic spirit of pride and audacious impiety.” Although Southey did not name any of

The Satanic Verses, magic realist epic novel by Indian-born writer Salman Rushdie that upon its publication in 1988 became one of the most controversial books of the late 20th century. Some Muslims considered its fanciful and satiric use of Islam blasphemous, and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran

Satanism, the worship or veneration of Satan, a figure from Christian belief who is also commonly known as the Devil or Lucifer. For most of Christian history, accusations that groups have been deliberately worshipping the Devil have been spurious, with little or no basis in reality. However, from

Red River Indian War: …by chiefs Big Tree and Satanta, Indians carried out an attack in 1874 that killed 60 Texans and launched the war. In the fall of 1874, about 3,000 federal infantry and cavalry, under the overall command of General William Tecumseh Sherman, converged on the Indians concentrated in the Red River…

Satara, city, southwestern Maharashtra state, western India. It is located west of the confluence of the Krishna and Venna rivers, southeast of Pune. The city was named for the walls of its fort, numbering 17 (Marathi: satara); the fort was built by the Shilahara and later strengthened by the

Satavahana dynasty, Indian family that, according to some interpretations based on the Puranas (ancient religious and legendary writings), belonged to the Andhra jati (“tribe”) and was the first Deccanese dynasty to build an empire in daksinapatha—i.e., the southern region. At the height of their

ancient Iranian religion: Tishtrya and Tīri: …boil, and then another star, Satavaisa (Fomalhaut), rises with the cloud-forming mists that are blown by the bold Wind in the form of “rain and clouds and hail to the dwelling and the settlements (and) to the seven continents.” As one of the stars “who contains the seeds of waters”…

Micronesian culture: Social hierarchy and political organization: …the time of European contact, Satawan Atoll in the Mortlocks had four separate communities, each with its own leader, which sometimes fought one another. Palau had two confederations of villages or districts, each independent of the other, and the villages themselves had considerable autonomy. Pohnpei had five petty states, although…

score: …resulting in the often-used acronym SATB on the title page of scores for four-part vocal works.

Elizabeth Kemble was an English actress of great ability whose career was subordinated to that of her husband, George Stephen Kemble. Elizabeth Satchell was a talented performer when she married Kemble in 1783, and for several years they acted together, with critics consistently noting her

David Satcher is an American medical doctor and public health administrator who was the 16th surgeon general of the United States from 1998 to 2002. The son of a small farmer, Satcher nearly died of whooping cough at age two because his family had little access to health care. He was attended by

Louis Armstrong was the leading trumpeter and one of the most influential artists in jazz history. Although Armstrong claimed to be born in 1900, various documents, notably a baptismal record, indicate that 1901 was his birth year. He grew up in dire poverty in New Orleans, Louisiana, when jazz was

satin: …satin structure is known as sateen.

satellite, natural object (moon) or spacecraft (artificial satellite) orbiting a larger astronomical body. Most known natural satellites orbit planets; the Earth’s Moon is the most obvious example. All the planets in the solar system except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites. More than 160

satellite communication, in telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog

heredity: Repetitive DNA: …genome (dispersed repeats), and (3) satellite DNA, which contains short nucleotide sequences repeated as many as thousands of times. Such repeats are often found clustered in tandem near the centromeres (i.e., the attachment points for the nuclear spindle fibres that move chromosomes during cell division). Microsatellite DNA is composed of…

launch vehicle: India: …1980 using the four-stage solid-fueled Satellite Launch Vehicle 3 (SLV-3), which was developed from the U.S. Scout launch vehicle first used in the 1960s. India did not have a prior ballistic missile program, but parts of the SLV-3 were later incorporated into India’s first IRBM, Agni. The four-stage Polar Satellite…

satellite observatory, Earth-orbiting spacecraft that allows celestial objects and radiation to be studied from above the atmosphere. Astronomy from Earth’s surface is limited to observation in those parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (see electromagnetic radiation) that are not absorbed by the

satellite radio, type of digital broadcast, which transmits audio signals over large areas with greater clarity and consistency than conventional radio. A satellite radio service works by transmitting its signal from a ground-based station to one or more satellites orbiting Earth. The satellite

telecommunications media: Satellite links: A telecommunications satellite is a sophisticated space-based cluster of radio repeaters, called transponders, that link terrestrial radio transmitters to terrestrial radio receivers through an uplink (a link from terrestrial transmitter to satellite receiver) and a downlink (a

airport: Pier and satellite designs: …1960s, were designed on the satellite concept. Frequently, passengers are carried out to the satellites by some form of automated people mover or automatic train. Some satellite designs were very successful—for example, at Orlando and Tampa in Florida, U.S.—but to some degree the concept has fallen out of favour, having…

surveying: Basic control surveys: …together existing continental networks by satellite triangulation so as to facilitate the adjustment of all major geodetic surveys into a single world datum and determine the size and shape of the Earth spheroid with much greater accuracy than heretofore obtained. At the same time, current national networks will be strengthened,…

