Secunda, modern company town (built after 1974), Mpumalanga province, South Africa. It is located about 80 miles (130 km) east of Johannesburg in a region of extensive coal reserves and adequate water supplies, at the site of South Africa’s second and third oil-from-coal extraction plants. Like the

Hyderabad: History: Farther north, Secunderabad grew as a British cantonment (military facility), connected to Hyderabad by a bund (embankment) 1 mile (1.6 km) long on Husain Sagar Lake. The bund now serves as a promenade and is the pride of the city. Many new structures, reflecting a beautiful blend…

fallacy: Material fallacies: …case of the fallacy of secundum quid (more fully: a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid, which means “from a saying [taken too] simply to a saying according to what [it really is]”—i.e., according to its truth as holding only under special provisos). This fallacy is committed when a general…

Donatist: The primate of Numidia, Secundus of Tigisi, who had acquired in the previous 40 years the right of consecrating the bishop of Carthage, arrived in Carthage with 70 bishops and in solemn council declared Caecilian’s election invalid. The council then appointed a reader (lector), Majorinus, to replace Caecilian.

human behaviour: Attachment: …caregivers—that between infants who are “securely” attached and those who are “insecurely” attached. Infants with a secure attachment to a parent are less afraid of challenge and unfamiliarity than are those with an insecure attachment.

hazardous-waste management: Secure landfills: …must be deposited in so-called secure landfills, which provide at least 3 metres (10 feet) of separation between the bottom of the landfill and the underlying bedrock or groundwater table. A secure hazardous-waste landfill must have two impermeable liners and leachate collection systems. The double leachate collection system consists of…

secure second strike, the ability, after being struck by a nuclear attack, to strike back with nuclear weapons and cause massive damage to the enemy. Secure second strike capability was seen as a key nuclear deterrent during the Cold War. The strategy also partially explained the extraordinarily

Debt (that is, borrowing money and promising to pay it back with interest) is a common financial tool for individuals, businesses, and even governments. Companies and governments issue bonds and other fixed-income securities to fund expenses, capital improvements, and other initiatives. Households

crown vetch, (Securigera varia), vigorous trailing plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown in temperate areas as a ground cover. Crown vetch is native to the Mediterranean region and has naturalized in many places; it is considered an invasive species in parts of the United States. The

Romania: Imposition of the Soviet model: The party also established the Securitate, the centrepiece of a vast security network. It dissolved private organizations of all kinds and severely curtailed the ability of churches to perform their spiritual and educational tasks. In their place, and mainly in order to mobilize public opinion, it created mass organizations in…

due diligence: …example, Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 may protect issuers of publicly traded stock from liability for inaccurate statements if they can show they performed adequate due diligence in ascertaining the veracity of those statements. In addition, Chapter 8 of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines allows for the reduction…

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), U.S. regulatory commission established by Congress in 1934 after the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency investigated the New York Stock Exchange’s operations. The commission’s purpose was to restore investor confidence by ending misleading sales

ProCon Debate: Should Single-use Plastics Be Banned? ProCon Issue in the News: On Sept. 10, 2024, the Securities and Exchange Commission charged Keurig Dr. Pepper Inc. (KDP) with making false claims about the recyclability of its popular plastic K-Cups pods and issued a $1.5 million fine. As NPR

Major Supreme Court Cases from the 2023–24 Term: Securities and Exchange Commission v. Jarkesy: ” Argued on November 29, 2023. During the Great Depression, which began with the stock market crash of 1929, Congress passed legislation in 1934 that created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), a federal agency to which it delegated regulatory

United States: The first New Deal: The Securities Exchange Act gave the Federal Trade Commission broad new regulatory powers, which in 1934 were passed on to the newly created Securities and Exchange Commission. The Home Owners Loan Act established a corporation that refinanced one of every five mortgages on urban private residences.…

stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In most countries the stock exchange has two important functions. As a ready market for securities, it ensures their liquidity and thus encourages people to channel savings into corporate

security: The most common types of securities are stocks and bonds, of which there are many particular kinds designed to meet specialized needs. This article deals mainly with the buying and selling of securities issued by private corporations. (The securities issued by governments are discussed in the article government economic policy.)

securitization, the practice of pooling together various types of debt instruments (assets) such as mortgages and other consumer loans and selling them as bonds to investors. A bond compiled in this way is generally referred to as an asset-backed security (ABS) or collateralized debt obligation

collateral, a borrower’s pledge to a lender of something specific that is used to secure the repayment of a loan (see credit). The collateral is pledged when the loan contract is signed and serves as protection for the lender. If the borrower ends up not making the agreed-upon principal and

security, in business economics, written evidence of ownership conferring the right to receive property not currently in possession of the holder. The most common types of securities are stocks and bonds, of which there are many particular kinds designed to meet specialized needs. This article

