seigniorage, the charge over and above the expenses of coinage (making into coins) that is deducted from the bullion brought to a mint to be coined. From early times, coinage was the prerogative of kings, who prescribed the total charge and the part they were to receive as seigniorage. The

manorialism, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief that was under the control of a lord who enjoyed a variety of rights over it

manorialism, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self-sufficient landed estate, or fief that was under the control of a lord who enjoyed a variety of rights over it

Ko: Calling the arrangements seika rather than shōka, the Ko school retained the tall, narrow-mouthed type of vase used in the shōka arrangements of the Ikenobō school. The mood of the arrangements was known as nageire, a fresh and spontaneous style that adheres only loosely to the classical rules…

Ishida Baigan: Ishida’s works include Seika ron (1774), an essay on family government espousing the Confucian view that a man who cannot govern his family cannot govern a nation. His disciples published Ishida sensei goroku (“The Sayings of Professor Ishida”) in 1806.

Seikan Tunnel, undersea tunnel linking Japan’s main island of Honshu with the northern neighbouring island of Hokkaido. The Seikan Tunnel is the second longest tunnel in the world, after the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland. It is 53.8 km (33.4 miles) long, 23.3 km (14.3 miles) of which lie

Seikan Tunnel, undersea tunnel linking Japan’s main island of Honshu with the northern neighbouring island of Hokkaido. The Seikan Tunnel is the second longest tunnel in the world, after the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland. It is 53.8 km (33.4 miles) long, 23.3 km (14.3 miles) of which lie

Lithuania: Constitutional framework: …president and a legislature, the Seimas, under a parliamentary system. The Seimas consists of 141 members, who are elected to four-year terms. The prime minister, formally appointed by the president, oversees the country’s day-to-day affairs and is generally the leader of the Seimas’s majority party. The president is popularly elected…

César: His sensational gigantic Sein was modeled on a cabaret dancer’s breast and molded in pink polyester resin. One of his more widely available works, reproduced in many sizes for commercial sale, was a representation of his thumb; Le Pouce, a 12-metre (40-foot) version, was erected in the Parisian…

Being and Time, work by the German existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger, first published in German (as Sein und Zeit) in 1927, that permanently altered the course of philosophy in continental Europe. Widely regarded as Heidegger’s masterpiece, Being and Time generated a level of excitement

Paris Basin, geographic region of France, constituting the lowland area around Paris. Geologically it is the centre of a structural depression that extends between the ancient Armoricain Massif (west), the Massif Central (south), and the Vosges, Ardennes, and Rhineland (east). The area, which forms

commercial fishing: Seines: The seine net has very long wings and towing warps (tow lines), with or without bags for the catch. With purse seines, pelagic fish are surrounded not only from the side but also from underneath, preventing them from escaping by diving downward. Purse seines can be…

Seine River, river of France, after the Loire its longest. It rises 18 miles (30 kilometres) northwest of Dijon and flows in a northwesterly direction through Paris before emptying into the English Channel at Le Havre. The river is 485 miles (780 kilometres) long and with its tributaries drains an

Seine Series, division of Precambrian rocks that occur in Ontario and northern Minnesota (the Precambrian began about 3.96 billion years ago and ended 540 million years ago). The Seine Series, named for prominent exposures studied along the Seine River, Ontario, forms a thick sequence of

Henry V: The French wars: …medieval kings, and after the Battle of the Seine (August 1416), England’s naval mastery of the Channel was not seriously disputed. At home, Henry turned to the systematic financing of his projected invasion, partly through large-scale borrowing, partly through parliamentary taxation, the generosity of which reflects his success in arousing…

Île-de-France: …the north-central départements of Val-d’Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Île-de-France is bounded by the régions of Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east,

Haute-Normandie: …northern départements of Eure and Seine-Maritime and encompassed the northeastern portion of historical Normandy.

Haute-Normandie: …northern départements of Eure and Seine-Maritime and encompassed the northeastern portion of historical Normandy.

