Heinrich Biber: …resources, especially the use of scordatura (abnormal tuning for special effects). He also wrote for varied instrumental ensembles in the current genres, such as sonatas and partitas.

Heinrich Biber: …resources, especially the use of scordatura (abnormal tuning for special effects). He also wrote for varied instrumental ensembles in the current genres, such as sonatas and partitas.

Scordisci, Celtic tribe that invaded Greece during the first part of the 3rd century bc, finally settling east of Sirmium at the junction of the Savus and the Danube rivers. They often raided Macedonia, forcing many Roman governors there to campaign against them during the late 2nd and early 1st

score, notation, in manuscript or printed form, of a musical work, probably so called from the vertical scoring lines that connect successive related staves. A score may contain the single part for a solo work or the many parts that make up an orchestral or ensemble composition. A full, or

aerospace industry: The space age: …1958, in a program called Project SCORE, the U.S. Air Force launched the first low-orbiting communications satellite, premiering the transmission of the human voice from space. Others followed, initiating a rapidly growing national and international telecommunications satellite industry (see satellite communication).

boxing: Ring, rules, and equipment: In some jurisdictions the referee scores the contest along with two judges outside the ring. In most jurisdictions, however, the referee does not participate in the judging, and three ringside officials score the bout. The officials award points to each boxer for each round, and a boxer must win on…

numerals and numeral systems: Number bases: …20 occurs chiefly in the score (“Four score and seven years ago…”); in French it survives in the word quatre-vingts (“four twenties”), for 80; other traces are found in ancient Celtic, Gaelic, Danish, and Welsh. The base 60 still occurs in measurement of time and angles.

offroad racing: …race circuits have developed, notably Score International Off Road Racing, which hosts the Baja 1000 (extended to the Baja 2000 [miles] for the 2000 race), run annually in the deserts of Baja California. Offroad races are typically organized by vehicle type—motorcycle, car, truck, and all-terrain vehicle (ATV)—in various stock and…

orienteering: …on their own maps; and score orienteering, in which controls, which may be visited in any order, are set up in a selected area, with a point value assigned to each according to its distance or difficulty of location. Orienteering may also be practiced by cyclists, canoeists, and horseback riders.…

Wyclef Jean: …1996 released their sophomore effort The Score as the Fugees. The recording, which innovatively blended elements of jazz, soul, reggae, and hip-hop, sold more than 18 million copies and won two Grammy Awards.

Angela Bassett: …century includes the crime drama The Score (2001), with Robert De Niro, and the TV movie The Rosa Parks Story (2002), in which she played the title character. After having a recurring role on the TV series Alias in 2005, Bassett starred in the family drama Akeelah and the Bee…

baseball: The scorecard: The statistical record of a baseball game begins with the scorecard filled out by an official scorer, an employee of Major League Baseball who sits in the press box during a game and keeps track of the game’s activities. The official scorer rules on…

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the Italian Renaissance in Holland, just as his teacher Jan Gossaert did in Brussels. Scorel studied with several local artists, but by 1517 he was in Utrecht working with Gossaert, who

psychological testing: Primary characteristics of methods or instruments: Scorer reliability refers to the consistency with which different people who score the same test agree. For a test with a definite answer key, scorer reliability is of negligible concern. When the subject responds with his own words, handwriting, and organization of subject matter, however,…

Scoresby Sund, deep inlet of the Greenland Sea, which penetrates eastern Greenland for 70 miles (110 km). Numerous fjords (the longest 130 miles) extend to the edge of the inland ice cap, where they are fed by large glaciers. The sound, charted by William Scoresby in 1822, is dotted with islands;

Scoresby Sund, deep inlet of the Greenland Sea, which penetrates eastern Greenland for 70 miles (110 km). Numerous fjords (the longest 130 miles) extend to the edge of the inland ice cap, where they are fed by large glaciers. The sound, charted by William Scoresby in 1822, is dotted with islands;