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of the European continent as a

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), organization of representatives of virtually all the states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada, committed to formalizing decisions on important questions affecting the security and stability of the European continent as a

security and protection system, any of various means or devices designed to guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack. Most security and protection systems emphasize certain hazards more than others. In

Louis Sullivan: Later work of Louis Sullivan: …Midwestern towns, beginning with the National Farmers’ (now Security) Bank in Owatonna, Minnesota. Sullivan’s work habits had become erratic, and it is known that this particular design is primarily the work of Elmslie. It has a simple cube form pierced on two sides by large arched windows. Its walls of…

ASEAN Regional Forum: The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific, which discusses issues such as preventive diplomacy and confidence-building measures, is an example of second-track diplomacy. The central role of second-track procedures distinguishes ARF from most other international organizations, which generally treat non-official diplomatic measures as residual…

United Nations Security Council, United Nations (UN) organ whose primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security. The Security Council originally consisted of 11 members—five permanent members (the Republic of China [Taiwan], France, the Soviet Union, the United

security dilemma, in political science, a situation in which actions taken by a state to increase its own security cause reactions from other states, which in turn lead to a decrease rather than an increase in the original state’s security. Some scholars of international relations have argued that

security and protection system: Physical security.: Guard-force training, supervision, and motivation are other important aspects of the personnel-administration approach to security. The use of operational personnel to attain security objectives is still another. Examples include engineers, production workers, and clerical staff applying government security regulations for the safeguarding of classified information,…

collateral, a borrower’s pledge to a lender of something specific that is used to secure the repayment of a loan (see credit). The collateral is pledged when the loan contract is signed and serves as protection for the lender. If the borrower ends up not making the agreed-upon principal and

When we look around us, often the world does not feel like a safe place to live in. We are rightly outraged by the ubiquity of violence and war. The reality is, however, that tremendous efforts are being made globally to bring an end to violent conflict; in many places, societies are much safer

Gestapo: …of a new organization, the Sicherheitspolizei (Sipo; “Security Police”). Under a 1939 SS reorganization, the Sipo was joined with the Sicherheitsdienst, an SS intelligence department, to form the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (“Reich Security Central Office”) under Heydrich. In that bureaucratic maze, the functions of the Gestapo often overlapped with those of other…

Poland: Police: …mobile paramilitary riot squad—and the Security Service (SB), a secret political police force. In the early 1980s ZOMO played a key role in enforcing martial law and controlling demonstrations. The paramilitary nature of the Policja (“Police”), as they became known after 1990, has diminished.

SS: The RSHA also included the Sicherheitsdienst (SD; Security Service), a security department in charge of foreign and domestic intelligence and espionage.

MI5, intelligence agency charged with internal security and domestic counterintelligence activities of the United Kingdom. It is authorized to investigate any person or movement that might threaten the country’s security. Although MI5 is responsible for domestic counterespionage, it has no powers

security and protection system, any of various means or devices designed to guard persons and property against a broad range of hazards, including crime, fire, accidents, espionage, sabotage, subversion, and attack. Most security and protection systems emphasize certain hazards more than others. In

gladiator: …man”) was matched with the secutor (“pursuer”); the former wore nothing but a short tunic or apron and sought to entangle his pursuer, who was fully armed, with the cast net he carried in his right hand; if successful, he dispatched him with the trident he carried in his left.…

Darius II Ochus: …throne from his half brother Secydianus (or Sogdianus), whom he then executed. Ochus, who had previously been satrap of Hyrcania, adopted the name of Darius on his accession; he was also known as Nothus (from the Greek nothos, meaning “bastard”). Darius was dominated by eunuchs and by his half sister…

Sicyon, ancient Greek city in the northern Peloponnese about 11 miles (18 km) northwest of Corinth. Inhabited in Mycenaean times and later invaded by Dorians, Sicyon was subject to Argos for several centuries. In the 7th century bc, Sicyonian independence was established by non-Dorian tyrants, the

Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund: Controlled by the Socialist Unity Party, the FDGB was formed shortly after World War II with virtually compulsory membership. With the rapid reduction of private enterprise in the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany, the trade unions dropped their original function of representing the workers’ interests as against the employers’…

Heb-Sed, one of the oldest feasts of ancient Egypt, celebrated by the king after 30 years of rule and repeated every 3 years thereafter. The festival was in the nature of a jubilee, and it is believed that the ceremonies represented a ritual reenactment of the unification of Egypt, traditionally