Île-de-France: of Val-d’Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Île-de-France is bounded by the régions of Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the southeast,

Noma Hiroshi: …multivolume work completed in 1971, Seinen no wa (“Ring of Youth”), which won the Tanizaki Prize in 1971. Other later works include the autobiographical Waga tō wa soko ni tatsu (1961; “My Tower Stands There”), Shinran (1973), and Sayama saiban (1976; “The Sayama Trial”). These works, while conveying a deepening…

commercial fishing: Seiners: Seiners range in size from canoes, where the net is hauled by hand, to larger vessels with powerful net-handling equipment. This equipment generally consists of a power block mounted on a crane placed aft of the wheelhouse, as well as winches and drums for…

Seinfeld, U.S. television situation comedy that was among the most popular programs of the 1990s. Revered by critics, Seinfeld aired for nine seasons (1989–98) on National Broadcasting Co. (NBC), serving as the linchpin of the network’s ‘‘must-see TV’’ Thursday night lineup. Set in Manhattan and

Jerry Seinfeld is an American comedian whose television show Seinfeld (1989–98) was a landmark of American popular culture in the late 20th century. Ostensibly a “show about nothing,” the sitcom highlighted Seinfeld’s observational humor. Seinfeld’s interest in comedy was sparked at an early age

Jerry Seinfeld is an American comedian whose television show Seinfeld (1989–98) was a landmark of American popular culture in the late 20th century. Ostensibly a “show about nothing,” the sitcom highlighted Seinfeld’s observational humor. Seinfeld’s interest in comedy was sparked at an early age

Giacomo Casanova was an ecclesiastic, writer, soldier, spy, and diplomatist, chiefly remembered as the prince of Italian adventurers and as the man who made the name Casanova synonymous with “libertine.” His autobiography, which perhaps exaggerates some of his escapades, is a splendid description

French literature: Religious drama: Neither it nor the Seinte Resurreccion (c. 1200; “Resurrection of the Saviour”), certainly Anglo-Norman, shows the events preceding the Crucifixion, the matter of the Passion plays; these first appeared in the early 14th century in the Passion du Palatinus (“Passion of Palatinus”). Of relatively modest proportions, this contains diversified…

Ignaz Seipel was a Roman Catholic priest, twice chancellor of Austria (1922–24 and 1926–29), whose use of the Fascist paramilitary Heimwehr in his struggle against Austria’s Social Democrats led to a strengthening of Fascism in his country. Ordained in 1899, Seipel taught moral philosophy at the

Morón, cabecera (county seat) and partido (county) of Gran (Greater) Buenos Aires, eastern Argentina. It lies west of the city of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires provincia (province). In the 16th century Morón served as a way station for travelers en route to the area that is now Chile and Peru. The

Rubén Blades: With Seis del Solar he recorded Buscando América, which was named a Top Ten album of 1984. At the height of his popularity, Blades took a break from his musical career to earn a master’s degree (1985) in international law from Harvard University. In 1987 he…

Adolfo Bioy Casares: …para Don Isidro Parodi (1942; Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi) and Crónicas de Bustos Domecq (1967; Chronicles of Bustos Domecq), both of which satirize a variety of Argentine personalities. The two also edited Los mejores cuentos policiales (1943; “The Greatest Detective Stories”), a two-volume book of gaucho poetry (Poesía…

land reform: Ancient reforms: …reform law, known as the seisachtheia, or “shaking-off the burdens,” cancelled all debts, freed the hektēmoroi, destroyed the horoi, and restored land to its constitutional holders. Solon also prohibited the mortgaging of land or of personal freedom on account of debt.

Titian: Portraits: …copy of a portrait by Jakob Seisenegger, survives. Charles was so pleased with Titian’s work that in May 1533 he bestowed upon the artist the most extraordinary honor of knighthood. Thereafter, the Austrian-Spanish Habsburgs remained Titian’s most important patrons. Charles attempted to induce Titian to go to Spain in 1534…

Hōnen was a Buddhist priest and the founder of the Pure Land (Jōdo) Buddhist sect of Japan. He was seminal in establishing Pure Land pietism as one of the central forms of Buddhism in Japan. Introduced as a student monk to Pure Land doctrines brought from China by Tendai priests, he stressed

