secure second strike, the ability, after being struck by a nuclear attack, to strike back with nuclear weapons and cause massive damage to the enemy. Secure second strike capability was seen as a key nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. The strategy also partially explained the extraordinarily

Baroque music: …for sacred music, while the stile moderno, or nuove musiche—with its emphasis on solo voice, polarity of the melody and the bass line, and interest in expressive harmony—developed for secular usage. The expanded vocabulary allowed for a clearer distinction between sacred and secular music as well as between vocal and…

geochronology: Classification of stratified rocks: …an intermediate category, or the Secondary (Flötzgebirge), composed of layered or stratified rocks containing fossils, and (3) a final or successionally youngest sequence of alluvial and related unconsolidated sediments (Angeschwemmtgebirge) thought to represent the most recent record of the Earth’s history.

pregnancy: Ectopic pregnancy: …is referred to as a secondary abdominal pregnancy. Primary abdominal pregnancies, in which the fertilized egg attaches to an abdominal organ, and ovarian pregnancies are rarer still.

ketone: Reactions of ketones: Secondary alcohols are easily oxidized to ketones (R2CHOH → R2CO). The reaction can be halted at the ketone stage because ketones are generally resistant to further oxidation. Oxidation of a secondary alcohol to a ketone can be accomplished by many oxidizing agents, most often chromic acid…

organohalogen compound: Structure and physical properties: …I) are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary according to the degree of substitution at the carbon to which the halogen is attached. In a primary alkyl halide, the carbon that bears the halogen is directly bonded to one other carbon, in a secondary alkyl halide to two, and in…

amine: Amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia have been replaced by organic groups. In chemical notation these three classes are represented as RNH2, R2NH, and R3N, respectively. A fourth category consists of quaternary ammonium compounds, which…

evolution of the atmosphere: Secondary atmosphere: The atmosphere that developed after primordial gases had been lost or had failed to accumulate is termed secondary. Although the chemical composition of the atmosphere has changed significantly in the billions of years since its origin, the inventory of volatile elements on which…

influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009: Symptoms and transmission: …which is known as the secondary attack rate, was higher for H1N1 flu than for seasonal influenza. (The typical secondary attack rate of seasonal influenza is between 5 and 15 percent.)

battery: Storage batteries: In contrast to primary cells, which are discharged once and then discarded, storage batteries can be supplied with direct current (DC) of the correct polarity and recharged to or near their original energy content and power capability—i.e., they can repeatedly store electrical energy.…

butyl alcohol: …structures: normal (n-) butyl alcohol, secondary (sec-) butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and tertiary (t-) butyl alcohol.

carbon footprint: Carbon footprint calculation: …carbon footprint is called the “secondary” carbon footprint, representing carbon emissions associated with the consumption of goods and services. The secondary footprint includes carbon emissions emitted by food production. It can be used to account for diets that contain higher proportions of meat, which requires a greater amount of energy…

medicine: Levels of health care: …to the second tier (secondary health care, or the referral services) for the opinion of a consultant with specialized knowledge or for X-ray examinations and special tests. Secondary health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided…

cell: Mechanical properties of wall layers: …an additional layer, called the secondary wall. The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells. The primary wall is the cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing. To allow for cell wall expansion during growth, primary walls are thinner…

cellulose acetate: …a secondary cellulose acetate, or cellulose diacetate. Diacetate can be dissolved by cheaper solvents such as acetone for dry-spinning into fibres. With a lower melting temperature (230 °C [445 °F]) than triacetate, diacetate in flake form can be mixed with appropriate plasticizers into powders for molding solid objects, and it…

wastewater treatment: Trickling filter: Settling tanks, called secondary clarifiers, follow the trickling filters. These clarifiers remove microbes that are washed off the rocks by the flow of wastewater. Two or more trickling filters may be connected in series, and sewage can be recirculated in order to increase treatment efficiencies.

solid-waste management: Furnace operation: In secondary combustion, the remaining unburned gases and particulates are oxidized, eliminating odours and reducing the amount of fly ash in the exhaust. When the refuse is very moist, auxiliary gas or fuel oil is sometimes burned to start the primary combustion.

