Godarpura: …1824, the scene of the self-immolation of religious devotees, who threw themselves from the high cliffs into the river. Pop. (2001) Omkareshwar, 6,616; (2011) Omkareshwar, 10,063.

angiosperm: Pollination: …developed a chemical system of self-incompatibility. The most common type is sporophytic self-incompatibility, in which the secretions of the stigmatic tissue or the transmitting tissue prevent the germination or growth of incompatible pollen. A second type, gametophytic self-incompatibility, involves the inability of the gametes from the same parent plant to…

self-incrimination, in law, the giving of evidence that might tend to expose the witness to punishment for crime. The term is generally used in relation to the privilege of refusing to give such evidence. In some continental European countries (Germany, for example, but not France), a person

electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second…

electromagnetism: Self-inductance and mutual inductance: The self-inductance of a circuit is used to describe the reaction of the circuit to a changing current in the circuit, while the mutual inductance with respect to a second circuit describes the reaction to a changing current in the second…

ammonia: Physical properties of ammonia: Ammonia also self-ionizes, although less so than does water. 2NH3 ⇌ NH4+ + NH2−

acceptance: This is known as a self-liquidating transaction, and this characteristic has given trade acceptances excellent credit standing (with consequent widespread use) in many countries. The acceptance market therefore provides investors with a means of employing temporarily excess funds for short periods of time with a minimum of risk.

Edvard Kardelj: …of a theory known as socialist self-management, which served as the basis of Yugoslavia’s political and economic system and distinguished it from the Soviet system. In foreign affairs he pioneered the concept of nonalignment for Yugoslavia between the West and the Soviet Union.

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

computer: Machine language: …they would be capable of self-modification. Konrad Zuse had looked upon this possibility as “making a contract with the Devil” because of the potential for abuse, and he had chosen not to implement it in his machines. But self-modification was essential for achieving a true general-purpose machine.

monasticism: Redemption: …may involve forms of self-mortification. The practice of self-mortification, which intensifies or stabilizes the austerities required of the monastic, is found in all monastic traditions. Whether the autocentric or the vicarious aspect of the quest is emphasized depends entirely on the doctrinal framework within which the monastic functions. In…

metabolic disease: Purine and pyrimidine disorders: …feature is the occurrence of self-mutilation. Intellectual disability is also common. Most individuals with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome excrete a large amount of uric acid in their urine, leading to gout, kidney stones, and possible kidney failure. A high fluid intake and the drug allopurinol are helpful

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

motivation: Self-perception theory: Cognitive dissonance approaches have not gone unchallenged. An alternative approach, known as self-perception theory, suggests that all individuals analyze their own behaviour much as an outside observer might and, as a result of these observations, make judgments about why they are motivated to…

pollination: Types: self-pollination and cross-pollination: An egg cell in an ovule of a flower may be fertilized by a sperm cell derived from a pollen grain produced by that same flower or by another flower on the same plant, in either of which two cases fertilization is…

Lee Friedlander: Self-Portrait was his first publication. Printed in 1970 by the photographer’s own firm, Haywire Press, the photo book included nearly 50 images of the artist represented as a shadow or a reflection, or occasionally as visible in person. By inserting himself into photographs in indirect…

Latin American art: Latin American themes: …still commissioned, the genre of self-portraits by native-born painters also emerged, leading to works that reveal a more informal, human quality. A fine example of this tradition is a pastel (an informal, spontaneous medium much favoured by Rococo artists) self-portrait by José Luis Rodríguez de Alconedo from 1810. He depicted…

Caravaggio: First apprenticeships in Rome: Pucci, Cesari, and Petrigiani: …Self-Portrait as Bacchus (also called Sick Bacchus). Both were expropriated from Cesari by Scipione Borghese, the papal nephew, in the early 1600s and have remained in the Borghese collection ever since. They are subtle and bittersweet works, the first perhaps inspired by the divine longing of the Bridegroom in the…

Rembrandt: Growing fame: …is wearing in his famous 1640 self-portrait presumably referred to Albrecht Dürer, a fellow great peintre-graveur whom Rembrandt greatly admired and tried to emulate.