Cecil Family, one of England’s most famous and politically influential families, represented by two branches, holding respectively the marquessates of Exeter and Salisbury, both descended from William Cecil, Lord Burghley, Elizabeth I’s lord treasurer. Burghley’s elder son, Thomas, was created Earl

seisin, in English feudal society, a term that came to mean a type of possession that gained credibility with the passage of time. Seisin was not ownership nor was it mere possession that could be established by the seizure of land. Seisin belonged to someone who used the land or exercised rights

earthquake: Seismographs and accelerometers: …to secure such measurements, special arrays of strong-motion seismographs have been installed in areas of high seismicity around the world. Large-aperture seismic arrays (linear dimensions on the order of 1 to 10 km, or 0.6 to 6 miles) of strong-motion accelerometers can now be used to improve estimations of speed,…

seismic belt, narrow geographic zone on the Earth’s surface along which most earthquake activity occurs. The outermost layer of the Earth (lithosphere) is made up of several large tectonic plates. The edges where these plates move against one another are the location of interplate earthquakes that

infrasonics: With an array of seismic detectors, a computational form of holography may be achieved.

olivine: Meteorites and the Earth’s mantle: …so-called 20° discontinuity, an observed seismic discontinuity in the mantle at a depth of about 400 kilometres.

earthquake: Constructing seismic hazard maps: …avoid weaknesses found in earlier earthquake hazard maps, the following general principles are usually adopted today:

earthquake: Constructing seismic hazard maps: …avoid weaknesses found in earlier earthquake hazard maps, the following general principles are usually adopted today:

earthquake: Earthquake magnitude: …earthquake size is used—namely, the seismic moment (M0). Such a parameter is related to the angular leverage of the forces that produce the slip on the causative fault. It can be calculated both from recorded seismic waves and from field measurements of the size of the fault rupture. Consequently, seismic…

earthquake: Seismological tomography: …each wave type with its ray path through the Earth must be made.

seismic wave: Seismographs record the amplitude and frequency of seismic waves and yield information about the Earth and its subsurface structure. Artificially generated seismic waves recorded during seismic surveys are used to collect data in oil and gas prospecting and engineering.

Earth exploration: Seismic reflection methods: Most seismic work utilizes reflection techniques. Sources and Geophones are essentially the same as those used in refraction methods. The concept is similar to echo sounding: seismic waves are reflected at interfaces where rock properties change and the round-trip travel time, together…

Earth exploration: Seismic refraction methods: Seismic methods are based on measurements of the time interval between initiation of a seismic (elastic) wave and its arrival at detectors. The seismic wave may be generated by an explosion, a dropped weight, a mechanical vibrator, a bubble of high-pressure air…

tsunami, catastrophic ocean wave, usually caused by a submarine earthquake, an underwater or coastal landslide, or a volcanic eruption. The term tidal wave is frequently used for such a wave, but it is a misnomer, for the wave has no connection with the tides. After an earthquake or other

earthquake: Tsunamis: A key development is the Seismic Sea Wave Warning System, an internationally supported system designed to reduce loss of life in the Pacific Ocean. Centred in Honolulu, it issues alerts based on reports of earthquakes from circum-Pacific seismographic stations.

seismic survey, method of investigating subterranean structure, particularly as related to exploration for petroleum, natural gas, and mineral deposits. The technique is based on determining the time interval that elapses between the initiation of a seismic wave at a selected shot point (the

plate tectonics: Seismic tomography: A powerful technique, seismic tomography, provides insight into the understanding of plate-driving mechanisms. This technique is similar in principle to that of the CT (computed tomography) scan and creates three-dimensional images of Earth’s interior by combining information from many earthquakes. Seismic waves

seismic wave, vibration generated by an earthquake, explosion, or similar energetic source and propagated within the Earth or along its surface. Earthquakes generate four principal types of elastic waves; two, known as body waves, travel within the Earth, whereas the other two, called surface

seismicity, the worldwide or local distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude. More specifically, it refers to the measure of the frequency of earthquakes in a region—for example, the number of earthquakes of magnitude between 5 and 6 per 100 square km (39 square

seismic wave: Seismographs record the amplitude and frequency of seismic waves and yield information about the Earth and its subsurface structure. Artificially generated seismic waves recorded during seismic surveys are used to collect data in oil and gas prospecting and engineering.

