scleroprotein, any of several fibrous proteins of cells and tissues once thought to be insoluble but now known to be dissolved by dilute solutions of acids such as citric and acetic. The two most important classes of scleroproteins are the collagens and the keratins. Others include fibroin, which

downy mildew: …members of the oomycete genus Sclerospora, but other pathogens include species of Bremia, Peronospora, Phytophthora, Plasmopara, and Pseudoperonospora.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Sclerosporales Parasitic on plants, causing root rot; can survive in soil for long periods of time; thick-walled oogonia; may lack haustoria; example genera include Sclerospora and Verrucalvus. Order Anisolpidiales Found in marine environments, parasitic; example genus is Anisolpidium. Order

sclerotin, a dark-brown biological pigment formed by an enzyme-catalyzed tanning of protein. Sclerotin is found in the cuticle (external covering) and egg cases of insects, the body shell (carapace) of certain crustaceans, and the bristles of terrestrial and marine worms. Sclerotin not only darkens

sclerotium, a persistent, vegetative, resting spore of certain fungi (e.g., Botrytis, Sclerotium). It consists of a hard, dense, compact mycelium (mass of filaments that make up the body of a typical fungus) that varies in form and has a dark-coloured covering. Size varies from a few cells to many;

skeleton: Crystals: …cuticle of arthropods either by sclerotization or tanning, a process involving dehydration (as in crustaceans and insects), by calcification (as in millipedes), or by both, as in many crabs. In most arthropods the body and legs are clearly segmented. On the dorsal (upper) side of each segment is a so-called…

animal development: The body muscles and axial skeleton: …of the somite, called the sclerotome, breaks up into mesenchyme, which contributes to the axial skeleton of the embryo—that is, the vertebral column, ribs, and much of the skull. The parietal layer of the somite, at a later stage, is converted into mesenchyme that, together with components of the neural…

shooting: Great Britain: …English on target rifle shooting, Scloppetaria; or, Considerations on the Nature and Use of Rifled Barrell Guns…by a Corporal of Riflemen (pseudonym of Capt. Henry Beaufoy), was published in 1808.

information system: Operational support and enterprise systems: A supply chain management (SCM) system manages the flow of products, data, money, and information throughout the entire supply chain, which starts with the suppliers of raw materials, runs through the intermediate tiers of the processing companies, and ends with the distributors and retailers. For example,…

psychology: Social cognitive neuroscience: The advances described above led to the development in the early years of the 21st century of a new, highly popular field: social cognitive neuroscience (SCN). This interdisciplinary field asks questions about topics traditionally of interest to social psychologists, such as person…

myotonia: …skeletal muscle sodium channel gene SCN4A (sodium channel, voltage-gated, type IV, alpha subunit) is associated with potassium-aggravated myotonia, acetazolamide-responsive myotonia, and paramyotonia congenita. Mutations in the SCN4A gene impede the passage of sodium ions through the cell membrane, inhibiting proper muscle function.

South Korea: The 1961 coup: …under martial law, and the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (SCNR), headed by Park, took the reins of government and began instituting a series of reforms.

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), technique in which the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg (an egg that has had its own nucleus removed). Once inside the egg, the somatic nucleus is reprogrammed by egg cytoplasmic factors to become a zygote

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), is an intergovernmental organization established in 2001 by China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan with the aim of promoting cooperation and peace among its member states, as well as fostering “a new democratic, fair and rational

open source: Hacker culture: …to run UNIX—in fact, the SCO Group released the first version of UNIX to run on the 386 that year. Some programmers who had been key players in the development of the BSD variant of UNIX founded a project called 386BSD to port that variant to PCs. The Free Software…

Scorpius X-1, (catalog number Sco X-1), brightest X-ray source in the sky, the first such object discovered in the direction of the constellation Scorpius. Detected in 1962, its X-radiation is not only strong but, like other X-ray sources, quite variable as well. Its variability exhibits two

Challenger disaster: …of the crew were commander Francis (Dick) Scobee, pilot Michael Smith, mission specialists Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair, and Hughes Aircraft engineer Gregory Jarvis.