Frida Kahlo: Early years and bus accident: …one of her early paintings, Self-Portrait Wearing a Velvet Dress (1926), Kahlo painted a regal waist-length portrait of herself against a dark background with roiling stylized waves. Although the painting is fairly abstract, Kahlo’s soft modeling of her face shows her interest in naturalism. The stoic gaze so prevalent in…

Paula Modersohn-Becker: …her mature paintings, such as Self-Portrait with a Camellia (1907), she combined a lyrical naturalism with broad areas of simplified colour reminiscent of Gauguin and Cézanne. Because she was more interested in the expression of her inner feelings than in an accurate portrayal of reality, she is frequently associated with…

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff: …of this mature work is Self-Portrait with Monocle (1910). Like the other Brücke artists, Schmidt-Rottluff had also begun to explore the expressive potential of the woodcut medium. In 1911 Schmidt-Rottluff, with his fellow Die Brücke members, moved to Berlin, where he painted works with more angular, geometric forms and distorted…

Leonora Carrington: …two years, including her well-known Self-Portrait: The Inn of the Dawn Horse (1937–38), which shows her with a wild mane of hair in a room with a rocking horse floating behind her, a hyena at her feet, and a white horse galloping away outside the window. Images of the horse…

Earth exploration: Electrical and electromagnetic methods: The self-potential method relies on the oxidation of the upper surface of metallic sulfide minerals by downward-percolating groundwater to become a natural battery; current flows through the ore body and back through the surrounding groundwater, which acts as the electrolyte. Measuring the natural voltage differences (usually…

advanced ceramics: High-temperature synthesis: In a reaction known as self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), highly reactive metal particles ignite in contact with boron, carbon, nitrogen, and silica to form boride, carbide, nitride, and silicide ceramics. Since the reactions are extremely exothermic (heat-producing), the reaction fronts propagate rapidly through the precursor powders. Usually, the ultimate particle…

armoured vehicle: Fully tracked carriers: …armoured carriers, light tanks, and self-propelled guns were built with aluminum armour. Within 30 years the United States had produced more than 76,000 M113 APCs and their derivatives, making them the most numerous armoured vehicles outside the Soviet bloc. M113 carriers were used extensively in the Vietnam War, often as…

undersea exploration: Measurements of ocean currents: One such system, called a Self-Propelled Underwater Research Vehicle (SPURV), manoeuvres below the surface of the sea in response to acoustic signals from the research vessel. It can be used to produce horizontal as well as vertical profiles of various physical properties.

The Awakening: Context and analysis: Also called bodily autonomy, self-ownership was a key tenet of 19th-century feminism. It signified a woman’s right to have control over her own body and identity. So-called first-wave feminists argued that women could gain their freedom only by refusing to allow other people—namely, men—to exercise control over their bodies.…

self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. It was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in neuroanatomy and psychiatry in the early half of the 20th century. As conceived by Goldstein,

Self-Realization Fellowship, spiritual society founded in the United States by Paramahansa Yogananda (1893–1952), a teacher of yoga, who was one of the first Indian spiritual teachers to reside permanently in the West. His lecturing and teaching led to the chartering of the fellowship in 1935, with

paranoia: …is an exaggerated tendency to self-reference—i.e., to systematically misinterpret remarks, gestures, and acts of others as intentional slights or as signs of derision and contempt directed at oneself. Self-reference becomes paranoid delusion when one persists in believing oneself to be the target of hostile actions or insinuations, perpetrated by some…

Self-Reliance, essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson, published in the first volume of his collected Essays (1841). Developed from his journals and from a series of lectures he gave in the winter of 1836–37, it exhorts the reader to consistently obey “the aboriginal self,” or inner law, regardless of

Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld: …New Zealand (1864–65), whose “self-reliant” policy was that the colony have full responsibility for the conduct of all Maori affairs, including the settlement of difficulties without help from the crown.

personality assessment: Self-report tests: The success that attended the use of convenient intelligence tests in providing reliable, quantitative (numerical) indexes of individual ability has stimulated interest in the possibility of devising similar tests for measuring personality. Procedures now available vary in the degree to which they achieve…

crime: Measurement of crime: …some criminologists favor is the self-report study, in which a representative sample of individuals is asked, under assurances of confidentiality, whether they have committed any offenses of a particular kind. This type of research is subject to some of the same difficulties as the victim survey—the researcher has no means…

flour: …bleached, with very fine texture; self-rising flour, refined and bleached, with added leavening and salt; and enriched flour, refined and bleached, with added nutrients.

fractal: …fractals possess the property of self-similarity, at least approximately, if not exactly. A self-similar object is one whose component parts resemble the whole. This reiteration of details or patterns occurs at progressively smaller scales and can, in the case of purely abstract entities, continue indefinitely, so that each part of…

