bagpipe: The Scottish Highland bagpipe has two tenor drones and a bass drone, tuned an octave apart; its scale preserves traditional intervals foreign to European classical music. It was once, like other bagpipes, a pastoral and festive instrument; its military use with drums dates from the 18th…

Scottish Highlands, major physiographic and cultural division of Scotland, lying northwest of a line drawn from Dumbarton, near the head of the Firth of Clyde on the western coast, to Stonehaven, on the eastern coast. The western offshore islands of the Inner and Outer Hebrides and Arran and Bute

Robert Greene: In The Scottish Historie of James the fourth, slaine at Flodden (written c. 1590, published 1598) he used an Italian tale but drew on fairy lore for the characters of Oberon and Bohan. It was a forerunner of As You Like It and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.…

Scottish law: Courts of law: The Scottish Land Court, established in 1911, has jurisdiction in a wide range of matters relating to agriculture. Disputes between landlords and tenants of agricultural holdings may be brought before it by judicial process or, by agreement of the parties, in lieu of arbitration. It also…

Scottish law, the legal practices and institutions of Scotland. At the union of the parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707, the legal systems of the two countries were very dissimilar. Scotland, mainly in the preceding century, had adopted as a guide much of the Roman law that had been

Scottish literature, the body of writings produced by inhabitants of Scotland that includes works in Scots Gaelic, Scots (Lowland Scots), and English. This article focuses on literature in Scots and in English; see English literature for additional discussion of some works in English. For a

bagpipe: The Scottish Lowland bagpipe, played from about 1750 to about 1850, was bellows-blown, with three drones in one stock, and had a softer sound. Akin to this were the two-droned bagpipes played up to the 18th century in Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland, and England. The modern…

Lowlands, cultural and historical region of Scotland, comprising the portion of the country southeast of a line drawn from Dumbarton to Stonehaven; northwest of the line are the Highlands. Traditionally, the Lowlands were distinguished by the use of the Scots language (considered a dialect or close

Scotia Sea: Named after the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–1904) vessel Scotia, under the command of William S. Bruce, the Scotia Sea has a lengthy record of exploration dating back to the 17th century. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, exploration was encouraged by a relentless search for new and…

Scottish National Dictionary, dictionary published in Edinburgh and containing all Scottish words known to be in use since about 1700. It is designed partly on regional lines and partly on historical principles. (Read H.L. Mencken’s 1926 Britannica essay on American English.) Work commenced on this

Scottish National Party (SNP), nationalist political party that has sought to make Scotland an independent state within the European Union (EU). The SNP was formed in 1934 from a union of the National Party of Scotland (founded in 1928) and the Scottish Party (1932). From the beginning,

Scottish National Zoological Park and Carnegie Aquarium, collection of terrestrial and aquatic animals founded in 1913 by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland in Edinburgh. More than 1,190 specimens of over 150 species are exhibited on the 75-acre (30-hectare) grounds. Included in the

United Kingdom: London’s local government, House of Lords reform, and devolution for Scotland and Wales: …Assembly for Wales and the Scottish Parliament were established in 1999 and granted powers previously reserved for the central government. Yet, with the exception of political devolution to the component states of the United Kingdom, the Labour Party remained reluctant to reform the constitution, so that at the beginning of…

reel: Scottish reels are mentioned as early as the 16th century. Except in the Scottish Highlands, they disappeared under the influence of the Presbyterian church in the 17th century; they reappeared in the Scottish Lowlands after 1700. The Irish reel, or cor, is distinguished by more…

Hugh MacDiarmid: …1978, Edinburgh) was the preeminent Scottish poet of the first half of the 20th century and leader of the Scottish literary renaissance.

symphony: Mendelssohn: 3 (Scottish) and Symphony No. 4 (Italian), both in A major–minor. The Scottish (also called Scotch), completed in 1842, although not programmatic, is expressive of Mendelssohn’s poetic nature. Its beginning was sketched during a visit to Scotland in 1829. In structure the work consists of four…

tartan: The Scottish Tartans Authority, headquartered in Crieff, Perthshire, Scot., was founded in 1996 to advance and promote the education of the public about Scottish tartans. The organization maintains the International Tartan Index with a database of more than 4,000 tartans. Within the United States, the Scottish…