Challenger disaster: …of the crew were commander Francis (Dick) Scobee, pilot Michael Smith, mission specialists Ellison Onizuka, Judith Resnik, and Ronald McNair, and Hughes Aircraft engineer Gregory Jarvis.

branch and twig borer: The lead-cable borer, or short-circuit beetle (Scobicia declivis), bores into the lead covering of older telephone cables. Moisture entering through the hole can cause short circuits. This beetle lives in oak, maple, or other trees and does not feed on the cable sheathing.

kombucha: A gelatinous mat of symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) is then added, and the brew is covered with a tight-weave fabric or paper coffee filter and left to ferment at room temperature for 7–30 days.

Shkodër, town, northwestern Albania. It lies at the southeast end of Lake Scutari, at a point where the Buenë (Serbian and Croatian: Bojana) River, one of Albania’s two navigable streams, flows out of the lake toward the Adriatic Sea. The city is situated at the edge of a wide plain surrounded by

Paul Scofield was an English actor noted for his powerful performances in Shakespearean and other stage roles. Scofield was trained as an actor at the Croydon Repertory Theatre School (1939) and at the Mask Theatre School (1940) in London. After touring with companies entertaining the troops during

Paul Scofield was an English actor noted for his powerful performances in Shakespearean and other stage roles. Scofield was trained as an actor at the Croydon Repertory Theatre School (1939) and at the Mask Theatre School (1940) in London. After touring with companies entertaining the troops during

media convergence: Transmedia storytelling: Rather, as Spanish media scholar Carlos Scolari has observed, transmedia storytelling “is a particular narrative structure that expands through both different languages (verbal, iconic, etc.) and media (cinema, comics, television, video games, etc.).” While transmedia storytelling can be a source of brand extension for media corporations, and hence further revenues…

Clement III was the pope from 1187 to 1191. He was cardinal bishop of Palestrina when elected pope on Dec. 19, 1187. In October 1187 Jerusalem fell to Saladin, the leader of the Muslim armies, and Clement called the Western princes to undertake the Third Crusade, the results of which were

scolecite, mineral closely related to natrolite (q.v.), a member of the zeolite

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Scolecomorphidae Jurassic (200–145.5 million years ago) to present; tail absent; mouth recessed; premaxillae not fused with nasals; prefrontals present; squamosal not articulating with frontal; no aquatic larval stage; adult stage without stapes and fenestrae ovales in the ear; 2 genera, 6 species; adult size 40–45…

blind snake, (superfamily Typhlopoidea), any of several nonvenomous snakes characterized by degenerate eyes that lie beneath opaque head scales. Blind snakes belong to the families Anomalepidae, Leptotyphlopidae, and Typhlopidae in superfamily Typhlopoidea. Since these three families are the only

flatworm: Cestoda: …regenerate from the head (scolex) and neck region. This property often makes it difficult to treat people for tapeworm infections; treatment may eliminate only the body, or strobila, leaving the scolex still attached to the intestinal wall of the host and thus capable of producing a new strobila, which…

Hymenoptera: Annotated classification: Family Scoliidae (scoliid wasps) Large, hairy, black wasps often with a yellow band or bands on abdomen; parasites of scarab-beetle larvae. Superfamily Tiphioidea Hairy wasps with a well-developed sting; females of some species are wingless. Family Tiphiidae (tiphiid wasps)

Hymenoptera: Annotated classification: Family Scoliidae (scoliid wasps) Large, hairy, black wasps often with a yellow band or bands on abdomen; parasites of scarab-beetle larvae. Superfamily Tiphioidea Hairy wasps with a well-developed sting; females of some species are wingless. Family Tiphiidae (tiphiid wasps)

Hymenoptera: Annotated classification: Superfamily Scolioidea (parasitic wasps and ants) Some families very similar to those of superfamily Vespoidea and are placed there by some authorities. Family Scoliidae (scoliid wasps) Large, hairy, black wasps often with a yellow band or bands on abdomen; parasites of scarab-beetle larvae.

scoliosis, lateral deviation of the spine. Scoliosis is a type of curvature of the