seismograph, instrument that makes a record of seismic waves caused by an earthquake, explosion, or other Earth-shaking phenomenon. Seismographs are equipped with electromagnetic sensors that translate ground motions into electrical changes, which are processed and recorded by the instruments’

seismology, scientific discipline that is concerned with the study of earthquakes and of the propagation of seismic waves within the Earth. A branch of geophysics, it has provided much information about the composition and state of the planet’s interior. The goals of seismological investigations

warning system: Detection of nuclear explosions: …caused by nuclear explosions, the seismometers record many extraneous motions from natural sources; these are called noise. To reduce noise, a large number of seismometers arranged in arrays is used to reinforce the desired signal and exclude unwanted signals. Elaborate data processing, with the help of recorders and computers, further…

Zhang Heng: His seismoscope for registering earthquakes was apparently cylindrical in shape, with eight dragons’ heads arranged around its upper circumference, each with a ball in its mouth. Below were eight frogs, each directly under a dragon’s head. When an earthquake occurred, a ball dropped and was caught…

Breyten Breytenbach: …Seisoen in die Paradys (A Season in Paradise) was published in 1976, and other prison writings were published as Mouroir: Bespieëlende notas van ’n roman (Mouroir: Mirrornotes of a Novel) in 1983. In 1982 he was freed, and he subsequently returned to Paris. The True Confessions of an Albino…

Sīstān, extensive border region, eastern Iran and southwestern Afghanistan. Forty percent of its area is in Iran, as well as the majority of its sparse population. The region comprises a large depression some 1,500–1,700 feet (450–520 m) in elevation. Numerous rivers fill a series of lagoons

sistrum, percussion instrument, a rattle consisting of a wood, metal, or clay frame set loosely with crossbars (often hung with jingles) that sound when the instrument is shaken. A handle is attached to the frame. In ancient Egypt, sistrums were either temple-shaped or had a closed-horseshoe shape.

Finno-Ugric religion: Cult centres: …in reindeer herding and fishing) seita (“sacrificial stone”) places for worship arose near a reindeer migration route or a good fishing place, and for such a place an outstanding stone generally was chosen. The Ob Ugrians had a kind of “mobile temple” for the wooden idols (normally kept in the…

gluten, a yellowish gray powdery mixture of water-insoluble proteins occurring in wheat and other cereal grains and composed chiefly of the proteins gliadin and glutenin. Gluten sensitivity and intolerance, a principal symptom of the digestive disorder called celiac disease, has become a key issue

William A. Seiter was an American director who made more than 100 feature films and was especially noted for his musicals and light comedies. Seiter graduated from the Hudson River Military Academy, and by the early 1910s he was working in Hollywood. He acted in short films, notably playing a

Aleksis Kivi: Kivi’s Seitsemän veljestä (1870; Seven Brothers), the first novel written in Finnish, tells the story of some freedom-loving village youths who take to the woods and live a life of adventure but gradually mature and finally accept the responsibilities of sober citizens in a farming community. It contains elements…

baseball: Fantasy baseball: …introduced in 1951 by entrepreneur Dick Seitz, known as APBA (American Professional Baseball Association). A similar game called Strat-o-matic first appeared in the 1960s. Having purchased the APBA or Strat-o-matic board game, players annually ordered cards that listed the statistical data for the ballplayers from the prior season. A combination…

Karl Seitz was a politician, acting head of Austria (1919–20) after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and longtime Socialist mayor of Vienna (1923–34). He served as a Social Democrat member of the Austrian Reichsrat (national assembly) through the last years of the empire, and after

John Sweeney: In 1961 he joined the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) as a contract director for New York City Local 32B, and he became president of the local in 1976. Elected president of the SEIU in 1980, he was credited with boosting membership by 75 percent (to more than one million)…

ovenbird: …with a side entrance, especially Seiurus aurocapillus, a wood warbler (family Parulidae, order Passeriformes) of North America east of the Rockies; it winters south to Colombia. Brownish olive above, with a streaked breast, white eye ring, and black-edged orange crown, the bird looks like a small thrush. Its song, “tee-cher,”…

Fujiwara Family: Beginnings.: …the throne as the emperor Seiwa at the age of nine. Yoshifusa, thereupon, had himself appointed regent—the first instance in Japanese history of a person not of royal blood being named to this position. This led to the practice of the Fujiwara persuading emperors to retire at a comparatively early…

Paul McCartney and Wings: Beginnings and Wild Life: …well as Ram session drummer Denny Seiwell (b. July 10, 1943, Lehighton, Pennsylvania) to join.