Scottish terrier, short-legged terrier breed often held by its admirers to be the oldest of the Highland terriers, although this contention has not been proved. A small, squat, bewhiskered dog with wide-set, alert-looking eyes, short legs, and a distinctive rolling gait, the Scottie has a hard,

boxing: Professional boxing: The death of light-heavyweight fighter Beethavean (Bee) Scottland after a nationally televised bout in July 2001 renewed the call for greater safety measures for boxers.

boxing: Professional boxing: The death of light-heavyweight fighter Beethavean (Bee) Scottland after a nationally televised bout in July 2001 renewed the call for greater safety measures for boxers.

Scotts Bluff National Monument, geologic formation and natural area in Scotts Bluff county, western Nebraska, U.S. It lies along the North Platte River, opposite the city of Scottsbluff. The 5-square-mile (13-square-km) area of the monument was established in 1919. The focus of the monument is a

Scottsboro, city, seat (1859) of Jackson county, northeastern Alabama, U.S. It is situated near the Tennessee River at the edge of the Cumberland Plateau, about 40 miles (65 km) east of Huntsville. The Cherokee and Creek living in the area were forced out in 1838, and the city was named for Robert

Susan Stroman: …and produced by Mel Brooks; The Scottsboro Boys, a musical set in 1930s rural Alabama that tells the story of a group of African American young men wrongfully accused of attacking two white women (2010); Big Fish (2013), adapted from the fantastical 2003 Tim Burton film; and Bullets over Broadway…

Scottsboro case, major U.S. civil rights controversy of the 1930s surrounding the prosecution in Scottsboro, Alabama, of nine Black youths falsely accused of raping two white women. The nine, after nearly being lynched, were brought to trial in Scottsboro in April 1931, just three weeks after their

Scottsdale, city, Maricopa county, residential-resort suburb of Phoenix, south-central Arizona, U.S. Its business district (in a Western frontier motif) is an arts and crafts centre and features Arizona-oriented fashions alongside the latest offerings from Milan and Paris. The city is traversed by

Tyrannosaurus rex: Form and function: …meters (42 feet) long—and “Scotty”—which was found in Eastend, Saskatchewan, in 1991 and whose length and weight were estimated at 13 meters (42.7 feet) long and 8,870 kg (19,555 pounds), respectively.

Death Valley: Death Valley National Park: Other attractions include Scotty’s Castle, a mansion built in the 1920s by Chicago businessman Albert Johnson and named for his prospector friend Walter Scott, a spinner of tall tales known as “Death Valley Scotty.” Artist’s Drive is an 8-mile (13-km) loop through colourful mountains and canyons. Jagged pinnacles…

Supreme Court of the United States, final court of appeal and final expositor of the Constitution of the United States. Within the framework of litigation, the Supreme Court marks the boundaries of authority between state and nation, state and state, and government and citizen. What do you think?

Blessed John Duns Scotus ; beatified March 20, 1993) was an influential Franciscan realist philosopher and Scholastic theologian who pioneered the classical defense of the doctrine that Mary, the mother of Jesus, was conceived without original sin (the Immaculate Conception). He also argued that

John Scotus Erigena was a theologian, translator, and commentator on several earlier authors in works centring on the integration of Greek and Neoplatonist philosophy with Christian belief. From about 845, Erigena lived at the court of the West Frankish king Charles II the Bald, near Laon (now in

Marianus Scotus was a chronicler who wrote a universal history of the world from creation to 1082 that disputed the chronology of the Paschal calendar formulated by Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century theologian. Marianus’ Chronicon, written in Germany, maintains that the Paschal calendar dated

George Cruikshank: …he created for the periodical The Scourge, a Monthly Expositor of Imposture and Folly. This publication lasted until 1816, during which time Cruikshank came to rival James Gillray, the leading English caricaturist of the preceding generation. For the next 10 years Cruikshank satirized with fine irreverence the political policies of…