Shchyolkovo, city and centre of a rayon (sector), Moscow oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the Klyazma River a few miles northeast of Moscow. Shchyolkovo was renowned from the 18th century as a centre of handicraft silk weaving, and today it remains a centre of various textile

charadriiform: Annotated classification: Family Scolopacidae (snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, turnstones, and allies) Small to medium-sized birds, mostly finely patterned in buff, browns, chestnut, black, gray, and white. Bill moderate to

woodcock, any of five species of squat-bodied, long-billed birds of damp, dense woodlands, allied to the snipes in the waterbird family Scolopacidae (order Charadriiformes). The woodcock is a startling game bird: crouched among dead leaves, well camouflaged by its buffy-brown, mottled plumage, a

woodcock: The female American woodcock (Scolopax, or Philohela, minor) is about 28 cm (11 inches) long, including the bill. Her mate is slightly smaller. The wings are very rounded, and the outermost wing feathers are attenuated to produce vibratory sounds during flight, apparently at will. The male’s aerial…

woodcock: The Eurasian woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) breeds in the temperate Old World from Great Britain to Japan; occasional migrants wander to the eastern United States. Its colouring differs from that of the American woodcock in that the pale underparts of the European species are barred with brown.…

centipede: …contains the largest centipedes, with Scolopendra gigantea of the American tropics reaching a length of 280 mm (11 inches). These forms are capable of inflicting severe bites. Scolopendrids, as well as the geophilids, have relatively slow and sinuous movements.

centipede: The order Scolopendrida, or Scolopendromorpha, of the tropics contains the largest centipedes, with Scolopendra gigantea of the American tropics reaching a length of 280 mm (11 inches). These forms are capable of inflicting severe bites. Scolopendrids, as well as the geophilids, have relatively slow and sinuous movements.

centipede: The order Scolopendrida, or Scolopendromorpha, of the tropics contains the largest centipedes, with Scolopendra gigantea of the American tropics reaching a length of 280 mm (11 inches). These forms are capable of inflicting severe bites. Scolopendrids, as well as the geophilids, have relatively slow and sinuous movements.

centipede: The order Scolopendrida, or Scolopendromorpha, of the tropics contains the largest centipedes, with Scolopendra gigantea of the American tropics reaching a length of 280 mm (11 inches). These forms are capable of inflicting severe bites. Scolopendrids, as well as the geophilids, have relatively slow and sinuous movements.

sound reception: Antennae and antennal organs: …of sensory units known as scolophores. These structures, found in many places in the bodies of insects, commonly occur across joints or body segments, where they probably serve as mechanoreceptors for movement. When the scolophores are associated with any structure that is set in motion by sound, however, the arrangement…

ostariophysan: Annotated classification: Family Scoloplacidae (spiny dwarf catfishes) Body with 2 bilateral series of teethlike-bearing plates, 1 midventral series of plates. Maximum length about 20 mm (less than 1 inch). South America. 1 genus, 4 species. Family Astroblepidae (climbing catfishes) Mouth and fins modified for adhesion to rocks in mountain…

annelid: Annotated classification: …40 cm; examples of genera: Scoloplos, Paraonis. Order Spionida Sedentary; at least 2 long feeding tentacles adapted for grasping and arising from prostomium; size, 0.5 to 25 cm; examples of genera: Spio, Polydora. Order Chaetopterida

homopteran: Polymorphism: Species of Scolops have a long, slender, anterior projection of the head that resembles a beak or snout, with the true mouth structures beneath the head. In the genus Apache the head is flattened laterally and projects as a vertical thin leaflike structure, while in Cyrpoptus the…

bark beetle, any of more than 2,000 species of bark beetles classified in the subfamily Scolytinae (along with certain ambrosia beetles; order Coleoptera) that exist worldwide and are cylindrical, usually less than 6 mm (0.25 inch) long, brown or black in colour, and often very destructive. The

Dutch elm disease: …fungus normally occurs by the smaller European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), less commonly by the American elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes). Female beetles seek out dead or weakened elm wood to excavate an egg-laying gallery between the bark and the wood. If the fungus is present, tremendous numbers of…

mackerel: …to this species is the chub mackerel (S. colias; once separated into Atlantic and Pacific species). They are more finely marked than the common mackerel; the chub mackerel that is found in the Pacific Ocean is bright green with vertical stripes. It has an air bladder but is otherwise similar…

mackerel: The common mackerel (Scomber scombrus) of the Atlantic Ocean is an abundant and economically important species that is sometimes found in huge schools. It averages about 30 cm (12 inches) in length and is blue-green above and silver-white below, with a series of wavy, dark, vertical…

saury, any of four species of long, slim marine fishes of the family Scomberesocidae (order Atheriniformes). Sauries are small—up to about 35 cm (14 inches) long—and are characterized by beaklike but weakly toothed jaws and a row of small finlets behind the dorsal and anal fins. Found in tropical

saury: …saury (Cololabis saira) and the Atlantic saury (Scomberesox saurus), found in the Atlantic and the seas near Australia.