Fukuzawa Yukichi: … in 1862—after which he wrote Seiyō jijō (“Conditions in the West”). The book became popular overnight because of its simple and clear descriptions of the political, economic, and cultural institutions of the Occident. Continuing his efforts to introduce Western ways into Japan, he developed a lucid writing style and began…

Hatano Seiichi: Hatano’s Seiyō tetsugakushi yō (“Outline of the History of Western Philosophy”), written in 1907, was the first serious attempt in Japan to produce a survey of Western philosophy and soon became required reading for all university students. During the following years, Hatano did a series of…

Shiba Kōkan: In 1799 he wrote Seiyō-gadan (“Dissertation on Western Painting”), in which he explained fundamental principles of the realism of Western painting.

Yamaga Sokō: …volumes under the title Seiyōyōroku (“Summary of Holy Teachings”). His views were seen as a potential challenge to Tokugawa authority, and he was banished from the capital in the custody of the Lord of Akō and exiled to one of the remote corners of Japan.

Jules Simon: …precipitating the constitutional crisis of le seize mai (May 16), centring on the question of whether ministerial responsibility was owed to the president or to the Chamber. Because events determined that it should be owed to the Chamber, Mac-Mahon himself resigned on Jan. 30, 1879, and the Third Republic became…

heraldry: Continental versus British heraldry: The doctrine of seize quartiers (“16 quarters”) prevailed over most of the Continent but not in Britain. This theory required that, in order for a person to claim a specific degree of nobility, all of his 16 great-great-grandparents should have been entitled to bear arms. This, the “proof…

Seize the Day, novella by American author Saul Bellow, published in 1956. This short novel examines one day in the unhappy life of Tommy Wilhelm, who has fallen from marginal middle-management respectability to unemployment, divorce, and despair. Like many of Bellow’s other novels, Seize the Day

Bobby Seale: …autobiography A Lonely Rage (1978), Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton (1970), and Power to the People: The World of the Black Panthers (2016; cowritten with Stephen Shames). Seale also published Barbeque’n with Bobby (1988), a cookbook.

seizing, means of fastening together two spars, two ropes, or two parts of the same rope by means of a third rope. Two parts of the same rope may be thus joined to make an eye, or closed circle. When two ropes are joined and the strain on one is to be greater than that on the other, racking seizing

Nagano 1998 Olympic Winter Games: …women’s competition starred German sensation Katja Seizinger, who won the downhill and Alpine combined events. In Nordic skiing, Bjørn Daehlie of Norway further strengthened his claim to being the greatest cross-country skier ever. The Norwegian skied to gold medals in the 10-km event and the 4 × 10-km relay and…

seizure, sudden, uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Seizures produce a wide range of symptoms, including changes in behaviour, shaking or sudden movements, and changes in consciousness. Often the cause of a seizure is unknown. About 25 to 30 percent of seizures are provoked seizures

search and seizure, practices engaged in by law enforcement officers in order to gain sufficient evidence to ensure the arrest and conviction of an offender. The latitude allowed police and other law enforcement agents in carrying out searches and seizures varies considerably from country to

Czesław Miłosz: …his novel Zdobycie władzy (1955; The Seizure of Power). His poetic works are noted for their classical style and their preoccupation with philosophical and political issues. An important example is Traktat poetycki (1957; Treatise on Poetry), which combines a defense of poetry with a history of Poland from 1918 to…

Sejanus was the chief administrator of the Roman Empire for the emperor Tiberius, alleged murderer of Tiberius’s only son, Drusus Caesar, and suspect in a plot to overthrow Tiberius and become emperor himself. Sejanus was related through his mother to the distinguished senatorial family Cornelii

tragedy: Shakespearean tragedy: …to have acted in Jonson’s Sejanus in 1603, a very Classical play, published in 1605 with a learned essay on Aristotle as preface. It can be assumed that Shakespeare knew the tradition. Certainly the Elizabethan theatre could not have existed without the Greek and Roman prototype. For all of its…

