St. Benedict: Life: His sister Scholastica, who came to live nearby as the head of a nunnery, died shortly before her brother. The only certain date in Benedict’s life is given by a visit from the Gothic king Totila about 542. Benedict’s feast day is kept by monks on March…

Scholasticism, the philosophical systems and speculative tendencies of various medieval Christian thinkers, who, working against a background of fixed religious dogma, sought to solve anew general philosophical problems (as of faith and reason, will and intellect, realism and nominalism, and the

Buddhism: The Pali canon (Tipitaka): …the interest in scholasticism (Pali: Abhidhamma).

Moses De León: …disguised, were discerned by Gershom Scholem, one of the great 20th-century scholars of Jewish mysticism, and he became convinced that the Zohar was a medieval work. He was able to demonstrate, further, that the Aramaic in which the Zohar is written is, in both vocabulary and idiom, the work of…

Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, written in simple, lucid English prose and published posthumously in 1570, is Ascham’s best-known book. It presents an effective method of teaching Latin prose composition, but its larger concerns are with the psychology of learning, the education of the whole person, and the ideal…

Myron S. Scholes is a Canadian-born American economist best known for his work with colleague Fischer Black on the Black-Scholes option valuation formula, which made options trading more accessible by giving investors a benchmark for valuing. Scholes shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences

St. Maximus the Confessor: Gregory of Nazianzus), and Scholia (on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite),express Maximus’s teaching on the transcendental, impredicable nature of the divinity, his intrinsic Trinitarian existence, and his definitive communication in Christ. In his 400 Capita de caritate (“Four Hundred Chapters on Charity”), Maximus counselled a Christian humanism, integrating asceticism with ordinary…

Hucbald: The Musica enchiriadis and Scholia enchiriadis give the earliest written description of music in several voices: parallel organum, in which a plainchant melody is sung in parallel fourths or parallel fifths. De alia musica deals with a notational system called daseian notation. Although it never became generally accepted, it…

White Rose: …of the group’s founding members—Hans Scholl, Willi Graf, and Alexander Schmorell—were medical students at the University of Munich. While on the Eastern Front, the trio observed the murder of Jewish civilians by SS troops. When they returned to Munich, the three joined with other students—including Hans’s sister Sophie—to discuss…

White Rose: …with other students—including Hans’s sister Sophie—to discuss their opposition to the Nazi regime. Coupling youthful idealism with an impressive knowledge of German literature and Christian religious teachings, the students published their beliefs in a series of leaflets under the name “the White Rose” (and later as “Leaflets of the Resistance”).

Don Schollander is an American athlete who was the first swimmer to win four gold medals in a single Olympic Games. A product of the acclaimed Santa Clara (California) Swim Club, Schollander was noted for his speed, perfection of stroke, and effortless crawl. He broke several U.S. and world

Switzerland: Relief and drainage: …of a bridge in the Schöllenen Gorge, which traverses the northern chain, while the southern range is crossed by the St. Gotthard Pass at an elevation of 6,916 feet (2,108 metres). The 9-mile (14-km) St. Gotthard rail tunnel through the pass was opened in 1882; a twin 10.5-mile (17-km) road…

Battle of Tannenberg: Initial developments on the Eastern Front: …East Prussia to advance against Friedrich von Scholtz’s XX Corps. He had been so hurried on by Zhilinsky that his troops were tired and hungry, their transport incomplete, and the supply services in chaos. Samsonov’s appearance was reported to Prittwitz on August 20, and the Russian force was under, rather…

Neue Sachlichkeit: Alexander Kanoldt, Carlo Mense, Georg Scholz, and Heinrich Davringhausen.

Karl Barth: Years in Germany: …with the philosopher of science Heinrich Scholz. It was in this connection that he produced his celebrated study of St. Anselm, Fides quaerens intellectum (1931; Faith in Search of Understanding).