mackerel: …species, among them: the barred Spanish mackerel (S. commerson), an Indo-Pacific fish said to weigh up to 45 kg (100 pounds); the king mackerel, or kingfish (S. cavalla), a western Atlantic fish about 170 cm long and weighing 36 kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S. regalis),…

mackerel: …45 kg (100 pounds); the king mackerel, or kingfish (S. cavalla), a western Atlantic fish about 170 cm long and weighing 36 kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S. regalis), an abundant, spotted Atlantic fish reportedly about 120 cm long. Scomberomorus species are a favourite game fish,…

mackerel: …several species, among them: the barred Spanish mackerel (S. commerson), an Indo-Pacific fish said to weigh up to 45 kg (100 pounds); the king mackerel, or kingfish (S. cavalla), a western Atlantic fish about 170 cm long and weighing 36 kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S.…

mackerel: …kg or more; and the cero, or painted mackerel (S. regalis), an abundant, spotted Atlantic fish reportedly about 120 cm long. Scomberomorus species are a favourite game fish, and their flesh is of excellent quality. They are taken in considerable numbers in the South Atlantic and in the Gulf of…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Scombridae (tunas and mackerels) Moderate to large, streamlined, swift-swimming, schooling fishes; body often thickly rounded, tapering to a narrow caudal peduncle bearing in some species 2 or 3 keels on its side; caudal fin widely forked or lunate (scimitar-shaped); distinguished from all fishes by series…

fish poisoning: Scombroid poisoning comes from consumption of tuna, skipjack, bonito, and other fish in the mackerel family that have lost their freshness; bacteria in the fish act on histidine, an amino acid that is a normal constituent of the fish protein, to produce the substance that…

fish poisoning: Scombroid poisoning comes from consumption of tuna, skipjack, bonito, and other fish in the mackerel family that have lost their freshness; bacteria in the fish act on histidine, an amino acid that is a normal constituent of the fish protein, to produce the substance that…

perciform: Annotated classification: Suborder Scombroidei Streamlined mackerel-like or marlinlike fishes the interrelationships of which are in doubt; upper jaw not protrusible; maxillary bones of upper jaw more or less firmly attached to nonprotractile premaxillaries that lie ahead of them. Family Sphyraenidae (barracudas) Eocene to present; large, elongated,

perciform: Annotated classification: 1 species (Scombrolabrax heterolepis). Suborder Scombroidei Streamlined mackerel-like or marlinlike fishes the interrelationships of which are in doubt; upper jaw not protrusible; maxillary bones of upper jaw more or less firmly attached to nonprotractile premaxillaries that lie ahead of them. Family Sphyraenidae

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Scombropidae Pliocene to present; rare deepwater marine (down to 600–800 metres, or 2,000–2,600 feet); this and the next several families retain some features that may have been those of the most generalized ancestors of present-day percoids such as: 2 dorsal fins separate, anal fin with…

Scott Morrison is an Australian conservative politician who served as leader of the Liberal Party and prime minister of Australia (2018–22). He became prime minister in August 2018 following a challenge by the right wing of the party to the leadership of Malcolm Turnbull, who stepped down as party

sconce, wooden or metal bracket affixed to a wall and designed to hold candles, lamps, or other types of illumination. One of the earliest forms of lighting fixtures for domestic and public use, sconces first appeared in Classical antiquity, but more elaborate variants were stimulated by the custom

Scone, village, Perth and Kinross council area, historic county of Perthshire, Scotland. It lies near the River Tay just north of Perth. Old Scone was traditionally the capital of a Pictish kingdom, succeeding Forteviot in the 8th century. Kenneth MacAlpin, first king of the united Scots and Picts,

scone, quick bread of British origin and worldwide fame, made with leavened barley flour or oatmeal that is rolled into a round shape and cut into quarters before baking, traditionally on a griddle. The first scones were baked in cast iron pans hung in the kitchen fires of rural England and Wales.