steel: Tundish, mold, and secondary zone: The key control parameter of continuous casting is matching the flow of liquid steel into the mold with the withdrawal speed of the strand out of the mold. The control of flow rates is accomplished by the tundish, a small, refractory-lined distributer that…

Schwann cell: …are also damaged, producing “secondary demyelination.”

security: Trading procedures: A secondary distribution of stock resembles the underwriting of a new issue, the block being handled by a selling group or syndicate off the floor after trading hours, at a price regulated by the exchange. In an exchange distribution a member firm accumulates the necessary buy…

dysmenorrhea: Secondary dysmenorrhea is much less common. It can be caused by genital obstructions, pelvic inflammation or degeneration, abnormal uterine wall separation or development (i.e., endometriosis), chronic infection of the uterus, polyps or tumours, or weakness of the muscles that support the uterus. Often the pain…

secondary education, the second stage traditionally found in formal education, beginning about age 11 to 13 and ending usually at age 15 to 18. The dichotomy between elementary education and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization. The

dream: Psychoanalytic interpretations: …further observed a process called secondary elaboration, which occurs when people wake and try to remember dreams. They may recall inaccurately in a process of elaboration and rationalization and provide “the dream, a smooth facade, (or by omission) display rents and cracks.” This waking activity he called “secondary revision.”

electron tube: Secondary emission: …the emitted electrons are designated secondary. The amount of secondary emission depends on the properties of the material and the energy and angle of incidence of the primary electrons. Material properties are characterized by the secondary-emission ratio, defined as the number of secondary electrons emitted per primary electron. Typically, the…

secondary emission, ejection of electrons from a solid that is bombarded by a beam of charged particles. Some electrons within the surface of a material are given enough energy to break free from the attractive force holding them to the surface by a transfer of kinetic energy from the bombarding

secondary emission, ejection of electrons from a solid that is bombarded by a beam of charged particles. Some electrons within the surface of a material are given enough energy to break free from the attractive force holding them to the surface by a transfer of kinetic energy from the bombarding

electricity: Secondary electron emission: …electrons is known as the secondary emission coefficient. For low-incident energies (below about one electron volt), the primary electrons tend to be reflected and the secondary emission coefficient is near unity. With increasing energy, the coefficient at first falls and then at about 10 electron volts begins to rise again,…

electricity: Secondary electron emission: …electrons is known as the secondary emission coefficient. For low-incident energies (below about one electron volt), the primary electrons tend to be reflected and the secondary emission coefficient is near unity. With increasing energy, the coefficient at first falls and then at about 10 electron volts begins to rise again,…

Indo-European languages: Verbal inflection: ) Verbs with secondary endings were unmarked for tense and mood but were normally used as past indicatives (e.g., *H1és-t ‘he was,’ *gwhén-t ‘he slew’) and to fill out gaps in the imperative paradigm (e.g., *H1és-te or *H1s-té ‘you [plural] were,’ but also ‘be [plural]’; *gwhén-te or *gwhn̥-té…

mineral deposit: Secondary enrichment: An especially important class of residual deposit is formed by both the removal of valueless material in solution and the solution and redeposition of valuable ore minerals. Because solution and redeposition can produce highly enriched deposits, the process is known as a secondary…

enuresis: …continence has never been achieved), secondary (when continence was achieved for at least one year and then lost), nocturnal (occurring only during sleep), or diurnal (occurring during waking hours). The most prevalent form is nocturnal enuresis (also called bed-wetting and usually of the primary type), and the disorder occurs more…

explosive: Types of chemical explosives: …into two categories, primary and secondary. Primary explosives detonate by ignition from some source such as flame, spark, impact, or other means that will produce heat of sufficient magnitude. Secondary explosives require a detonator and, in some cases, a supplementary booster. A few explosives can be both primary and secondary…

conservation: Secondary extinctions: Once one species goes extinct, there will likely be other extinctions or even an avalanche of them. Some cases of these secondary extinctions are simple to understand—e.g., for every bird or mammal that goes extinct, one or several species of parasite also will…