Olaf Scholz is a German politician who became chancellor of Germany in 2021. A longtime member of Germany’s center-left Social Democratic Party (SPD), Scholz served as finance minister and vice chancellor in the “grand coalition” government of Angela Merkel (2018–21) before succeeding her as

Boston: The original members were Tom Scholz (b. March 10, 1947, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.), Brad Delp (b. June 12, 1951, Boston, Massachusetts—found dead March 9, 2007, Atkinson, New Hampshire), Fran Sheehan (b. March 26, 1949, Boston), Barry Goudreau (b. November 29, 1951, Boston), and John (“Sib”) Hashian (b. August 17,…

Frederick Herman, duke of Schomberg was a German soldier of fortune, a marshal of France, and an English peer, who fought in the service of various countries in the major European wars between 1634 and 1690. Schomberg was the son of the Protestant court marshal of Frederick V, elector Palatine, and

Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk was a German-born British explorer and surveyor whose “Schomburgk Line” marked the boundary of British Guiana from 1841 to 1895. He was knighted in 1844. Schomburgk was educated in Germany, and in 1829 he went to the United States and from there in 1831 visited

Max Bruch: …orchestra—such as Schön Ellen (1867; Beautiful Ellen) and Odysseus (1872). These were favourites with German choral societies during the late 19th century. These works failed to remain in the concert repertoire, possibly because, despite his sound workmanship and effective choral writing, he lacked the depth of conception and originality needed…

Santana: …III (1971), featuring new guitarist Neal Schon, followed. With Caravanserai (1972) the group shifted toward jazz. Musicians began leaving the band—most notably Rolie and Schon, who formed Journey. Influenced in part by the philosophy of Sri Chinmoy, Carlos Santana continued excursions into jazz-rock with various musicians for several years before…

Christian Friedrich Schönbein was a German chemist who discovered and named ozone (1840) and was the first to describe guncotton (nitrocellulose). His teaching posts included one at Epsom, England, before he joined the faculty at the University of Basel, Switzerland (1828), where he was appointed

Gallagher and Shean: …the act of “Gallagher and Shean.” They went separate ways from 1914 to 1920, but in the latter year (at the urging of Shean’s sister Minnie Marx, mother of the Marx Brothers) they rejoined to star in the Shubert Brothers’ Cinderella on Broadway, with huge success. They then appeared in…

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian-American composer who created new methods of musical composition involving atonality, namely serialism and the 12-tone row. He was also one of the most-influential teachers of the 20th century; among his most-significant pupils were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.

Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian-American composer who created new methods of musical composition involving atonality, namely serialism and the 12-tone row. He was also one of the most-influential teachers of the 20th century; among his most-significant pupils were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.

August Belmont was a German-born American banker, diplomat, political leader, sportsman, and a patron of the arts who was a defining figure of America’s Gilded Age. At age 14 Belmont entered the banking house of the Rothschilds at Frankfurt am Main, and he later transferred to the Naples office. In

Frederick Herman, duke of Schomberg was a German soldier of fortune, a marshal of France, and an English peer, who fought in the service of various countries in the major European wars between 1634 and 1690. Schomberg was the son of the Protestant court marshal of Frederick V, elector Palatine, and

Friedrich Karl, Graf (count) von Schönborn was a prince-prelate, bishop of Bamberg and Würzburg (1729–46). His long reign as vice chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire (1705–34) raised the imperial chancery for the last time to a position of European importance. After studies at Mainz, Aschaffenburg,

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Early life and education: …elector, the archbishop of Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn, where he was concerned with questions of law and politics.

Schloss Schönbrunn, Rococo-style 1,440-room summer palace of the Habsburgs in Vienna. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach’s first design for the building, meant to rival France’s Palace of Versailles, was done in 1690. A second, somewhat less ornate, plan, however, dating from 1695–96 was adopted,

zoo: …the Imperial Menagerie at the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. This menagerie, which still flourishes, was opened to the general public in 1779. In 1775 a zoo was founded in a Royal Park in Madrid, and 18 years later the zoological collection of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, was begun. The…

Schloss Schönbrunn, Rococo-style 1,440-room summer palace of the Habsburgs in Vienna. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach’s first design for the building, meant to rival France’s Palace of Versailles, was done in 1690. A second, somewhat less ornate, plan, however, dating from 1695–96 was adopted,

Treaty of Schönbrunn, (Oct. 14, 1809), agreement signed at the Schloss Schönbrunn in Vienna after Austria’s premature war of liberation against Napoleon collapsed with its defeat at Wagram and its failure to get the Prussian support it had expected. Austria lost about 32,000 square miles (83,000

fountain: Medieval European: A noteworthy example is the Schöne Brunnen at Nürnberg (1398), distinguished by its high, rich Gothic spirelet with many statues and ironwork railing.