Scone, town, eastern New South Wales, Australia. It lies in the upper Hunter River valley, along the New England Highway and the main northern rail line 80 miles (130 km) northwest of Newcastle. Settlers came to the site as early as 1825; they called their village Invermein, although it was also

Scone: Today a mansion called the Scone Palace (1803–08) occupies the site of the former monastery. The village of Old Scone was removed to allow a park to be laid out around the new palace, and the village of New Scone was built nearby. Tourism is the most important component of…

Stone of Scone, stone that for centuries was associated with the crowning of Scottish kings and then, in 1296, was taken to England and later placed under the Coronation Chair. The stone, weighing 336 pounds (152 kg), is a rectangular block of pale yellow sandstone (almost certainly of Scottish

Scooby-Doo, American animated cartoon series featuring the adventures of Scooby-Doo, a talking Great Dane, and his mystery-solving teenage companions. The original Scooby-Doo-based cartoon series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–70), established the basic template for more than 30 years of

Linda Cardellini: …in the live-action adventure comedy Scooby-Doo (2002) and its sequel Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004).

Linda Cardellini: >Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004).

Scooby-Doo: The original Scooby-Doo-based cartoon series, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–70), established the basic template for more than 30 years of stories. The dog—cowardly and gluttonous but good-natured—traveled around the United States in a van called the Mystery Machine with four young friends, the Mystery, Inc., gang: slacker Shaggy (voiced for…

Gillian Anderson: Films: The House of Mirth and The Last King of Scotland: …in White Bird (2023) and Scoop (2024). In the latter film, which is based on true events, she played a news anchor who interviews Prince Andrew about his friendship with Jeffrey Epstein, a convicted sex offender.

Scoop, novel by Evelyn Waugh, published in 1938. This savage satire of London journalism, sometimes published with the subtitle A Novel About Journalists, is based on Waugh’s experiences as a reporter for the Daily Mail during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in the mid-1930s. The book tells of the

Woody Allen: 2000 and beyond: Scoop (2006) found him working again with Johansson, but this time on a much lighter tale of skullduggery. The less well-realized thriller Cassandra’s Dream (2007) followed. Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) reestablished Allen’s momentum. It functioned simultaneously as a compelling romantic drama, a magnificent travelogue, and…

commercial fishing: Bag nets: There are small scoop nets that can be pushed and dragged and big stownets, with and without wings, held on stakes or on anchors with or without a vessel. There is also a special winged type with boards or metal plates (called otter boards) that keep it spread…

undersea exploration: Exploration of the seafloor and the Earth’s crust: The underway bottom sampler, or scoopfish, is designed to sample rapidly without stopping the ship. It is lowered to depths less than 200 metres from a ship moving at speeds no more than 28 kilometres per hour. The sampler weighs five kilograms and can capture samples…

scop, an Anglo-Saxon minstrel, usually attached to a particular royal court, although scops also traveled to various courts to recite their poetry. In addition to being an entertainer who composed and performed his own works, the scop served as a kind of historian and preserver of the oral

Hymenoptera: Special adaptations: These hairs constitute the scopa, or pollen-bearing structure. In many colletids and halictids, the scopa is limited to the hind legs. In two subfamilies, Panurginae and Anthophorinae, the scopa is enlarged on the fourth segment (tibiae) of the hind legs and reduced or absent on the abdomen and on…

Scopas was a Greek sculptor and architect of the late classical period who was ranked by ancient writers with Praxiteles and Lysippus as one of the three major sculptors of the second half of the 4th century bc. Scopas was influential in establishing the expression of powerful emotions as artistic

John Neville Keynes: …classic work on economic methodology, The Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891), categorized the existing approaches to economics as either inductive or deductive. With this book Keynes broke new ground by integrating the two approaches. At the time, the German-speaking world was engaged in the Methodenstreit (“battle of methods”)…

fish: Annotated classification: Superorder Scopelomorpha Order Myctophiformes (lantern fishes) Head and body compressed, adipose fin present, mouth usually large and terminal. Mostly small fishes 10–15 cm (roughly 4–6 inches). 2 families of deep-sea pelagic and bathypelagic fishes, the Myctophidae, or lantern fishes (about 32 genera and 235 species)—with

bryophyte: Ecology and habitats: …and copper-rich substrata (the moss Scopelophila).