sedimentary rock: Fabric: …fabrics: primary (or depositional) and secondary (or deformational). Primary fabrics are produced while the sediment is accumulating. For example, river currents and some submarine gravity flows generate sediments whose flaky and prismatic constituent particles have long or short axes parallel with one another to produce an oriented fabric. Secondary fabrics…

water supply system: Pipelines: …community, and smaller-diameter pipelines called secondary feeders, which tie in to the mains. Usually not less than 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter, these pipelines are placed within the public right-of-way so that service connections can be made for all potential water users. The pipelines are usually arranged in a…

thermonuclear warhead: Basic two-stage design: …physically separate component called the secondary. Both primary and secondary are contained within an outer metal case. Radiation from the fission explosion of the primary is contained and used to transfer energy to compress and ignite the secondary. Some of the initial radiation from the primary explosion is absorbed by…

social group: Cooley’s distinction between primary and secondary groups, set forth in his Human Nature and the Social Order (1902). “Primary group” refers to those personal relations that are direct, face-to-face, relatively permanent, and intimate, such as the relations in a family, a group of close friends, and the like. “Secondary group”…

medicine: Levels of health care: …to the second tier (secondary health care, or the referral services) for the opinion of a consultant with specialized knowledge or for X-ray examinations and special tests. Secondary health care often requires the technology offered by a local or regional hospital. Increasingly, however, the radiological and laboratory services provided…

philodendron: Physical description: …this life strategy are called secondary hemiepiphytes. Unlike most plants, the seedlings of hemiepiphytes do not grow toward the Sun; instead they grow toward a tree trunk. Once there, they shift to a light-seeking strategy as they climb to the top using modified roots. Eventually the stem dies at the…

hyperaldosteronism: Secondary hyperaldosteronism: Secondary hyperaldosteronism occurs as a consequence of activation of the normal physiologic mechanisms that maintain salt and water balance, blood volume, and blood flow to the kidneys. When salt and water are lost—for example, as a result of diarrhea, persistent vomiting, or excessive…

therapeutics: The cardiovascular system: …of all hypertensive patients have secondary hypertension, which is high blood pressure that results from a known cause (e.g., kidney disease). While the first treatment of hypertension typically is to have the patient achieve normal weight, exercise, and reduce sodium in the diet, a wide variety of drugs are available…

human endocrine system: Secondary endocrine hypofunction: Secondary hypofunction is a distinct category of endocrine gland hypofunction in which the gland is basically intact but is dormant because it either is not stimulated or is directly inhibited. This form of hypofunction is reversible in that the gland begins working normally again if…

manufacturing, any industry that makes products from raw materials by the use of manual labour or machinery and that is usually carried out systematically with a division of labour. (See industry.) In a more limited sense, manufacturing denotes the fabrication or assembly of components into

spinal cord injury: Spinal cord injury research: …two general approaches: prevention of secondary injury and repair of manifest damage. The term secondary injury is used to describe the observation that CNS structures, which have survived the primary mechanical trauma, die at a later time point because of deterioration of the milieu at the site of injury. The…

surgery: Present-day surgery: …after completion of the operation; secondary intention, in which the wound is left open and closes naturally; and third intention, in which the wound is left open for a number of days and then closed if it is found to be clean. The third technique is used in badly contaminated…

interjection: Primary and secondary interjections: A secondary interjection is a word or phrase that typically functions as another part of speech but that can also be used as an interjection—for example, Congratulations! and Never!

surface analysis: Secondary ion mass spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy: For both SIMS and ISS, a primary ion beam with kinetic energy of 0.3–10 keV, usually composed of ions of an inert gas, is directed onto a surface. When an ion strikes the surface, two events can…

delta ray: …the energetic electrons that cause secondary ionization and are referred to as delta rays. On a developed photographic emulsion, in which strongly ionizing particles have left dense tracks, delta rays appear as thin wavy spurs or branches. The term delta ray, first used by the British physicist J.J. Thomson, is…

information processing: Primary and secondary literature: …development of what is termed secondary literature during the 19th century. The purpose of secondary literature is to “filter” the primary information sources, usually by subject area, and provide the indicators to this literature in the form of reviews, abstracts, and indexes. Over the past 100 years there has evolved…

lymphedema: …primary, which is genetic, and secondary, which arises from an outside cause. However, each of those forms can have aspects of the other; for example, some cancer patients who develop secondary lymphedema may be genetically predisposed to do so.