Franz Schubert: Maturity of Franz Schubert: …however, was the song cycle Die schöne Müllerin (“The Fair Maid of the Mill”), representing the epitome of Schubert’s lyrical art. Schubert spent part of the summer in the hospital and probably started work—while still a patient—on his most ambitious opera, Fierrabras. The work was rejected by the directorate of…

Wilhelm Müller: …for his verse cycles “Die schöne Müllerin” and “Die Winterreise,” which Franz Schubert set to music.

Johann Friedrich Schönemann was an actor-manager who was influential in the development of Germany’s public theatre. Schönemann made his professional debut in 1725 with a traveling Harlequin troupe and in 1730 joined Caroline Neuber’s theatre company, where he was admired for his comedic abilities.

Georg, Ritter (knight) von Schönerer was an Austrian political extremist, founder of the Pan-German Party (1885). He was a virulent anti-Semite and was perhaps the best-known spokesman for popular antidemocratic sentiments in the late empire. A left-wing Liberal when first elected to the Reichsrat

Martin Schongauer was a painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Dürer. Schongauer was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith of Augsburg. In 1465 he registered at the University of Leipzig but apparently remained there only for a short time. It is not clear

Karl Schönherr was an Austrian writer known for his simple, robust plays dealing with the political and religious problems of peasant life. Schönherr was the son of a country schoolmaster and became a practicing physician in Vienna. His first publications (1895) were unassuming dialect poems and

fascism: Germany: …by another former Waffen-SS member, Franz Schönhuber. Like Almirante in Italy, Schönhuber strove to give his party a more respectable image, and his efforts extended to denying his own previous connection with the Waffen-SS. “I have no Nazi past,” he said. “I regard the National Socialist state as absolutely incompatible…

John George IV: …reign his chief adviser was Hans Adam von Schöning (1641–96), who counselled a union between Saxony and Brandenburg and a more independent attitude toward the emperor Leopold I. In accordance with this advice certain proposals were put before Leopold to which he refused to agree; consequently the Saxon troops withdrew…

Johann Lukas Schönlein was a German physician whose attempts to establish medicine as a natural science helped create modern methods for the teaching and practice of clinical medicine. A professor of medicine at the universities of Würzburg (1824–33), Zürich (1833–40), and Berlin (1840–59),

Albert Siklós was a Hungarian cellist, composer, and musicologist. Siklós began composing at the age of six and started studying the pianoforte and music theory at seven. He took up the cello in 1891 and began lecturing while a student at the Hungarian Music School in 1895. He joined the staff of

education: Spanish and Portuguese America: The first elementary school in the New World was organized in Mexico by the Franciscan Pedro de Gante in 1523 in Texcoco, followed in 1525 by a similar school in San Francisco. Because such schools in Mexico were designed for Indian children, the monks learned the native languages…

education: Education and personal growth: As he propounded in The School and Society (1899) and The Child and the Curriculum (1902), education must be tied to experience, not abstract thought, and must be built upon the interests and developmental needs of the child. He argued for a student-centred, not subject-centred, curriculum and stressed the…

School Board of Nassau County v. Arline, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1987, ruled (7–2) that an individual with the contagious disease tuberculosis could be considered handicapped under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The case centred on Gene Arline, an elementary

bullying: School bullying: Bullying in educational settings remains a commonplace everyday experience. In Europe significant attention to school bullying began in the early 1970s, in part because of the efforts of Olweus, as well as a widely publicized trio of victim suicides in Norway in 1983.…

bus: Modern buses: School buses generally consist of a 50-passenger bus body, with special signal lamp and safety provisions, mounted on a long-wheelbase truck chassis. As fuel costs increased during the 1990s and 2000s, bus ridership increased in many urban regions around the world.