Precambrian: Structure and occurrence of granulite-gneiss belts: …Ocean, was contiguous with the Scourian Complex of northwestern Scotland, the central part of Greenland, and the coast of Labrador; the Aldan and Ukrainian shields of continental Europe; the North China craton; large parts of the Superior province of Canada; the Yilgarn block in

horsetail, (genus Equisetum), fifteen species of rushlike conspicuously jointed perennial herbs, the only living genus of plants in the order Equisetales and the class Equisetopsida. Horsetails grow in moist, rich soils in all parts of the world except Australasia. Some species produce two kinds of

Merseyside: …a distinctive local dialect (“scouse”) also provide the region with a strong identity. Area 249 square miles (645 square km). Pop. (2001) 1,362,026; (2011) 1,381,189.

warship: Cruisers: …cruiser spectrum were small, fast “scout” cruisers used for reconnaissance and escort duties. These ships displaced from 3,000 to 7,000 tons and, by 1915, attained speeds as high as 30 knots. They were armed with guns of smaller calibre, usually six or 7.5 inches. The British built many of this…

fighter aircraft: …I they were used as scout planes for artillery spotting, but it was quickly discovered that they could be armed and do combat with one another, shoot down enemy bombers, and conduct other tactical missions. Since that time fighters have assumed various specialized combat roles. An interceptor is a fighter…

Michael Ritchie: Later work: …vehicle, while the baseball comedy The Scout (1994), which starred Albert Brooks and Brendan Fraser, was also a commercial failure. The Fantasticks (1995), an adaptation of the hugely popular Off-Broadway musical, did not find a theatrical release until 2000. After the little-seen fantasy A Simple Wish (1997), Ritchie helmed Comfort,

naval warfare: The study of trends: Second is the scouting process, which gathers information by reconnaissance, surveillance, cryptanalysis, and other means and delivers it to the tactical commander. Third is command itself—or command and control (C2) in modern parlance—which assimilates the information, decides which actions are called for, and directs forces to act accordingly.

Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell: …and for their use Baden-Powell’s Scouting for Boys was issued in 1908. He retired from the army in 1910 to devote all his time to the Boy Scouts, and in the same year he and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell (1858–1945) founded the Girl Guides. His wife, Olave, Lady Baden-Powell (1889–1977),…

Boy Scouts, organization, originally for boys from 11 to 14 or 15 years of age, that aimed to develop in them good citizenship, chivalrous behaviour, and skill in various outdoor activities. The Boy Scout movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908 by a cavalry officer, Lieutenant General Robert

Buffalo Bill: The Wild West show of Buffalo Bill: …to star in Buntline’s drama The Scouts of the Prairie. Though his acting was far from polished, he became a superb showman, and his audiences greeted him with overwhelming enthusiasm during his 45-year career as an entertainer.

brick and tile: Firing and cooling: …earliest type of kiln, the scove, is merely a pile of dried bricks with tunnels at the bottom allowing heat from fires to pass through and upward in the pile of bricks. The walls and top are plastered with a mixture of sand, clay, and water to retain the heat;…

ghost pepper: …average of about 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU), compared to a jalapeño with around 8,000 SHU or a habanero with up to 350,000 SHU. It was formally recognized as the world’s hottest chili pepper in 2007, though it was later superseded by the Carolina Reaper (with up to 2.2…

ghost pepper: …average of about 1 million Scoville Heat Units (SHU), compared to a jalapeño with around 8,000 SHU or a habanero with up to 350,000 SHU. It was formally recognized as the world’s hottest chili pepper in 2007, though it was later superseded by the Carolina Reaper (with up to 2.2…

capsaicin: Created by American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville in the early 1900s, the Scoville scale is a subjective assessment that relies on the capsaicinoid sensitivity of people experienced with eating hot peppers. The ratings work on a linear scale, meaning that a 350,000-SHU habanero is 100 times hotter than a 3,500-SHU…

Tea Party movement: Origins of the Tea Party: …Doug Hoffman, forcing Republican candidate Dierdre Scozzafava from the race just days before the election. This tactic backfired, however, and the seat went to Democrat Bill Owens; Owens was the first Democrat to represent the district since the 19th century. The Tea Party fared better in Massachusetts in January 2010,…