William Scoresby was an English explorer, scientist, and clergyman who pioneered in the scientific study of the Arctic and contributed to the knowledge of terrestrial magnetism. At the age of 10 Scoresby made his first Arctic whaling voyage aboard his father’s ship, the “Resolution,” which he later

Arctic: Whale fisheries and the fur trade: Scoresby Sr., a farmer’s son, was a first-rate navigator, invented the crow’s nest and other aids to ice navigation, and was the first to suggest the use of sledges to reach the pole. His son, who inherited his father’s talents and added to them a…

Scoresby Sund: Ittoqqortoormiit (also called Illoqqortoormiut; Danish: Scoresbysund) is a hunting and fishing town founded in 1924 by Ejnar Mikkelsen. The town lies north of the sound’s mouth at a place where fishing is possible throughout the year.

scoria, heavy, dark-coloured, glassy, pyroclastic igneous rock that contains many vesicles (bubblelike cavities). Foamlike scoria, in which the bubbles are very thin shells of solidified basaltic magma, occurs as a product of explosive eruptions (as on Hawaii) and as frothy crusts on some pahoehoe

cinder cone, deposit around a volcanic vent, formed by pyroclastic rock fragments (formed by volcanic or igneous action), or cinders, which accumulate and gradually build a conical hill with a bowl-shaped crater at the top. Cinder cones develop from explosive eruptions of mafic (heavy, dark

figure skating: Scoring: Figure skating events are scored on the points-based International Judging System (IJS) that the ISU introduced in 2004, which replaced the “6.0 system” that was often controversial because it depended upon the subjectivity of judges. (The 6.0 system is still used in some lower-level…

Maurice Gee: …secrets in such works as The Scornful Moon (2003), which centres on the efforts of a former journalist to collaborate on a detective novel while his brother-in-law pursues an ill-advised political campaign during New Zealand’s 1935 elections; Blindsight (2005), which delves into the fracture of the relationship between a scientist…

scorodite, mineral in the variscite group, hydrated iron arsenate (FeAsO4·2H2O). It forms pale leek-green or grayish green to liver-brown aggregates of crystals, or pale green to pale grayish or brownish green earthy masses. Scorodite forms a continuous solid-solution series with mansfieldite in

scorpionfish: …especially those of the genus Scorpaena, widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters. Sometimes called rockfish or stonefish because they commonly live among rocks, scorpionfish are perchlike fish with large, spiny heads and strong, sometimes venomous, fin spines. The fin spines, with or without venom, can produce deep and painful…

sculpin: …are such species as the cabezone (Scorpaenichthys marmoratus), a large, eastern Pacific fish, edible but often having blue- or green-tinted flesh; the staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), a common North American species; and Vellitor centropomus, a long-snouted sculpin common in the Orient.

scorpionfish, any of the numerous bottom-living marine fish of the family Scorpaenidae, especially those of the genus Scorpaena, widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters. Sometimes called rockfish or stonefish because they commonly live among rocks, scorpionfish are perchlike fish with

scorpaeniform, (order Scorpaeniformes), any one of a group of bony fishes that are characterized by a plate of bone running across each cheek. The scorpaeniforms are widespread throughout the oceans of the world. They are believed to have originated in warm marine waters but have invaded temperate

scorpaeniform, (order Scorpaeniformes), any one of a group of bony fishes that are characterized by a plate of bone running across each cheek. The scorpaeniforms are widespread throughout the oceans of the world. They are believed to have originated in warm marine waters but have invaded temperate

scorpaeniform: Annotated classification: Suborder Scorpaenoidei Moderate-sized fishes with 24 to 44 vertebrae; anterior ribs absent or sessile (rigidly attached). A heterogeneous assemblage of some 473 species. Family Sebastidae (rockfishes, rockcods, and thornyheads) The genus Sebastes is live-bearing. Marine, widely distributed in all

Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five: Ness (also called Scorpio; original name Eddie Morris), and Raheim (original name Guy Williams).