Sejanus was the chief administrator of the Roman Empire for the emperor Tiberius, alleged murderer of Tiberius’s only son, Drusus Caesar, and suspect in a plot to overthrow Tiberius and become emperor himself. Sejanus was related through his mother to the distinguished senatorial family Cornelii

Sejarah Melayu, one of the finest literary and historical works in the Malay language. Concerning the Malaccan sultanate, it was composed sometime in the 15th or 16th century. The original text, written prior to 1536, underwent changes in 1612, ordered by Sultan Abdullah Maayah Shah. Only

Kosovo: Political process: …PDK as prime minister and Fatmir Sejdiu of the LDK as president. The LDK was organized as a response to Kosovo’s loss of autonomy in 1989. Headed by the Kosovar Albanian nationalist writer Ibrahim Rugova, the LDK in 1992 declared the creation of the Republic of Kosovo, which remained internationally…

Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa: …founding partners of the firm SANAA (Sejima and Nishizawa and Associates), designed structures that were admired for their refined simplicity, spatial fluidity, and thoughtful integration into their surroundings. In 2010 they were awarded the Pritzker Prize, becoming only the second partnership to be so honoured. (The first was Jacques Herzog…

Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa: Sejima earned a master’s degree in architecture in 1981 from Japan Women’s University. After apprenticing with architect Toyo Ito, she launched her own firm, Kazuyo Sejima and Associates, in 1987. Nishizawa, a student who had also worked for Ito, was one of her first hires.…

Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa are Japanese architects who, as founding partners of the firm SANAA (Sejima and Nishizawa and Associates), designed structures that were admired for their refined simplicity, spatial fluidity, and thoughtful integration into their surroundings. In 2010 they were

Sejm, lower house of the national legislature of Poland. The term Sejm initially referred to the Polish legislature as a whole, which first met for all of Poland in 1493 and historically thereafter usually comprised two houses. In 1946 the Senate, or upper house, of the body was eliminated. It was

Korea: The establishment of a Confucian state: …“Great Script”), was completed under Sejong’s direction.

Sejong was a monarch of the Joseon (Yi) dynasty during whose reign (1419–50) cultural achievements in Korea reached their highest point. Sejong is best known for his development of Hangul (Han’gŭl), the phonetic system for writing the Korean language that is still in use. The creation of an easily

Sejong City, city and planned capital, west-central South Korea. It is bordered to the east by Cheongju, North Chungcheong province; to the west by Gongju, South Chungcheong province; to the south by Daejeon; and to the north by Cheonan, South Chungcheong. Relocation of the country’s capital was

Dai hyakkajiten: …1955–63, a successor encyclopaedia, the Sekai dai hyakkajiten (“World Encyclopaedia”), was published in 33 volumes containing approximately 70,000 articles signed by specialists; it quickly became the standard Japanese encyclopaedia. The final three volumes contain supplementary material, which includes not only updated information covering the years 1958–63 but also a chronological…

Ōmoto: …Seichōno-ie (Household of Growth) and Sekai Kyūsei-kyō (Religion of World Salvation), both founded by former disciples of Onisaburō. Ōmoto emphasizes the universal character of religion. It promotes the use of the international language Esperanto and sponsors an organization called ULBA (Universal Love and Brotherhood Association).

Sekani, Athabaskan-speaking North American Indian group that lived mostly in river valleys on the eastern and western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in what are now British Columbia and Alberta, Can. They were often harassed by the neighbouring Cree, Beaver, Carrier, and Shuswap peoples and, during

Jelālī Revolts: The major uprisings involved the sekbans (irregular troops of musketeers) and sipahis (cavalrymen maintained by land grants). The rebellions were not attempts to overthrow the Ottoman government but were reactions to a social and economic crisis stemming from a number of factors: a depreciation of the currency, heavy taxation, a…

Golkar, social and political organization in Indonesia that evolved into a political party after it was founded as the Sekretariat Bersama Golongan Karya (Joint Secretariat of Functional Groups) by a group of army officers in 1964. Golkar, established ostensibly to counterbalance the growing power