School Committee of the Town of Burlington v. Massachusetts Department of Education, case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on April 29, 1985, ruled (9–0) that, under the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA; now the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [IDEA]), parents could be

education: The Netherlands: The first modern school law in the Netherlands was passed in 1801, when the government laid down the principle that each parish had the right to open and maintain schools. A debate between the proponents of denominational and nondenominational schools went on during the 19th century. The controversy…

Chuck Berry: …“Roll Over Beethoven” (1956), “School Day” (1957), “Rock and Roll Music” (1957), “Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Johnny B. Goode” (1958), and “Reelin’ and Rockin’” (1958). His vivid descriptions of consumer culture and teenage life, the distinctive sounds he coaxed from his guitar, and the rhythmic and melodic virtuosity of…

Chuck Berry: …“Roll Over Beethoven” (1956), “School Day” (1957), “Rock and Roll Music” (1957), “Sweet Little Sixteen” (1958), “Johnny B. Goode” (1958), and “Reelin’ and Rockin’” (1958). His vivid descriptions of consumer culture and teenage life, the distinctive sounds he coaxed from his guitar, and the rhythmic and melodic virtuosity of…

stepping: …step show in the film School Daze (1988).

School District of Abington Township v. Schempp, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 17, 1963, ruled (8–1) that legally or officially mandated Bible reading or prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Whether required by state laws or by rules adopted by local school boards,

school drama, any play performed by students in schools and colleges throughout Europe during the Renaissance. At first these plays were written by scholars in Latin as educational works, especially in Jesuit schools, but they later were viewed as entertainment as well. The works included

figure skating: Recent trends and changes: The elimination of compulsory figures from competition in 1990 gave an advantage to the more athletic freestyle skaters. Until the late 1980s, skaters who were good at figures could win competitions without having strong freestyle-skating techniques, since compulsory figures were the most important part of the sport. They…

Ignazio Silone: …La scuola dei dittatori (1938; The School for Dictators, 1939).

Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari: …operas, I quattro rusteghi (1906; The School for Fathers) and Il segreto di Susanna (1909; The Secret of Susanne), presented 18th-century styles orchestrated in the manner of the 20th century. Comic points in these operas are delicately underlined. In Sly (1927; based on the opening scenes of The Taming of…

Olivia Manning: In 1951 she published School for Love, the story of a 16-year-old boy in war-ravaged Jerusalem, notable for its characterization of the central figure, the repellent Miss Bohun.

The School for Scandal, comedy in five acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, performed in 1777 and published in 1780. With its spirited ridicule of affectation and pretentiousness, it is one of the greatest comedies of manners in English. Charles Surface is an extravagant but good-hearted young man.

Samuel Barber: …reputation with his overture to The School for Scandal (1933), based on Richard Sheridan’s comedy by that name, and with Music for a Scene from Shelley (1935), inspired by the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound.

The School for Wives, comedy in five acts by Molière, performed in 1662 and published in 1663 as L’École des femmes. The School for Wives presents a pedant, Arnolphe, so frightened of women that he decides to marry his ward, Agnès, a girl entirely unacquainted with the ways of the world. The

library: School libraries: Where public libraries and schools are provided by the same education authority, the public library service may include a school department, which takes care of all routine procedures, including purchasing, processing with labels, and attaching book cards and protective covers; the books are…

Charles Rennie Mackintosh: …chief architectural projects were the Glasgow School of Art (1896–1909), considered the first original example of Art Nouveau architecture in Great Britain; Windyhill, Kilmacolm (1899–1901); Hill House, Helensburgh (1902); the Willow Tea Rooms, Glasgow (1904); and Scotland Street School, Glasgow (1904–06). He was also responsible for two unrealized projects: the…