Scorpius, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the southern sky between Libra and Sagittarius, at about 16 hours 30 minutes right ascension and 30° south declination. Its brightest star, Antares (Alpha Scorpii), the 15th brightest star in the sky, has a magnitude of 1.1. Its name comes

scorpion: Ecology and habitats: Scorpio maurus can be found from sea level in Israel to above 3,000 metres (9,900 feet) in the Atlas Mountains of Africa, thousands of kilometres to the west.

Kenneth Anger: …to shoot his hallmark film, Scorpio Rising (1963), a pastiche of homoerotic images of a motorcycle gang in New York City that was set to effervescent pop tunes. It is considered likely the first film to use such music as a score. A theatre manager in Los Angeles who showed…

Menes was the legendary first king of unified Egypt, who, according to tradition, joined Upper and Lower Egypt in a single centralized monarchy and established ancient Egypt’s 1st dynasty. Manetho, a 3rd-century-bce Egyptian historian, called him Menes, the 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus

Drake: Scorpion, Certified Lover Boy, and additional recordings: Drake’s fifth studio album, Scorpion (2018), features the Billboard Hot 100 single “God’s Plan,” which had first appeared on his EP Scary Hours, released several months earlier. Drake won a Grammy for best rap song for the track in 2019, but the live broadcast cut his acceptance speech short…

scorpion, (order Scorpiones or Scorpionida), any of approximately 1,500 elongated arachnid species characterized by a segmented curved tail tipped with a venomous stinger at the rear of the body and a pair of grasping pincers at the front. Although scorpions are most common and diverse in deserts,

scorpionfish, any of the numerous bottom-living marine fish of the family Scorpaenidae, especially those of the genus Scorpaena, widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters. Sometimes called rockfish or stonefish because they commonly live among rocks, scorpionfish are perchlike fish with

Dwayne Johnson: Acting: …followed The Mummy Returns with The Scorpion King (2002) and The Rundown (2003). In 2004 he left the ring to turn his attention to acting full-time.

turtle: Egg development and hatching: A few species, including the scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) of Central and South America and the northern snake-necked turtle (Chelodina rugosa) of Australia, have embryonic diapause, in which development stops soon after an egg is deposited. Diapause is usually triggered by an environmental stimulus, and development resumes

senna: Scorpion senna (Hippocrepis emerus), also shrubby, is grown as an ornamental for its yellow flowers.

Albert Memmi: …the problem of mixed marriage; Le Scorpion (1969), an intricately structured tale of psychological introspection; and Le Désert (1977), in which violence and injustice are seen as age-old responses to the pain and uncertainty of the human condition.

scorpion, (order Scorpiones or Scorpionida), any of approximately 1,500 elongated arachnid species characterized by a segmented curved tail tipped with a venomous stinger at the rear of the body and a pair of grasping pincers at the front. Although scorpions are most common and diverse in deserts,

scorpionfish, any of the numerous bottom-living marine fish of the family Scorpaenidae, especially those of the genus Scorpaena, widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters. Sometimes called rockfish or stonefish because they commonly live among rocks, scorpionfish are perchlike fish with

scorpionfly, (order Mecoptera), any of several species of insects characterized by chewing mouthparts at the tip of an elongated beak; long, many-segmented, threadlike antennae; and two pairs of membranous, net-veined wings that may be transparent, darkly spotted, or banded. The larva resembles a

scorpion, (order Scorpiones or Scorpionida), any of approximately 1,500 elongated arachnid species characterized by a segmented curved tail tipped with a venomous stinger at the rear of the body and a pair of grasping pincers at the front. Although scorpions are most common and diverse in deserts,

Jacob Zuma: Legal challenges and conflict with Mbeki: …the former head of the Scorpions, an investigative unit that was attached to the NPA before being disbanded in 2009. The taped conversations included discussion of the timing of the reinstatement of charges against Zuma shortly after he was named president of the ANC in late 2007. Opposition parties decried…