Michel-Jean Sedaine was a French dramatist who is best known as the author of a fine domestic comedy, Le Philosophe sans le savoir (1765; “The Philosopher Without Knowledge”). The son of a master builder, Sedaine began his career as a stonemason. In 1752 he published a volume of poetry, and his

Neil Sedaka is an American singer, songwriter, composer, and pianist, one of the most prolific songwriters of his era, having written or cowritten more than 500 songs, including the hits “Calendar Girl” (1959), “Breaking Up Is Hard to Do” (1960), and “Happy Birthday, Sweet Sixteen” (1961). Although

Russia: The 20th century: …meta-metaphoric poetry of Aleksey Parshchikov, Olga Sedakova, Ilya Kutik, and others. The turbulent 1990s were a difficult period for most Russian writers and poets. The publishing industry, adversely affected by the economic downturn, struggled to regain its footing in the conditions of a market economy. Nonetheless, private foundations began awarding…

Sedalia, city, seat of Pettis county, west-central Missouri, U.S., 75 miles (121 km) east-southeast of Kansas City. Established in 1857 by George R. Smith and originally named Sedville for his daughter Sarah (nicknamed Sed), it developed along the Missouri Pacific Railroad right-of-way. It became a

sedan, portable, enclosed chair mounted on horizontally placed parallel poles and carried by men or animals. In Italy, France, and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, sedans became highly luxurious and were often elaborately carved and upholstered and painted with mythological scenes or

Sedan, town, Ardennes département, Grand Est région, northeastern France. Sedan is situated 9 miles (14 km) southwest of the Belgian frontier. It lies on the right bank of the Meuse River along a loop in the river in a depression between two ridges. Sedan was the scene of a French military disaster

sedan, portable, enclosed chair mounted on horizontally placed parallel poles and carried by men or animals. In Italy, France, and England, in the 17th and 18th centuries, sedans became highly luxurious and were often elaborately carved and upholstered and painted with mythological scenes or

Battle of Sedan, decisive defeat of the French army on September 1, 1870, during the Franco-German War, causing the surrender of Napoleon III and the fall of the Bonaparte dynasty and the Second French Empire. It was fought at the French border fortress of Sedan on the Meuse River, between 120,000

Marie-Charles David de Mayrena: …the self-styled king of the Sedang tribe of the northern Central Highlands in what is now southern Vietnam.

Sedang language, North Bahnaric language of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Sedang is spoken by some 110,000 people living in south-central Vietnam. The Tadrah language, spoken south of Sedang in the same region, may be a dialect but is usually considered a

seder, any of the major orders, or divisions, of the Mishna, the oldest codification of Jewish oral laws. See

Stephen Colbert: There he met Amy Sedaris and Paul Dinello, with whom he created the award-winning sketch show Exit 57 (1995–96) and the bizarre sitcom Strangers with Candy (1999–2000), both on the Comedy Central cable network. Colbert worked on several other television projects before joining in 1997 Comedy Central’s The…

David Sedaris is an American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a

David Sedaris is an American humorist and essayist best known for his sardonic autobiographical stories and social commentary, which appeared on the radio and in numerous best-selling books. Sedaris grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina, the second eldest of six siblings; his sister Amy also became a

drug use: Barbiturates, stimulants, and tranquilizers: …extensive use as sleeping aids, sedatives, hypnotics, energizers, mood elevators, stimulants, and tranquilizers.

sedative-hypnotic drug, chemical substance used to reduce tension and anxiety and induce calm (sedative effect) or to induce sleep (hypnotic effect). Most such drugs exert a quieting or calming effect at low doses and a sleep-inducing effect in larger doses. Sedative-hypnotic drugs tend to depress

Richard John Seddon was a New Zealand statesman who as prime minister (1893–1906) led a Liberal Party ministry that sponsored innovating legislation for land settlement, labour protection, and old age pensions. After working in iron foundries in England, Seddon went to Australia in 1863 to work at

annelid: …are divided into free-moving and sedentary, or tube-dwelling, forms; the earthworms (Oligochaeta); and the leeches (Hirudinea).

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

annelid: …are divided into free-moving and sedentary, or tube-dwelling, forms; the earthworms (Oligochaeta); and the leeches (Hirudinea).