Earth satellite, artificial object launched into a temporary or permanent orbit around Earth. Spacecraft of this type may be either crewed or uncrewed, the latter being the most common. The idea of an artificial satellite in orbital flight was first suggested by Sir Isaac Newton in his book

Earth satellite, artificial object launched into a temporary or permanent orbit around Earth. Spacecraft of this type may be either crewed or uncrewed, the latter being the most common. The idea of an artificial satellite in orbital flight was first suggested by Sir Isaac Newton in his book

radar: Ballistic missile defense and satellite-surveillance radars: The systems for detecting and tracking ballistic missiles and orbiting satellites are much larger than those for aircraft detection because the ranges are longer and the radar echoes from space targets can be smaller than echoes from aircraft. Such radars might be required…

Indo-European languages: Changes in phonology: …or affricates are known as “satem” languages, from the Avestan word satəm ‘hundred’ (Proto-Indo-European *kmtóm), which illustrates the change. The languages that preserve the palatal stops as k-like sounds are known as “centum” languages, from centum (/kentum/), the corresponding word in Latin. The satem languages are not geographically separated from…

bullet ant: Sting: …manhood initiation rites of the Sateré-Mawé people of Brazil. For 5–10 minutes at a time, a boy must wear gloves into which bullet ants have been woven. After this ordeal his hands and parts of his arms become temporarily paralyzed, and he may tremble uncontrollably for several days.

Laos, landlocked country of northeast-central mainland Southeast Asia. It consists of an irregularly round portion in the north that narrows into a peninsula-like region stretching to the southeast. Overall, the country extends about 650 miles (1,050 km) from northwest to southeast. The capital is

Anuket: Alongside Khnum (Khenemu) and Sati, Anuket oversaw the fertility of the lands near the river. Indeed, she was worshipped as the great nourisher of the farms and fields because of the annual inundation of the Nile that deposited the heavy layer of black silt from Upper Egypt and Nubia.

sati, South Asian custom in which a wife immolates herself either on the funeral pyre of her dead husband or in some other fashion soon after his death. Sati was considered to embody the ideal of womanly devotion to husbands held by certain Brahmin and royal castes. The practice was outlawed in

Sati, in Hinduism, one of the wives of the god Shiva and a daughter of the sage Daksa. Sati married Shiva against her father’s wishes. When her father failed to invite her husband to a great sacrifice, Sati died of mortification and was later reborn as the goddess Parvati. (Some accounts say she

Erik Satie was a French composer whose spare, unconventional, often witty style exerted a major influence on 20th-century music, particularly in France. Satie studied at the Paris Conservatory, dropped out, and later worked as a café pianist. About 1890 he became associated with the Rosicrucian

Erik Satie was a French composer whose spare, unconventional, often witty style exerted a major influence on 20th-century music, particularly in France. Satie studied at the Paris Conservatory, dropped out, and later worked as a café pianist. About 1890 he became associated with the Rosicrucian

satiety, desire to limit further food intake, as after completing a satisfying meal. The hypothalamus, part of the central nervous system, regulates the amount of food desired. Eating is thought to increase the body temperature, and as the temperature in the hypothalamus rises, the process of

East African mountains: Physiography: …which the highest peak is Mount Lesatima (Satima), reaching a height of 13,120 feet, and the Mau Escarpment rise steeply from the eastern portion of the Eastern (Great) Rift Valley. To the west, beyond the Uasin Gishu Plateau, Mount Elgon emerges gently from a level of about 6,200 feet; but…

African art: Dogon and Tellem: …authority of God; and the satimbe mask, a rectangular face surmounted by the figure of a mythical and powerful woman. The structure of the satimbe mask—its projecting and receding forms—recalls the facades of the mosques of ancient Mali. The Dogon are known for their architecture, including the rounded, organic form…

satin, any fabric constructed by the satin weave method, one of the three basic textile weaves. The fabric is characterized by a smooth surface and usually a lustrous face and dull back; it is made in a wide variety of weights for various uses, including dresses, particularly evening wear; linings;

bowerbird: Avenues are made by the satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus); the regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus) and its relatives; and the spotted bowerbird (Chlamydera maculata) and its relatives. Satin and regent bowerbirds make a paint of vegetable pulp, charcoal, and saliva and apply it to the interior walls; a daub of green…