polyandry: …of marital union, sometimes called secondary marriage, obtains when a married woman cohabits with a man other than her husband without having terminated the marriage by annulment or divorce. Polyandry must be distinguished from privileged sexual access to a married woman, a practice that was fairly common in traditional cultures…

computer memory: Auxiliary memory: Auxiliary memory units are among computer peripheral equipment. They trade slower access rates for greater storage capacity and data stability. Auxiliary memory holds programs and data for future use, and, because it is nonvolatile (like ROM), it is used to store inactive programs…

human behaviour: Cognition: Secondary memory depends on the elaboration and organization of information in terms of its semantic content or meaning. Compared with younger adults, older adults appear to be deficient in these processes. Generally, they do not spontaneously use organizational strategies as extensively as do younger adults,…

angiosperm: Roots: …they give rise to new lateral meristems and lateral roots. In woody roots the vascular cambium (the lateral meristem that gives rise to secondary phloem and secondary xylem) originates in the pericycle as well as in the procambium; the procambium is the primary meristematic tissue between the primary phloem and…

angiosperm: Contribution to food chain: …found in the production of secondary compounds, such as alkaloids, quinones, essential oils, and glycosides. Angiosperms have evolved a comprehensive array of unpalatable or toxic secondary plant compounds that protect the plants from foraging herbivores. Some insects, however, successfully store these secondary compounds in their tissues and use them as…

petroleum: Migration through carrier beds: This movement is termed secondary migration and may be the result of rocks folding or raising from changes associated with plate tectonics. The distinction between primary and secondary migration is based on pore size and rock type. In some cases, oil may migrate through such permeable carrier beds until…

accessory mineral: …the magma; in contrast are secondary minerals, which form at a later time through processes such as weathering by hydrothermal alteration. Common minor accessory minerals include topaz, zircon, corundum, fluorite, garnet, monazite, rutile, magnetite, ilmenite, allanite, and tourmaline. Typical varietal accessories include biotite, muscovite, amphibole, pyroxene, and olivine.

secondary education: The British system: …students receive secondary education in secondary modern or grammar schools (these being remnants of the old tripartite school system), to which they are assigned after selective procedures at age 11.

parliamentary procedure: Rules of parliamentary procedure: …introduce a proposition, or as secondary motions, which are designed to affect the main motion or its consideration. A main motion is in order only when there is no other business before an assembly. It yields in precedence to all other questions.

motivation: …both animals and humans; and secondary, or learned, motives, which can differ from animal to animal and person to person. Primary motives are thought to include hunger, thirst, sex, avoidance of pain, and perhaps aggression and fear. Secondary motives typically studied in humans include achievement, power motivation,

Mesolithic: …equipment (these are sometimes called Secondary Neolithic).

arthritis: Osteoarthritis: Secondary osteoarthritis is caused by another condition, such as joint trauma, congenital joint malalignment, obesity, hormonal disorders, and osteonecrosis. Treatment for osteoarthritis is directed toward reducing pain and correcting joint mechanics and may include exercise, weight loss, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids

oogenesis: …and is known as the secondary ovum; the smaller cell is known as a polar body. The secondary ovum grows in the ovary until it reaches maturation; it then breaks loose and is carried into the fallopian tubes. Once in the fallopian tubes, the secondary egg cell is suitable for…

parkinsonism: This distinguishes it from secondary parkinsonism, a group of disorders very similar in nature to Parkinson disease but that arise from known or identifiable causes. The onset of Parkinson disease typically occurs between the ages of 60 and 70, although it can occur before the age of 40. It…

phloem: …palms but is replaced by secondary phloem in plants that have a cambium.

phosphate mineral: …crystallized from a liquid; (2) secondary phosphates formed by the alteration of primary phosphates; and (3) fine-grained rock phosphates formed at low temperatures from phosphorus-bearing organic material, primarily underwater.