Tea Party movement: Origins of the Tea Party: …Doug Hoffman, forcing Republican candidate Dierdre Scozzafava from the race just days before the election. This tactic backfired, however, and the seat went to Democrat Bill Owens; Owens was the first Democrat to represent the district since the 19th century. The Tea Party fared better in Massachusetts in January 2010,…

stagecraft: Dimmers: …control paved the way for silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) dimmers.

radar: First military radars: …controlling antiaircraft gunfire and the SCR-270 (at a frequency of 100 MHz) for detecting aircraft. Both of these radars were available at the start of World War II, as was the navy’s CXAM shipboard surveillance radar (at a frequency of 200 MHz). It was an SCR-270, one of six available…

radar: Advances during World War II: …MIT Radiation Laboratory was the SCR-584, a widely used gunfire-control system. It employed conical scan tracking—in which a single offset (squinted) radar beam is continuously rotated about the radar antenna’s central axis—and, with its four-degree beamwidth, it had sufficient angular accuracy to place antiaircraft guns on target without the need…

Scrabble, board-and-tile game in which two to four players compete in forming words with lettered tiles on a 225-square board; words spelled out by letters on the tiles interlock like words in a crossword puzzle. Players draw seven tiles from a pool at the start and replenish their supply after

animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex: Scramble competition polygyny is thought to occur when neither female-attracting resources nor females themselves are economically defendable. Scramble competition polygyny involves males competing for access to mates based on differences in their ability to move about and locate females. Finally, in lekking species, males aggregate…

Scramble for Africa, a phrase widely used to refer to the period from the late 19th to the early 20th century in which European imperial powers claimed control of most African territory. It is also used to describe the actions undertaken by those countries, with the goals of expanding strategic

Edward Whymper: …event is recorded in Whymper’s Scrambles Amongst the Alps (1871; condensed as Ascent of the Matterhorn, 1879), which is illustrated with his own engravings. The book contains Whymper’s famous words of caution:

jet engine: Ramjets and supersonic combustion ramjets: Such specialized ramjets are called scramjets (for supersonic combustion ramjets) and are projected to be fueled by a cryogenically liquified gas (e.g., hydrogen or methane) instead of a liquid hydrocarbon. The primary reason for doing so is to exploit the greater heat release per unit weight of fuels that have…

Scranton, city, seat (1878) of Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Lackawanna River valley, on the western fringes of the Pocono Mountains. It is the centre of an urbanized industrial complex that includes Carbondale and Wilkes-Barre. The area was inhabited by

United States presidential election of 1964: The campaign: …three-fifths of rank-and-file Republicans favored William Scranton, governor of Pennsylvania, for the party nomination.

Scranton, city, seat (1878) of Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Lackawanna River valley, on the western fringes of the Pocono Mountains. It is the centre of an urbanized industrial complex that includes Carbondale and Wilkes-Barre. The area was inhabited by

history of publishing: Reader’s Digest magazine: …world affairs; and Frank Munsey’s Scrap Book (1906–12), “a granary for the gleanings of literature.” The Literary Digest, in particular, with a circulation of more than 1,000,000 in the early 1920s, was something of an American institution. Its famous straw votes successfully predicted the result of the presidential elections after…

scrap metal, used metals that are an important source of industrial metals and alloys, particularly in the production of steel, copper, lead, aluminum, and zinc. Smaller amounts of tin, nickel, magnesium, and precious metals are also recovered from scrap. Impurities consisting of such organic

Victorien Sardou: …Les Pattes de mouche (1860; A Scrap of Paper) is a model of the well-made play. He relied heavily on theatrical devices to create an illusion of life, and this largely accounts for his rapid decline in popularity. Madame Sans-Gêne, his last success, is still performed. His initial successes he…

food preservation: Commercial sterility: …solid particles are heated in scraped-surface heat exchangers. These heat exchangers use blades to continuously scrape the inside surface of the heating chamber. The scraping action protects highly viscous foods from being burned on the heating surface.

printing: Rotogravure: …blade of soft steel, the scraper, or doctor blade, which moves slowly to and fro lengthwise. By rubbing against the cylinder with a precisely regulated degree of pressure, it causes the excess ink to drop off before the cylinder moves over the paper.