School of Athens, fresco (1508–11) painted by artist Raphael, in the Stanza della Segnatura, a room in Pope Julius II’s private apartments in the Vatican. It is perhaps the most famous of all of Raphael’s paintings and one of the most significant artworks of the Renaissance. Raphael was called to

Domenico Angelo: …treatise, L’École des armes (1763; The School of Fencing), included colourful instructional sketches by London’s most accomplished illustrators; some historians have suggested that the chevalier d’Éon de Beaumont, who had joined Angelo in London, may have assisted with the French text. This work and its illustrations were considered so excellent…

Isabelle Huppert: Versatility in the 1990s and 2000s: …L’École de la chair (1998; The School of Flesh).

etiquette: …the manual for parents entitled School of Good Manners (attributed to Eleazar Moody, 1715).

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: …Great Didactic and also of The School of Infancy—a book for mothers on the early years of childhood. Second, to make European culture accessible to all children, it was necessary that they learn Latin. But Comenius was certain that there was a better way of teaching Latin than by the…

Youngstown State University, public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Youngstown, Ohio, U.S. It comprises colleges of business administration; science, technology, engineering, and mathematics; liberal arts and social sciences; education; fine and performing arts; and health and

Confucianism: The Song masters: …and implicitly rejecting Cheng Hao’s School of Mind, developed a method of interpreting and transmitting the Confucian Way that for centuries defined Confucianism not only for the Chinese but for the Koreans and Japanese as well. If, as quite a few scholars have advocated, Confucianism represents a distinct form of…

Julian Fellowes: …book for the stage musical School of Rock (2015), which was adapted from Richard Linklater’s film of the same name, and wrote and produced a 2016 television adaptation of the Anthony Trollope novel Doctor Thorne (1858). In 2020 Fellowes returned to TV with the limited series Belgravia, which he adapted…

Mike White: Career: His next film project, School of Rock, was a box-office hit. The musical-comedy was directed by Richard Linklater and starred actor Jack Black as Dewey Finn, a slacker musician who becomes a substitute teacher and helps transform his students into rock musicians. White wrote the screenplay and performed in…

Engel v. Vitale: …June 25, 1962, that voluntary prayer in public schools violated the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment prohibition of a state establishment of religion.

school psychology, Branch of applied psychology that deals largely with educational assessment, psychological testing, and student consultation in elementary and secondary schools. School psychologists train in educational and developmental psychology as well as in general psychology, counseling,

chondrichthyan: Growth: The Australian school shark (Galeorhinus australis) grows about 80 mm (3 inches) in its first year and about 30 mm (1 inch) in its 12th year. By its 22nd year, it is estimated to be approaching its maximum length of 1.6 metres (about 5 feet).

school shooting, in the typical case, an event in which a student at an educational institution—an elementary, middle, or high school or a college or university—shoots and injures or kills at least one other student or faculty member on the grounds of that institution. Such incidents usually

Russia: Education and intellectual life: Alexander I’s School Statute (1804) provided for a four-tier system of schools from the primary to the university level, intended to be open to persons of all classes. Under its provisions several new universities were founded, and gymnasiums (pre-university schools) were established in most provincial capitals. Less…

Greta Thunberg: …(2018) a movement known as Fridays for Future (also called School Strike for Climate).

multiculturalism: Multiculturalism’s impact on education: …are found in revisions of curricula, particularly in Europe and North America, and the expansion of the Western literary and other canons that began during the last quarter of the 20th century. Curricula from the elementary to the university levels were revised and expanded to include the contributions of minority…

teaching, the profession of those who give instruction, especially in an elementary school or a secondary school or in a university. Measured in terms of its members, teaching is the world’s largest profession. In the 21st century it was estimated that there were about 80 million teachers

Ukraine: Theatre and motion pictures: …into a specific genre, the school theatre, whose repertoire expanded to encompass dramatization of Christian legends, historical drama, and puppet theatre (vertep) performed on a stage of two levels. The best example of the Cossack Baroque theatre was the historical play Vladimir (1705) by Feofan Prokopovich (Ukrainian: Teofan Prokopovych