Asteraceae: Pollination: …pollination known as plunger, or secondary, pollination. In this system the flowers are such that the stamens form a tube around the immature style, with their pollen surfaces facing inward. As the style elongates within the tube of anthers, it pushes the pollen out on specialized hairs located beneath the…

petroleum: Accumulation in reservoir beds: …those in which they are secondary, or induced. Primary porosity and permeability are dependent on the size, shape, and grading and packing of the sediment grains and also on the manner of their initial consolidation. Secondary porosity and permeability result from postdepositional factors, such as solution, recrystallization, fracturing, weathering during…

therapeutics: Preventive medicine: Secondary prevention is the early detection of disease or its precursors before symptoms appear, with the aim of preventing or curing it. Examples include regular cervical Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) screening and mammography. Tertiary prevention is an attempt to stop or limit the spread of…

biosphere: Energy transfers and pyramids: …their own biomass is called secondary productivity. The efficiency at which energy is transferred from one trophic level to another is called ecological efficiency. On average it is estimated that there is only a 10 percent transfer of energy (Figure 2).

biosphere: Energy transfers and pyramids: …their own biomass is called secondary productivity. The efficiency at which energy is transferred from one trophic level to another is called ecological efficiency. On average it is estimated that there is only a 10 percent transfer of energy (Figure 2).

multiple sclerosis: Prevalence and types of multiple sclerosis: …types of MS: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), secondary-progressive (SPMS), primary-progressive (PPMS), and progressive-relapsing (PRMS). About 80–85 percent of patients are diagnosed initially with RRMS. In this form of the disease, onset is usually gradual, and there are alternating intervals of symptom exacerbation and complete symptom remission. In many patients with RRMS, symptoms…

Cartesianism: The way of ideas and the self: …bodies themselves, and sensible, or secondary, properties—such as colours, tactile feelings, sounds, odours, and tastes—which were thought to exist only in the mind. As Descartes assumes in his theory of light and as Locke later argued, secondary properties of bodies do not exist in bodies themselves but are the result…

rainbow: Occasionally, a secondary bow may be observed, which is considerably less intense than the primary bow and has its colour sequence reversed. The secondary rainbow has an angular radius of about 50° and hence is seen outside of the primary bow. This bow results from light that…

petroleum production: Secondary recovery: injection of gas or water: When a large part of the crude oil in a reservoir cannot be recovered by primary means, a method for supplying extra energy must be found. Most reservoirs have some gas in a miscible state, similar to that…

lead processing: Secondary refining: Secondary lead is lead derived from scrap. Accounting for nearly half of the total output of refined lead, it is a significant factor in the lead market because it is easily melted and refined and rarely becomes contaminated by impurities during service. About…

Sigmund Freud: The interpretation of dreams: …function of the dreamwork is secondary revision, which provides some order and intelligibility to the dream by supplementing its content with narrative coherence. The process of dream interpretation thus reverses the direction of the dreamwork, moving from the level of the conscious recounting of the dream through the preconscious back…

sail: …into groups of primary and secondary sails. Primary sails are those that supply the chief propelling force in ordinary weather; secondary sails are those that aid the primary sails either by helping to balance the ship or by providing additional driving power. There are six classes of primary sales: square…

Asia: Effects of human activity on the soil: …in Asia is that of secondary salinization. That process, which is a result of improper agricultural practices, is widespread in the soils of the arid, semiarid, and subhumid zones of Asia that are irrigated without appropriate drainage. Salt-affected soils account for large areas in Central Asia, South Asia, and Southwest…

blow fly: …formerly, Callitroga americana) and the secondary screwworm (Callitroga macellaria) develop in decaying flesh in surface wounds of domestic animals and occasionally of humans, and the larvae may attack living tissue as well. Each female deposits about 200 to 400 eggs near an open wound. The larvae burrow into the tissue,…

sedimentary rock: Sedimentary structures: …modification; these are known as secondary structures. Finally, others like stromatolites and organic burrows and tracks, though they may in fact be primary, penecontemporaneous, or even secondary, may be grouped as a fourth category—organic sedimentary structures.