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

history of Central Asia: …the relationship between the “civilized” and the “barbarian”—the two opposed but complementary. The equation so often propounded—of the civilized with the sedentary and the barbarian with the nomad—is misleading, however. The most significant distinction between the two groups in Eurasia lies probably in the successful attempt of the civilized…

seder, any of the major orders, or divisions, of the Mishna, the oldest codification of Jewish oral laws. See

seder, religious meal served in Jewish homes on the 15th and 16th of the month of Nisan to commence the festival of Passover (Pesaḥ). Though Passover commemorates the Exodus, the historical deliverance of the Jewish people from Egyptian bondage in the days of Moses (13th century bce), Jews are ever

chronology: Jewish: …Jewish chronologies extant is the Seder ʿolam rabbaʾ (“Order of the World”), transmitted, according to Talmudic tradition, by Rabbi Yosi ben Halafta in the 2nd century ad. The author was possibly the first to use the rabbinic Era of the Creation. His chronology extends from the creation to Bar Kokhba…

chronology: Jewish: The smaller work Seder ʿOlam zuṭaʾ completes the Rabbaʾ. It aims to show the Babylonian exilarchs as lineal descendants of David.

Jakob Johannes Sederholm was a geologist who pioneered in the study of the Precambrian rocks (those from 3.96 billion to 570 million years old) of Finland. He was appointed geologist to the Geological Commission of Finland in 1888, and from 1893 to 1933 he was its director. Sederholm vigorously

Cyperaceae, sedge family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, a division of the order Poales. The Cyperaceae are grasslike herbaceous plants found especially in wet regions throughout the world. The Cyperaceae, among the 10 largest families of flowering plants, contain about 5,000 species and,

Cyperaceae, sedge family of monocotyledonous flowering plants, a division of the order Poales. The Cyperaceae are grasslike herbaceous plants found especially in wet regions throughout the world. The Cyperaceae, among the 10 largest families of flowering plants, contain about 5,000 species and,

frog: Sedge frogs (Hyperolius), for example, are climbing African frogs with adhesive toe disks. The flying frogs (Rhacophorus) are tree-dwelling, Old World rhacophorids; they can glide 12 to 15 metres (40 to 50 feet) by means of expanded webbing between the fingers and toes (see tree…

animal social behaviour: Social interactions involving sex: Similarly, male European sedge warblers (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) with the longest and most elaborate birdsongs are the first to acquire mates in the spring.

Sedgefield, former borough (district), administrative and historic county of Durham, northeastern England, occupying a limestone plateau generally 300 to 400 feet (90 to 120 metres) in elevation between the Pennine uplands in the west and an inland extension of the North Sea coastal plain in the

Western architecture: United States: …in the Gothic style was Sedgeley, a mansion erected outside Philadelphia in 1798 to the design of Benjamin Latrobe. The thin, etiolated Gothic of this house was repeated in other of his designs—an unexecuted project for a cathedral in Baltimore, Maryland (1805); the Bank of Philadelphia (1807–08); Christ Church (1808),…

Sedgemoor, district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, southwestern England, in the north-central part of the county. Bridgwater, on the River Parrett in the southwest, is the administrative centre. Sedgemoor district is generally a low-lying basin with rich alluvial soils. It is

Battle of Sedgemoor, (July 16 [July 6, Old Style], 1685), in English history, battle fought about 3 miles (5 km) southeast of Bridgwater, Somerset, Eng. It was a massacre of the mainly untrained smallholders and cloth workers who had rallied to the support of James Scott, duke of Monmouth, by

Pearl S. Buck was an American author noted for her novels of life in China. She received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1938. Pearl Sydenstricker was raised in Zhenjiang in eastern China by her Presbyterian missionary parents. Initially educated by her mother and a Chinese tutor, she was sent at

Adam Sedgwick was an English geologist who first applied the name Cambrian to the geologic period of time, now dated at 570 to 505 million years ago. Sedgwick was educated at the grammar schools of Dent and Sedbergh and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where in 1810 he was elected a fellow. Although

Adam Sedgwick was an English zoologist who is best known for his researches on the wormlike organism Peripatus, which he recognized as the zoologically important connecting link between the Annelida, or segmented worms, and the Arthropoda, such as crabs, spiders, and insects. A grandnephew of the

Anne Douglas Sedgwick was an expatriate American writer whose best-selling fiction observed European and American cultural differences. Sedgwick lived from the age of nine in London, where her father had business connections. In 1898 a novel she had written for private amusement was, through her

Catharine Maria Sedgwick was an early American writer whose internationally popular fiction was part of the first authentically native strain of American literature. Sedgwick was a daughter of Theodore Sedgwick, lawyer, congressman, and later senator and judge of the state Supreme Court. She became

Andy Warhol: … (1966), both of which featured Edie Sedgwick.