Self-Strengthening Movement, movement (1861–95) in which the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12) of China introduced Western methods and technology in an attempt to renovate Chinese military, diplomatic, fiscal, and educational policy. The Self-Strengthening Movement was launched by three governors-general

autarky, an economic system of self-sufficiency and limited trade. A country is said to be in a complete state of autarky if it has a closed economy, which means that it does not engage in international trade with any other country. Historically, societies have utilized different levels of autarky.

electric motor: Reluctance motors: …system is known as a self-synchronous motor drive. It can operate over a wide and controlled speed range.

screw: Self-tapping screws form or cut mating threads in such materials as metals, plastics, glass fibre, asbestos, and resin-impregnated plywood when driven or screwed into drilled or cored (cast) holes. The self-tapping screw in the Figure forms threads by displacing material adjacent to a pilot hole…

watch: Mechanical watches: The first patent on the self-winding pocket watch was taken out in London in 1780. An English invention patented in 1924, the self-winding wristwatch by Louis Recordon, contains a swinging weight pivoted at the centre of the movement, coupled to the barrel arbor through reduction wheels and gears. A more…

Ryan Reynolds: Hollywood career: (2013), Self/less (2015), and Deadpool (2016). The latter film, about the Marvel Comics antihero, was a blockbuster hit, and Reynolds subsequently starred in and cowrote the sequel, Deadpool 2 (2018). He later appeared with Will Ferrell in Spirited (2022), a musical comedy inspired by

self-heal, (genus Prunella), genus of 13 species of low-growing perennials in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Eurasia and North America. Several species, especially common self-heal (Prunella vulgaris), large-flowered self-heal (P. grandiflora), and cutleaf self-heal (P. lacinata), were

Cindy Sherman: Her selfies, at times grotesquely distorted and at others uncomfortably enigmatic, call attention to some of Instagram’s most unnerving characteristics, namely the ambiguity between real and staged. A retrospective was organized by the National Portrait Gallery, London, in 2019.

pollination: Types: self-pollination and cross-pollination: An egg cell in an ovule of a flower may be fertilized by a sperm cell derived from a pollen grain produced by that same flower or by another flower on the same plant, in either of which two cases fertilization is…

self-fertilization, fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) produced by the same individual. Self-fertilization occurs in bisexual organisms, including most flowering plants, numerous protozoans, and many invertebrates. Autogamy, the production of gametes by the division of a single parent

animal social behaviour: The ultimate causes of social behaviour: …sacrifice and the recipient benefits), selfishness (the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient), and spite (the actor hurts the recipient and both pay a cost). Mutualistic associations pose no serious evolutionary difficulty since both individuals derive benefits that exceed what they would achieve on their own. In general,…

Richard Dawkins: …he published his first book, The Selfish Gene, in which he tried to rectify what he maintained was a widespread misunderstanding of Darwinism. Dawkins argued that natural selection takes place at the genetic rather than species or individual level, as was often assumed. Genes, he maintained, use the bodies of…

animal social behaviour: The ultimate causes of social behaviour: …sacrifice and the recipient benefits), selfishness (the actor benefits at the expense of the recipient), and spite (the actor hurts the recipient and both pay a cost). Mutualistic associations pose no serious evolutionary difficulty since both individuals derive benefits that exceed what they would achieve on their own. In general,…

chess: Heterodox problems: Another is the selfmate, in which White moves first and forces Black—who is not cooperating—to deliver mate in the specified number of moves. (See the composition.) In a retractor problem the player given the task begins by taking back a move and replacing it with another move, with…

Harry Gordon Selfridge: …tea broker, and in 1908 Selfridge and Company, Ltd., was registered (with £900,000 capital) to complete the project. The store opened in 1909 with a floor area of 42,000 square feet, which later was doubled.

Harry Gordon Selfridge was the founder of Selfridges department store in London. The son of a small storekeeper in Wisconsin, Selfridge at age 21 joined the wholesale-retail firm of Field, Leiter and Company (later Marshall Field and Company) in Chicago, where he worked for 25 years and became a

Aerial Experiment Association: …the AEA propulsion expert; and Thomas E. Selfridge, an officer in the U.S. Army.