Traditionally favored by private and parochial (church) institutions, school uniforms are being adopted by U.S. public schools in increasing numbers. The percentage of public schools that required school uniforms jumped from 11.8 percent in the 1999–2000 school year to 21.5 percent in the 2015–16

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends some 35 doses of 12 vaccines (including a COVID vaccine and yearly flu shots) for kids from birth to age six. No U.S. federal laws mandate vaccination, but all 50 states require certain vaccinations for children entering public schools. Most states

ARCHIVED TOPIC: This topic was archived on June 23, 2023 and will no longer be updated. School vouchers are state- or school district-funded scholarships that allow students to attend a private school of the family’s choice rather than sending the child to public school. According to EdChoice, in

Alice Cooper: The title track of School’s Out (1972) was a Top Ten hit in the United States and reached the top of the British charts. The band achieved its pinnacle with Billion Dollar Babies (1973) and the song “No More Mr. Nice Guy.” However, Muscle of Love, issued later in…

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris: …ruled (5–4) that an Ohio school-voucher program did not violate the establishment clause of the First Amendment, which generally prohibits the government from establishing, advancing, or giving favour to any religion.

history of publishing: The early 20th century: Specialization became frequent, particularly in educational books, as the needs of the new school populations were realized. Some companies, such as Macmillan, in both its British and American houses, had begun to issue schoolbooks almost by chance; then, as their sales grew most profitably, they developed separate departments for school…

Henry Rowe Schoolcraft was an American explorer and ethnologist noted for his discovery of the source of the Mississippi River and for his writings on the Native peoples of the North American Plains. Schoolcraft’s initial contact with the frontier came during a mineralogical trip through present

J.M. Coetzee: …trilogy, it was followed by The Schooldays of Jesus (2016) and The Death of Jesus (2020).

Malala Yousafzai: Childhood and early activism: …second film with her, titled A Schoolgirl’s Odyssey. The New York Times posted both films on their Web site in 2009. That summer she met with the U.S. special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke, and asked him to help with her effort to protect the education of girls…

Schoolhouse Rock!, American television series of three-minute musical cartoons with educational lyrics created to teach children concepts in mathematics, grammar, science, history, civics, and economics. Airing on Saturday mornings as cartoon-episode interstitials during ABC network’s children’s

schooling behaviour, Activity characteristic of clupeiform fish (herrings, anchovies, and allies) in which many fish swim together, appearing to act as a single organism. A school of herring may contain many millions of individuals of roughly similar size. Fishes above or below the size limit break

Ye Shengtao: …the novel Ni Huanzhi (Schoolmaster Ni Huanzhi), which chronicles the life and times of an intellectual from the time of the Chinese Revolution of 1911–12 to 1927, when the Northern Expedition against warlords came to an abrupt end. The novel was recognized as one of the landmarks of the…

settle: …sometimes called a schoolmaster’s, or parson’s, bench.

Thomas Rowlandson: His series of drawings “The Schoolmaster’s Tour,” accompanied by verses of William Combe, was published in the new Poetical Magazine (1809–11) launched by the art publisher Rudolph Ackermann, who was Rowlandson’s chief employer. The same collaboration of designer, author, and publisher resulted in the popular Dr. Syntax series—Tour of…

Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, written in simple, lucid English prose and published posthumously in 1570, is Ascham’s best-known book. It presents an effective method of teaching Latin prose composition, but its larger concerns are with the psychology of learning, the education of the whole person, and the ideal…

Gaston Eyskens: …long-standing dispute by enacting the Schools Pact, which granted equal financial aid to public and parochial schools. In 1960, realizing that Belgium could no longer handle the political and economic problems of the Belgian Congo, he persuaded Parliament to grant independence to that colony. Belgium’s internal economic problems, as well…

E.D. Hirsch, Jr.: …Fairness and Core Knowledge (1991), The Schools We Need and Why We Don’t Have Them (1996), The Knowledge Deficit (2006), and The Making of Americans: Democracy and Our Schools (2009).