scraper, in engineering, machine for moving earth over short distances (up to about two miles) over relatively smooth areas. Either self-propelled or towed, it consists of a wagon with a gate having a bladed bottom. The blade scrapes up earth as the wagon pushes forward and forces the excavated

scraper, in music, percussion instrument consisting of a serrated surface that is rasped with a stick. Known since the Stone Age, it is often associated with magical powers and ritual, and it is widely distributed geographically. Scrapers are commonly made of bone, as the Aztec used in memorial

coleopteran: Sound production: …part of the body (a scraper) against another part (the file). These stridulating organs are generally present in both sexes and probably serve for mutual sex calling. Some beetles have a filelike area on the head that is rasped by the front margin of the prothorax. Among the cerambycids, sound…

dredge: The scraper dredge, also called a dragline, handles material with a scoop suspended from a swinging boom. The scoop is drawn forward by a line attached to the front, while a second line attached to the rear holds the scoop at the proper angle to slice…

hand tool: The Mousterian flake tools: …kinds of flakes, points and scrapers. The former are roughly triangular, with two trimmed or sharp edges meeting in a point, the base or butt of the triangle being thick and blunt. The side scrapers have a sharp edge in the long direction of the flake, with an opposite, thicker…

scratchboard, a technique used by commercial artists and illustrators to make drawings that can easily be reproduced and that closely resemble either wood engravings or woodcuts. Introduced in the 19th century, the process involves the use of a specially prepared board coated with a ground of chalk

scrapie, fatal neurodegenerative disease of sheep and goats. Scrapie has been endemic in British sheep, particularly the Suffolk breed, since the early 18th century. Since that time the disease has been detected in countries worldwide, with the exception of Australia and New Zealand, as well as in

coleopteran: Annotated classification: Family Scraptiidae About 200 species widely distributed; associated with rotten wood, fungi; example Scraptia. Family Stenotrachelidae Found in East Asia, North America. Family Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles) Varied group;

Peter Gabriel: He later released Scratch My Back (2010), on which he performed orchestrally arranged songs by musicians he admired; several of them in turn covered songs by Gabriel on And I’ll Scratch Yours (2013). Symphonic orchestration also adorned New Blood (2011), on which Gabriel himself reinterpreted selections from his…

itching: Scratching may temporarily relieve itching by interrupting the rhythm of nerve impulses or by inflicting transitory damage to the nerves. Persistent scratching produces redness, papules, and crusting of the skin.

figure skating: Spins: A scratch spin is done in an upright position, and, depending on which foot the skater is spinning on, the spin can be done on either a back inside or a back outside edge, with the toe pick occasionally scratching the surface of the ice for…

scratchboard, a technique used by commercial artists and illustrators to make drawings that can easily be reproduced and that closely resemble either wood engravings or woodcuts. Introduced in the 19th century, the process involves the use of a specially prepared board coated with a ground of chalk

Sugar Hill Records: “Rapper’s Delight”: …showcased the new sound of scratching (created by manually moving a record back and forth under the record player’s needle); and “The Message” (1982) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, a heartfelt account of life in the ghetto, showed the potential of hip-hop for conveying social comment.

itching: Scratching may temporarily relieve itching by interrupting the rhythm of nerve impulses or by inflicting transitory damage to the nerves. Persistent scratching produces redness, papules, and crusting of the skin.

filefish: The scrawled filefish (Aluterus scriptus) of worldwide distribution may grow about 100 cm (40 inches) long, but most filefishes are considerably smaller. The members of this family are not generally considered good to eat.

infant and toddler development: In 1933 the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) was established in the United States to apply new concepts in child development to improving the lives of the country’s children. The society initially focused on understanding how poverty and social deprivation affected development, with the aim of…

Wes Craven: …repeat that earlier success until Scream (1996). A blockbuster hit, it was known for its dark wit and references to other horror movies as well as for a notable cast that included Drew Barrymore, Courteney Cox, Neve Campbell, and David Arquette. The film was followed by three sequels (1997, 2000,…

Jenna Ortega: Stuck in the Middle and You: …The Babysitter: Killer Queen (2020), Scream (2022), Studio 666 (2022), X (2022), American Carnage (2022), and Scream VI (2023). For her role as Tara Carpenter in Scream, Ortega won most frightened performance at the 2022 MTV Movie and TV Awards.