Scorpius, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the southern sky between Libra and Sagittarius, at about 16 hours 30 minutes right ascension and 30° south declination. Its brightest star, Antares (Alpha Scorpii), the 15th brightest star in the sky, has a magnitude of 1.1. Its name comes

Scorpius X-1, (catalog number Sco X-1), brightest X-ray source in the sky, the first such object discovered in the direction of the constellation Scorpius. Detected in 1962, its X-radiation is not only strong but, like other X-ray sources, quite variable as well. Its variability exhibits two

Martin Scorsese is an American filmmaker known for his harsh, often violent depictions of American culture. From the 1970s, Scorsese created a body of work that was ambitious, bold, and brilliant. But even his most acclaimed films are demanding, sometimes unpleasantly intense dramas that have

Martin Scorsese is an American filmmaker known for his harsh, often violent depictions of American culture. From the 1970s, Scorsese created a body of work that was ambitious, bold, and brilliant. But even his most acclaimed films are demanding, sometimes unpleasantly intense dramas that have

Manuel Scorza was a Peruvian novelist, poet, and political activist who interwove mythic and fantastic elements with social realism in his depictions of the Indians’ struggles against oppression and exploitation. In 1949 Scorza joined a group that resisted the dictatorship of General Manuel Odría.

scorzalite, phosphate mineral, (Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2, similar to lazulite

Scot, any member of an ancient Gaelic-speaking people of Ireland or Scotland in the early Middle Ages. Originally (until the 10th century) “Scotia” denoted Ireland, and the inhabitants of Scotia were Scotti. The area of Argyll and Bute, where the migrant Celts from northern Ireland settled, became

Michael Scot was a Scottish scholar and mathematician whose translations of Aristotle from Arabic and Hebrew into Latin are a landmark in the reception of that philosopher in western Europe. Scot was famous in the European Middle Ages as an astrologer and soon acquired a popular reputation as a

Scotch whisky, any whiskey made primarily of malted barley. See

floor covering: Nomenclature and types: …the construction method, such as ingrain or Brussels.

Clusiaceae: Scotch attorney, or cupey (C. rosea), which is native to the Caribbean area, grows to about 10 metres (30 feet) and is often planted as a beach shrub in areas exposed to salt spray. It has leaves 10 cm (4 inches) long, flatly open flowers…

broom: English, or Scotch, broom (Cytisus scoparius) is a shrub with bright yellow flowers and is often grown for erosion control in warm climates.

Border Collie, breed of herding dog, typically an outstanding sheepdog, which has been used along the English-Scottish border for about 300 years. The product of crossing ancient Roman-era and Viking-era herding dogs, the Border Collie is considered to be among the most intelligent dog breeds, and

Scotch egg, a traditional British dish consisting of a shelled hard-boiled egg that is wrapped in sausage, covered in breadcrumbs, and then deep-fried or baked until crispy. It is a popular pub and picnic dish and is commonly served cold in Britain. The Scotch egg has competing origin stories.

pine: Major Eurasian pines: The Scotch pine (P. sylvestris) of northern Europe, when grown under optimum conditions, attains a height of 20 to 40 metres (70 to 130 feet). It is conical in youth, acquires a mushroom-shaped crown in maturity, and has a straight trunk as much as one metre…

heath: The purple, or Scotch, heath, or bell heather (Erica cinerea), is common in Great Britain and western Europe. Its minute flowers yield much nectar. Other British species are cross-leaved heath, or bog heather (E. tetralix); Cornish heath (E. vagans), found also in western Europe; and fringed,…

heather, (Calluna vulgaris), low evergreen shrub of the heath family (Ericaceae), widespread in western Europe and Asia, North America, and Greenland. It is the chief vegetation on many wastelands of northern and western Europe. The young juicy shoots and the seeds of heather are the principal food

laburnum: …Scotch, or alpine, laburnum (Laburnum alpinum) has a striking greenish brown or reddish brown hue and takes a good polish. It is ideal for cabinetmaking and inlay and was at one time the most prized timber in Scotland. Golden chain (L. anagyroides) is native to southern Europe and is…

mist: …and heavy drizzle is called Scotch mist.