Selfridges, department store located in Birmingham, England, that was designed by the architecture firm Future Systems and completed in 2003. Selfridges in Birmingham was the result of a commission from the retail chain’s former managing director, Vittorio Radice. He was inspired by the form of the

Dumfriesshire: …of the region were called Selgovae by the Romans, who built many forts in Annandale. There are traces of Roman roads, and at Birrens there is a well-preserved Roman camp. Many Roman artifacts have been found. Upon the withdrawal of the Romans in the 5th century ad, the Selgovae were…

Rokel River, river rising in the Guinea Highlands in north central Sierra Leone, West Africa. It drains a 4,100-sq-mi (10,620-sq-km) basin on its 250-mi (400-km) southwesterly course toward the Atlantic, and empties into the estuary of the Sierra Leone River (q.v.). Smallholder tobacco growing

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

Gulf of Shelikhov, gulf lying off far eastern Russia, a northward extension of the Sea of Okhotsk lying between the Siberian mainland on the west and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east. The gulf extends northward for 420 miles (670 km) and has a maximum width of 185 miles (300 km). The average

Bud Selig is an American businessman who served as the de facto (1992–98) and official (1998–2015) commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB). After earning a bachelor’s degree in history and political science from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1956, Selig served two years in the

Bud Selig is an American businessman who served as the de facto (1992–98) and official (1998–2015) commissioner of Major League Baseball (MLB). After earning a bachelor’s degree in history and political science from the University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1956, Selig served two years in the

Western architecture: Carolingian period: …Saints Marcellinus and Peter at Seligenstadt (830–840) only the three-aisle nave on pillars is original. In the style of the great basilicas of Rome, this church had a hall-shaped, wide transept with a semicircular apse adjoining it. Some churches, such as Centula (Saint-Riquier, France), which is known only through pictures,…

C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and, most importantly, the Nilotic Sudan. Although educated as a physician, in 1898 Seligman joined the Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait (between

C.G. Seligman was a pioneer in British anthropology who conducted significant field research in Melanesia, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and, most importantly, the Nilotic Sudan. Although educated as a physician, in 1898 Seligman joined the Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait (between

Edwin Robert Anderson Seligman was an American economist and educator, an expert on taxation. Seligman was the son of a New York banker and had the distinction of being tutored by Horatio Alger. He was educated at Columbia University (Ph.D., 1885) and in Germany and France. Seligman served as

learned helplessness: …and developed by American psychologist Martin E.P. Seligman at the University of Pennsylvania in the late 1960s and ’70s. While conducting experimental research on classical conditioning, Seligman inadvertently discovered that dogs that had received unavoidable electric shocks failed to take action in subsequent situations—even those in which escape or avoidance…

art market: The rise of the antique: …supplied by the likes of Jacques Seligmann, the great Parisian dealer whose clients included industrialist Henry Clay Frick, financier John Pierpont Morgan, and merchant S.H. Kress.

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

selihoth, (“pardons”), in Jewish liturgy, penitential prayers originally composed for Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) and for fast days but subsequently incorporated into other services. Selihoth have become an indispensable part of the Jewish liturgical services that precede Rosh Hashana (New Year),

Selim I was an Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and the Hejaz and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. Selim came to the throne in the wake of civil strife in which he, his brother, and their father, Bayezid II, had been involved. Selim

Selim II was an Ottoman sultan from 1566, whose reign saw peace in Europe and Asia and the rise of the Ottomans to dominance in the Mediterranean but marked the beginning of the decline in the power of the sultans. He was unable to impose his authority over the Janissaries and was overruled by the

Selim III was an Ottoman sultan from 1789 to 1807, who undertook a program of Westernization and whose reign felt the intellectual and political ferment created by the French Revolution. A poet and an accomplished composer of Ottoman classical music, Selim had enjoyed greater freedom prior to his

Islamic arts: Architecture: …Bayezid Mosque (after 1491), the Selim Mosque (1522), the Şehzade külliye (1548), and the Süleyman külliye (after 1550). The Şehzade and Süleyman külliyes were built by Sinan, the greatest Ottoman architect, whose masterpiece is the Selim Mosque at Edirne, Turkey (1569–75).

Selim I was an Ottoman sultan (1512–20) who extended the empire to Syria, Egypt, Palestine, and the Hejaz and raised the Ottomans to leadership of the Muslim world. Selim came to the throne in the wake of civil strife in which he, his brother, and their father, Bayezid II, had been involved. Selim

Mosque of Selim, monumental mosque, Edirne, Turkey. It is considered to be the masterwork of the great Ottoman architect Sinan. The mosque lies at the summit of rising ground and dominates the city’s skyline. Construction began in 1569, during the reign of the sultan Selim II, and was completed in

sand dune: A few, such as the Selima Sand Sheet in southwestern Egypt and the northwestern Sudan, are probably almost as extensive as some of the great sand seas.