human nervous system: Muscle spindles: The secondary ending is supplied by a smaller axon. It has less-dramatic “flower spray” terminals lying primarily upon the smaller intrafusal fibers to one side of the primary endings. The reflex action of the secondary endings is incompletely understood. The plate motor endings lie toward the…

secondary sex character, physical feature related to the sex of an organism that emerges during puberty, or the phase of sexual maturity. Examples of secondary sex characters in humans include the development of breasts in females and pigmented facial hair in males. Secondary sex characters are

secondary sex character, physical feature related to the sex of an organism that emerges during puberty, or the phase of sexual maturity. Examples of secondary sex characters in humans include the development of breasts in females and pigmented facial hair in males. Secondary sex characters are

water supply system: Standards: Secondary standards are guidelines or suggested maximum levels of colour, taste, odour, hardness, corrosiveness, and certain other factors.

loran: A secondary station, 200–300 miles (320–480 km) away, automatically transmits its own signals, maintaining a frequency and pulse duration in accord with those of the primary station. The secondary station maintains a fixed time difference between its reception of the primary signal pulse and the sending…

computer memory: Auxiliary memory: Auxiliary memory units are among computer peripheral equipment. They trade slower access rates for greater storage capacity and data stability. Auxiliary memory holds programs and data for future use, and, because it is nonvolatile (like ROM), it is used to store inactive programs…

secondary succession, type of ecological succession (the evolution of a biological community’s ecological structure) in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (e.g., farming or road or

plant disease: Symptoms: Secondary symptoms result from the physiological effects of disease on distant tissues and uninvaded organs (e.g., wilting and drooping of cabbage leaves in hot weather resulting from clubroot or root knot). Microscopic disease symptoms are expressions of disease in cell structure or cell arrangement seen…

agricultural technology: Secondary tillage: Secondary tillage, to improve the seedbed by increased soil pulverization, to conserve moisture through destruction of weeds, and to cut up crop residues, is accomplished by use of various types of harrows, rollers, or pulverizers, and tools for mulching and fallowing. Used for…

wastewater treatment: Wastewater treatment and disposal: …as a first step before secondary treatment. Secondary treatment removes more than 85 percent of both suspended solids and BOD. A minimum level of secondary treatment is usually required in the United States and other developed countries. When more than 85 percent of total solids and BOD must be removed,…

angiosperm: Dermal tissue: …but by the growth of secondary vascular tissue around the entire circumference of the primary plant body. The secondary vascular tissue arises from the vascular cambium, a layer of meristematic tissue insinuated between the primary xylem and primary phloem (see above Vascular tissue). Secondary xylem develops on the inner side…

cell: Mechanical properties of wall layers: …an additional layer, called the secondary wall. The middle lamella serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells. The primary wall is the cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing. To allow for cell wall expansion during growth, primary walls are thinner…

seismic wave: …recording station faster than the secondary, or S, wave. P waves, also called compressional or longitudinal waves, give the transmitting medium—whether liquid, solid, or gas—a back-and-forth motion in the direction of the path of propagation, thus stretching or compressing the medium as the wave passes any one point in a…

X-ray: Production of X-rays: …result in the emission of secondary X-ray photons.

xylem: …large tree, only the outer secondary xylem (sapwood) serves in water conduction, while the inner part (heartwood) is composed of dead but structurally strong primary xylem. In temperate or cold climates, the age of a tree may be determined by counting the number of annual xylem rings formed at the…

Robert Duvall: …of his young nephew in Secondhand Lions (2003). Duvall won an Emmy for his role as a rancher who rescues five young Chinese girls sold into prostitution in the Old West in the television miniseries Broken Trail (2006). After taking on supporting roles in several films—including We Own the Night…

secondhand smoke, smoke that is released into the air, from tobacco and non-tobacco products, being either exhaled by the smoker (mainstream smoke) or rising directly from a smoldering product (sidestream smoke). Nonsmokers who are routinely exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for

Seconds, American psychological thriller film, released in 1966, that was directed by John Frankenheimer. The film was underrated in its day but gained respect years later and attracted a cult following. Burned-out middle-aged businessman Arthur Hamilton (played by John Randolph) is approached by a

Laura Secord was a Canadian loyalist in the War of 1812. She moved to Canada with her family in the 1780s. On learning of an impending U.S. attack on the British outpost of Beaver Dams (1813), she walked through U.S. lines to warn the British commander; with the advance information, the British