pine: Major Eurasian pines: The Scotch pine (P. sylvestris) of northern Europe, when grown under optimum conditions, attains a height of 20 to 40 metres (70 to 130 feet). It is conical in youth, acquires a mushroom-shaped crown in maturity, and has a straight trunk as much as one metre…

coloration: The selective agent: …early stages of the green Scotch pine caterpillar (Bupalus piniarius and others) are found at the tips of pine needles, well camouflaged in this position. As they grow larger, they move into the bases of the needles and onto the branch. One explanation for the movement is that the older…

livestock farming: Beef cattle breeds: The beef, or Scotch, Shorthorn breed developed from early cattle of England and northern Europe, selected for heavy milk production and generally known as Durham cattle. These were later selected for the compact, beefy type by the Scottish breeders. Emphasis on leaner, highquality carcasses in the second half…

symphony: Mendelssohn: 3 (Scottish) and Symphony No. 4 (Italian), both in A major–minor. The Scottish (also called Scotch), completed in 1842, although not programmatic, is expressive of Mendelssohn’s poetic nature. Its beginning was sketched during a visit to Scotland in 1829. In structure the work consists of four…

Scotch whisky, any whiskey made primarily of malted barley. See

motion-picture technology: Special effects: The screen is made of Scotchlite, the trade name for a material that was originally devised to make road signs that would reflect light from a car’s headlight to the driver’s eyes. Because camera and projector are in the same optical axis in the front projection process, the background illumination…

Hanover: Scotchtown, to the northwest, was one of Henry’s homes (1771–78) and also the girlhood home of Dolley Madison (née Payne), wife of President James Madison. Henry Clay, the statesman and orator, was born (1777) at Clay Spring, 4.5 miles (7 km) to the south. A…

Italian literature: Social commitment and the new realism: …Stopped at Eboli), and by Rocco Scotellaro (Contadini del sud [1954; “Peasants of the South”]) and Francesco Jovine (Le terre del Sacramento [1950; “The Lands of the Sacrament”; Eng. trans. The Estate in Abruzzi]). Vivid pictures of the Florentine working classes were painted by Vasco Pratolini (Il quartiere [1945; “The…

scoter, (genus Melanitta), any of three species of sea duck of the family Anatidae. Within the divisions of true duck species, the scoter belongs in the diving duck group. Scoters are good swimmers and divers and are mainly marine except during the breeding season. The males are generally shiny

Scotia Arc, island arc system consisting of the submarine Scotia Ridge, mountainous south Atlantic islands (clockwise from the north, the South Georgia, South Sandwich, and South Orkney islands), and the Antarctic Peninsula. This arc trends northward along the Antarctic Peninsula, then swings

Sir Robert Sibbald: Sibbald’s most elaborate work, Scotia Illustrata (1684), which was a natural history of Scotland, perhaps relied too much on hearsay and unreliable correspondents and was severely attacked by critics.

order: …is semicircular in profile), a scotia (with a concave profile), and one or more fillets, or narrow bands.

Scotia Arc: …system consisting of the submarine Scotia Ridge, mountainous south Atlantic islands (clockwise from the north, the South Georgia, South Sandwich, and South Orkney islands), and the Antarctic Peninsula. This arc trends northward along the Antarctic Peninsula, then swings eastward to form a hairpin curve that returns to connect with Tierra…

Scotia Sea, marine region, part of the South Atlantic Ocean, about 350,000 square miles (more than 900,000 square km) in area. It lies within a complex and tectonically active marine basin enclosed on the north, east, and south by the island-dotted Scotia Ridge. The ridge forms a west-opening

John Of Fordun: …the prologues to Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon. He may have been a chantry priest in Aberdeen cathedral.