Kevin Bacon: Personal life, collaborations with Kyra Sedgwick, and musical career: …formally met his wife, actress Kyra Sedgwick, during the filming of Lemon Sky (1988), though, according to her, some 10 years earlier, as a 12-year-old, she had approached him as a fan. Only a few months after their meeting on the Lemon Sky set, Bacon and Sedgwick were married. They…

Statius Caecilius: …ranked by the literary critic Volcatius Sedigitus at the head of all Roman writers of comedy.

sedilia, in architecture, group of seats for the clergy in a Christian church of Gothic style. Usually consisting of three separate stone seats—for the priest, the deacon, and the subdeacon—the sedilia is located on the south side of the chancel, or choir, in a cruciform church (one that is built

Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act: In Sedima, S.P.R.L. v. Imrex Co. (1985), the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that RICO is not limited to organized crime but may be applied to legitimate commercial-enterprise businesses. The Belgian company Sedima filed an action against rival Imrex in a U.S. district court in 1982, alleging…

river: Sediment yield and sediment load: All of the water that reaches a stream and its tributaries carries sediment eroded from the entire area drained by it. The total amount of erosional debris exported from such a drainage basin is its sediment yield. Sediment yield is…

landslide: …particles, referred to as the sediment fabric. Some materials with a loose, open sediment fabric will weaken if they are mechanically disturbed or flooded with water. An increase in water content, resulting from either natural causes or human activity, typically weakens sandy materials through the reduction of interparticle friction and…

Ralph A. Bagnold: …authority on the mechanics of sediment transport and on eolian (wind-effect) processes.

Precambrian: Establishing Precambrian boundaries: …dikes and the formation of sedimentary basins such as the Huronian on the U.S.-Canadian border, into which large volumes of clastic sediment (that is, sediment of predominantly clay, silt, and sand sizes) were deposited. Such sediments would have been derived by erosion of high plateaus and mountains that are characteristic…

biogeochemical cycle: carbon, and water; sedimentary cycles include those of iron, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, and other more-earthbound elements.

sedimentary facies, physical, chemical, and biological aspects of a sedimentary bed and the lateral change within sequences of beds of the same geologic age. Sedimentary rocks can be formed only where sediments are deposited long enough to become compacted and cemented into hard beds or strata.

sedimentary rock: Sedimentary petrography involves the classification and study of sedimentary rocks using the petrographic microscope. Stratigraphy covers all aspects of sedimentary rocks, particularly from the perspective of their age and regional relationships as well as the correlation of sedimentary rocks in one region with sedimentary rock…

geology: Sedimentary petrology: The field of sedimentary petrology is concerned with the description and classification of sedimentary rocks, interpretation of the processes of transportation and deposition of the sedimentary materials forming the rocks, the environment that prevailed at the time the sediments were deposited, and the

Precambrian: Establishing Precambrian boundaries: …dikes and the formation of sedimentary basins such as the Huronian on the U.S.-Canadian border, into which large volumes of clastic sediment (that is, sediment of predominantly clay, silt, and sand sizes) were deposited. Such sediments would have been derived by erosion of high plateaus and mountains that are characteristic…

sedimentary rock, rock formed at or near Earth’s surface by the accumulation and lithification of sediment (detrital rock) or by the precipitation from solution at normal surface temperatures (chemical rock). Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks exposed on Earth’s surface but are only a

sedimentary rock: Sedimentary structures: Sedimentary structures are the larger, generally three-dimensional physical features of sedimentary rocks; they are best seen in outcrop or in large hand specimens rather than through a microscope. Sedimentary structures include features like bedding, ripple marks, fossil tracks and trails, and mud cracks.…

separation and purification: Sedimentation: Particles such as viruses, colloids, bacteria, and small fragments of silica and alumina may be separated into different fractions of various sizes and densities. Suspensions of relatively massive particles settle under the influence of gravity, and the different rates can be exploited to effect…

sedimentation, in the geological sciences, process of deposition of a solid material from a state of suspension or solution in a fluid (usually air or water). Broadly defined it also includes deposits from glacial ice and those materials collected under the impetus of gravity alone, as in talus

separation and purification: Field separations: In sedimentation field-flow fractionation, for example, the channel is spun and the applied perpendicular field is a centrifugal force (gravity). Particles sediment toward the channel walls and reach a steady-state position. Since the flow velocity is nonuniform across the channel, the rate of migration will vary…

sedimentation tank, component of a modern system of water supply or wastewater treatment. A sedimentation tank allows suspended particles to settle out of water or wastewater as it flows slowly through the tank, thereby providing some degree of purification. A layer of accumulated solids, called