Ozzy Osbourne: Later music: He followed with Scream (2010), Ordinary Man (2020), and Patient Number 9 (2022). The latter won the Grammy for best rock album, and its single “Degradation Rules” (featuring Tony Iommi) was named best metal performance. In 2023 Osbourne canceled his upcoming concerts because he was “not physically capable”…

Wes Craven: …followed by three sequels (1997, 2000, and 2011) that had varying degrees of success at the box office.

Wes Craven: …followed by three sequels (1997, 2000, and 2011) that had varying degrees of success at the box office.

Wes Craven: …three sequels (1997, 2000, and 2011) that had varying degrees of success at the box office.

Glen Powell: Gaining attention in supporting roles: …Ryan Murphy’s horror satire series Scream Queens (2015–16); Collider, in 2024, lauded his portrayal of the character as “a self-aware, timely performance that is the personification of white male privilege.” In 2016 Powell had small but noteworthy roles in the Academy Award-nominated biographical drama Hidden Figures, as astronaut John Glenn,…

The Scream, painting by Edvard Munch that became his most famous work. He completed two versions in 1893, another in 1895, and yet another likely in 1910. The Scream is one of the most familiar images in modern art and a canonical piece in the art nouveau style. It stemmed from a panic attack that

screamer, any of three species of South American waterfowl constituting the family Anhimidae (order Anseriformes). The group derives its name from its raucous, far-carrying cry. Screamers are birds 75 cm (30 inches) high that inhabit marshes, where they feed gregariously on water plants and make

rocket and missile system: Barrage rockets: The 150-millimetre Nebelwerfer, a towed, six-tube launcher, was particularly respected by U.S. and British troops, to whom it was known as the “Screaming Meemie” or “Moaning Minnie” for the eerie sound made by the incoming rockets. Maximum range was more than 6,000 yards (5,500 metres).

alternative rock: …bands such as Soundgarden and Screaming Trees did in fact echo their childhood memories of the Beatles and Led Zeppelin. Alternative rockers had intended to make music for themselves; in the end, the movement created the sound of a resentful and distressed generation.

valley: Hillslopes: Talus slopes are a type in which debris piles up to a characteristic angle of repose. When new debris is added to the slope, thereby locally increasing the angle, the slope adjusts by movement of the debris to reestablish the angle. Again, the result is…

screech owl, (genus Megascops), any of approximately 25 species of New World owls known for their shrill calls and classified in the family Strigidae. Screech owls possess a facial disk and ear tufts, and they are coloured in a concealing bark pattern. They are rather small owls, about 20–30 cm

furniture: Fabrics: Screens or room dividers were often covered with textiles, partly to afford protection against direct radiant heat and partly to create cozy corners in large rooms. Framed screens were often covered with pieces of tapestry, with other woven materials, or with gilt leather.

photoengraving: The halftone process: …produced by photography through a screen of loosely woven fabric. The screen was placed some distance forward of the plane of the receiving photographic surface (film or plate) and had the effect of breaking the gray tones of the subject into dots of varying sizes, through a combination of geometric…

basketball: Rules: Screen, or pick Shots from the field

Ed Asner: …was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) in 1981 and used his position, which he held until 1985, as a way to vocalize his political views. His most public agenda was his fight to hamper the U.S. government’s involvement in Central America, particularly in El Salvador, a position…

John Stockton: …one of the most effective pick-and-roll combinations in NBA history. At 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 meters) tall, Stockton made up for his lack of height with his tenacious, high-energy play that was sometimes viewed as dirty by his opponents. A particularly energetic on-ball defender, he twice led the NBA…

fan: The rigid fan has a handle or stick with a rigid leaf, or mount. The folding fan is composed of sticks (the outer two called guards) held together at the handle end by a rivet or pin. On the sticks is mounted a leaf that is…

Walter Schottky: He invented the screen-grid tube in 1915, and in 1919 he invented the tetrode, the first multigrid vacuum tube. In his book Thermodynamik (1929), he was one of the first to point out the existence of electron “holes” in the valence-band structure of semiconductors. In 1935 he noticed…