Scotland, most northerly of the four parts of the United Kingdom, occupying about one-third of the island of Great Britain. The name Scotland derives from the Latin Scotia, land of the Scots, a Celtic people from Ireland who settled on the west coast of Great Britain about the 5th century ce. The

In the 1970s several Scottish performers, including the Average White Band and Rod Stewart (who was born in London to a Scottish family), had to relocate to the United States to experience wide-reaching success. At the turn of the 1980s, however, a small but significant music scene developed in

Barbados: Land: …physiographic region known as the Scotland District, which covers about 15 percent of the area, where erosion has removed the coral cover. The government has adopted a conservation plan to prevent further erosion.

Northern Ireland: Resources and power: The Scotland to Northern Ireland Pipeline (SNIP) transmits natural gas, providing an important industrial and domestic energy source. A gas pipeline completed in 2006 runs from Dublin to Antrim, and another completed in 2004 connects Derry with a point near Carrickfergus.

Scotland Yard, the headquarters of the London Metropolitan Police and, by association, a name often used to denote that force. It is located on the River Thames at Victoria Embankment just north of Westminster Bridge in the City of Westminster. The London police force was created in 1829 by an act

Church of Scotland, national church in Scotland, which accepted the Presbyterian faith during the 16th-century Reformation. According to tradition, the first Christian church in Scotland was founded about 400 by St. Ninian. In the 6th century, Irish missionaries included St. Columba, who settled at

flag of a constituent unit of the United Kingdom, flown subordinate to the Union Jack, that consists of a blue field (background) bearing a white saltire (diagonal cross) that extends to the flag corners; this type of emblem is known as the Cross of St. Andrew (after the patron saint of

Free Church of Scotland, church organized in 1843 by dissenting members of the Church of Scotland. The disruption was the result of tensions that had existed within the Church of Scotland, primarily because of the development early in the 18th century of two groups within the church—the Moderates,

Scotland: History of Scotland: Evidence of human settlement in the area later known as Scotland dates from the 3rd millennium bce. The earliest people, Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) hunters and fishermen who probably reached Scotland via an ancient land bridge from the

Edinburgh: Cultural life: …major cultural institution is the National Galleries of Scotland. It includes the National Gallery on the Mound, with a fine international collection of art as well as a representative collection of Scottish painters, including many with particular connections to Edinburgh. Each year the National Gallery hosts a temporary exhibition of…

Edinburgh: Cultural life: National Museums Scotland operates several Edinburgh museums, including the National Museum of Scotland, which was formed in 2006 from the merger of the Royal Museum, with its extensive international and natural history displays, and the Museum of Scotland, which contains exhibits on Scottish history and…

count: Scotland’s earls: …of peerage known as the Seven Earls of Scotland. With the adoption of the Saxon title of earl (undoubtedly owed to the influence of Alexander’s Saxon mother, the sainted Queen Margaret) and its integration with the Celtic mormaer, these powerful men added a personal title of dignity to their territorial…

visual field defect: …defect, a blind spot (scotoma) or blind area within the normal field of one or both eyes. In most cases the blind spots or areas are persistent, but in some instances they may be temporary and shifting, as in the scotomata of migraine headache. The visual fields of the…

fish owl: Pel’s fishing owl (Scotopelia peli), whose range extends discontinuously from Senegal eastward to Ethiopia and southward to the east coast of South Africa, is the largest of the group, at about 50 to 60 cm (20 to 24 inches) long. It is brown above with…

human eye: Scotopic sensitivity curve: When different wavelengths of light are employed for measuring the threshold, it is found, for example, that the eye is much more sensitive to blue-green light than to orange. The interesting feature of this kind of study is that the subject reports…

visual pigment: Scotopsin pigments are associated with vision in dim light and, in vertebrates, are found in the rod cells of the retina; the retinal1 forms are called rhodopsins, and the retinal2 forms porphyropsins. Photopsin pigments operate in brighter light than scotopsins and occur in the vertebrate…