Duke Ellington: Masterworks and popular songs of the 1930s and ’40s: …in My Bed,” and “Satin Doll;” in other songs, such as “Don’t Get Around Much Any More,” “Prelude to a Kiss,” “Solitude,” and “I Let a Song Go out of My Heart,” he made wide interval leaps an Ellington trademark. A number of these hits were introduced by Ivy…

satin glass, in the decorative arts, glass with a dull matte finish achieved by immersion in hydrofluoric or other abrasive acid. In the 19th century the process was synonymous with “frosting” and was a technique associated especially with the fancy art glass produced in the United States in the

The Satin Slipper, philosophical play in four “days” or sections by Paul Claudel, published in 1929 in French as Le Soulier de satin; ou, le pire n’est pas toujours sûr. It was designed to be read rather than performed (an abridged version was staged in 1943), and it is often considered Claudel’s

The Satin Slipper, philosophical play in four “days” or sections by Paul Claudel, published in 1929 in French as Le Soulier de satin; ou, le pire n’est pas toujours sûr. It was designed to be read rather than performed (an abridged version was staged in 1943), and it is often considered Claudel’s

satin spar, massive (noncrystalline) variety of the mineral gypsum

satin, any fabric constructed by the satin weave method, one of the three basic textile weaves. The fabric is characterized by a smooth surface and usually a lustrous face and dull back; it is made in a wide variety of weights for various uses, including dresses, particularly evening wear; linings;

satinwood, (Chloroxylon swietenia), tree of the rue family (Rutaceae), native to Southeast Asia, India, and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). Satinwood is harvested for its hard yellowish brown wood, which has a satiny lustre and is used for fine cabinetwork and farming tools. Many parts of the plant are used in

smṛtyupasthāna, in Buddhist philosophy, one of the preparatory stages of meditation practiced by Buddhist monks aiming for bodhi, or enlightenment. It consists of keeping something in mind constantly. According to the 4th- or 5th-century text Abhidharmakośa, there are four types of meditation of

Juan Pablo Forner: …seen in his early work Sátira contra los abusos introducidos en la poesía castellana (1782; “Satire Against the Abuses Introduced into Castilian Poetry”), an attack against the innovations of verse styles such as gongorismo (an ornate and exaggerated style named after the poet Luis de Góngora).

satire, artistic form, chiefly literary and dramatic, in which human or individual vices, follies, abuses, or shortcomings are held up to censure by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, parody, caricature, or other methods, sometimes with an intent to inspire social reform. Satire is a

Ludovico Ariosto: …1525, he composed his seven satires (titled Satire), modeled after the Sermones (satires) of Horace. The first (written in 1517 when he had refused to follow the cardinal to Buda) is a noble assertion of the dignity and independence of the writer; the second criticizes ecclesiastical corruption; the third moralizes…

Horace: Life: …on Book I of the Satires, 10 poems written in hexameter verse and published in 35 bc. The Satires reflect Horace’s adhesion to Octavian’s attempts to deal with the contemporary challenges of restoring traditional morality, defending small landowners from large estates (latifundia), combating debt and usury, and encouraging novi homines…

Satires, collection of 16 satiric poems published at intervals in five separate books by Juvenal. Book One, containing Satires 1–5, was issued c. 100–110 ce; Book Two, with Satire 6, c. 115; Book Three, which comprises Satires 7–9, contains what must be a reference to Hadrian, who ruled from 117 to

Quintus Ennius: In the Saturae (Satires) Ennius developed the only literary genre that Rome could call its own. Four books in a variety of metres on diverse subjects, they were mostly concerned with practical wisdom, often driving home a lesson with the help of a fable. More philosophical was a…

Thomas Hardy: Poetry: …of 1912–13” in the collection Satires of Circumstance (1914) publicly proclaimed her husband’s continuing devotion to her predecessor—her attention to Hardy’s health, comfort, and privacy made a crucial contribution to his remarkable productivity in old age. Late in his eighth decade he published a fifth volume of verse, Moments of…

English literature: The court wits: ) Oldham’s Satires upon the Jesuits (1681), written during the Popish Plot, makes too unrelenting use of a rancorous, hectoring tone, but his development of the possibilities (especially satiric) of the “imitation” form, already explored by Rochester in, for example, An Allusion to Horace (written 1675–76), earns…