Scopes Trial, (July 10–21, 1925, Dayton, Tennessee, U.S.), highly publicized trial (known as the “Monkey Trial”) of a Dayton, Tennessee, high-school teacher, John T. Scopes, charged with violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The trial’s proceedings helped to bring

Scopes Trial, (July 10–21, 1925, Dayton, Tennessee, U.S.), highly publicized trial (known as the “Monkey Trial”) of a Dayton, Tennessee, high-school teacher, John T. Scopes, charged with violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. The trial’s proceedings helped to bring

American Civil Liberties Union: …of a Tennessee science teacher, John T. Scopes, to defy a Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. It has been active in overturning censorship laws, often through test cases resulting from the deliberate purchase of banned material and consequent arrest and trial. The ACLU has…

pleuronectiform: Annotated classification: Family Scophthalmidae (turbots) Eyes sinistral; anus on blind side; gill membrane widely separated; dorsal and anal fin rays shortened posteriorly; pelvic fin bases long (both extending forward onto the urohyal). Lengths to about 1 metre (about 3 feet) and weights to about 23 kg (approximately 50…

turbot: Among them are the Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maeoticus), a relative of the European species, and certain right-sided, Pacific Ocean flatfish of the genus Pleuronichthys and the family Pleuronectidae.

flounder: …blue spots and rings; the brill (Scophthalmus rhombus), a relatively large commercial European species, reaching a length of 75 cm (29 inches); and the dusky flounder (Syacium papillosum), a tropical western Atlantic species. Flounders in those families typically have eyes and colouring on the left side. See also flatfish.

ciconiiform: Annotated classification: Family Scopidae (hammerhead, or hamerkop) A moderate-size bird with large head, short neck, rather long wings, and moderate length tail. Bill medium length and laterally compressed, straight, and slightly hooked at the tip. Legs long; toes slender, with partial web connecting front three; hind toe at…

scopolamine, alkaloid drug obtained from a number of plants of the family Solenaceae, including nightshade, henbane, and jimsonweed. Scopolamine is an effective remedy for motion sickness, probably because of its ability to depress the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Like atropine,

scops owl, any Old World owl of the genus Otus, differentiated from the New World species, which are called screech owls. See screech

peritrich: …peritrichs a posterior disk, the scopula, secretes a contractile stalk for attachment. Some primitive forms, such as the genus Scyphidia, attach directly to an object with the adhesive secreted by the scopula. Peritrichida, lacking uniform ciliation, have conspicuous rows of cilia (short hairlike processes) around the mouth, and there is…

crystallite: …example, are oval or spherical; scopulites may be feathery or flowerlike. The faster-growing faces of a crystallite become smaller, so that the slower-growing faces are the longer ones. Rodlike crystallites composed of a number of smaller elongate forms are called bacillites. Belonites are elongated with pointed or rounded ends; they…

hammerhead, (Scopus umbretta), African wading bird, the sole species of the family Scopidae (order Ciconiiformes or Pelecaniformes). The hammerhead ranges over Africa south of the Sahara and occurs on Madagascar and in southwestern Arabia. It is about 60 cm (2 feet) long, nearly uniform umber or

Hebrew University of Jerusalem: Originally inaugurated (1925) on Mount Scopus, it was transferred to Givʿat Ram in the Israeli-controlled sector of Jerusalem after 1948, when Mount Scopus became a demilitarized Israeli area within Jordanian territory. After the Israeli reoccupation of Mount Scopus in 1967, the university used both campuses, and Arab students began…

scorch, symptom of plant disease in which tissue is “burned” because of unfavourable conditions or infection by bacteria or fungi. Unfavourable conditions include hot, dry wind in full sun, an imbalance of soil nutrients, altered water table or soil grade, deep planting, compacted shallow soil,

mussel: The scorched mussel (M. exustus), from North Carolina to the Caribbean, is bluish gray and about 2.5 cm long.

scorched-earth policy, the military tactic of destroying everything that enables the enemy to wage war, including crops, livestock, buildings, and infrastructure. A scorched-earth policy may be implemented by an army advancing through enemy territory to punish resistance and reduce enemy capability