Side, principal city and port of ancient Pamphylia, originally situated on the Mediterranean coast west of the mouth of the Manavgat River, in southwestern Turkey. (The site is now inland.) Though the city was founded by Aeolian Greeks, a peculiar non-Greek language was spoken there. Having a good

Mosque of Selim, monumental mosque, Edirne, Turkey. It is considered to be the masterwork of the great Ottoman architect Sinan. The mosque lies at the summit of rising ground and dominates the city’s skyline. Construction began in 1569, during the reign of the sultan Selim II, and was completed in

Nicosia: …name was changed to the Selimiye Mosque in honour of the Ottoman sultan Selim II, under whose reign Cyprus was conquered.

Catwoman, comic character, a wily and agile professional thief and sometime love interest of superhero Batman. Clad in a skintight bodysuit and stylized mask and carrying a whip, Selina Kyle, also known as Catwoman, has frequently crossed and recrossed the line between villain and antiheroine. In

Sankarani River: The Sélingué dam, which is located on the Sankarani, began operations in 1980 and is one of Mali’s most important energy sources.

Selinus, ancient Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of modern Castelvetrano. It is famous for its ruined Doric temples. Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 bce by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city got its name from the wild celery

Selinus: The modern Italian town of Selinunte lies nearby.

Selinus, ancient Greek city on the southern coast of Sicily, 8 miles (13 km) southeast of modern Castelvetrano. It is famous for its ruined Doric temples. Selinus was founded in 651 or 628 bce by colonists from Megara Hyblaea and from Megara in Greece. The city got its name from the wild celery

Seljuq, ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. A brief

Seljuq, ruling military family of the Oğuz (Ghuzz) Turkic tribes that invaded southwestern Asia in the 11th century and eventually founded an empire that included Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and most of Iran. Their advance marked the beginning of Turkic power in the Middle East. A brief

Bothnian Sea, the southern part of the Gulf of Bothnia, the northern arm of the Baltic Sea, which lies between Finland and

Selket, in Egyptian mythology, goddess of the dead. Her symbolic animal was the scorpion. She was one of the underworld deities charged with protecting the canopic jar in which the intestines of the deceased were stored after

Selkirkshire, historic county in southeastern Scotland, occupying a rolling upland region dissected by the valleys of the Ettrick and Yarrow waters (rivers), which merge in the east with the River Tweed. Selkirkshire lies entirely within the Scottish Borders council area. Archaeological evidence

Selkirk, royal burgh (town), Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Selkirkshire, Scotland, lying on a hillside overlooking the river known as Ettrick Water. A Benedictine abbey founded in the early 12th century was later removed to Kelso. Selkirk’s 12th-century castle was captured by

Manitoba: Settlement patterns: …service town in west-central Manitoba; Selkirk, the centre of commercial fishing and water transportation on Lake Winnipeg; and several service towns, such as Steinbach and Morden, in the southeastern region.

bannock: Selkirk bannock is made from wheat flour and contains fruit.

Selkirk Mountains, major subdivision of the Columbia Mountains, extending for 200 miles (320 km) in a southeasterly arc, mostly in British Columbia, Canada, and just across the U.S. border into northern Idaho and Washington. Bounded by the Purcell Mountains (east) and the Columbia River (west and

Alexander Selkirk was a Scottish sailor who was the prototype of the marooned traveler in Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe (1719). The son of a shoemaker, Selkirk ran away to sea in 1695; he joined a band of buccaneers in the Pacific and by 1703 was sailing master of a galley on a privateering

Yukon River: History: …established a trading post at Fort Selkirk, at the junction of the Pelly and Yukon rivers, in order to trade with the local Indians. In 1851 Campbell explored the Yukon downstream to the junction of the Porcupine River, where Fort Yukon had been built in 1847. When the trading post…

Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of Selkirk was a Scottish philanthropist who in 1812 founded the Red River Settlement (q.v.; Assiniboia) in Canada, which grew to become part of the city of Winnipeg, Man. Selkirk succeeded to the Scottish earldom on the death of his father in 1799, all of his elder

Selkirkshire, historic county in southeastern Scotland, occupying a rolling upland region dissected by the valleys of the Ettrick and Yarrow waters (rivers), which merge in the east with the River Tweed. Selkirkshire lies entirely within the Scottish Borders council area. Archaeological evidence

Selkup, an indigenous Arctic people who traditionally resided in central Russia between the Ob and the Yenisey rivers. They numbered more than 4,000 in the Russian census of 2002. The Selkup language, divided into several dialects, is one of the few surviving languages of the Southern Samoyedic

Uralic languages: Current distribution: The fourth language, Selkup, lies to the south in a region between the central Ob and central Yenisey; its major representation is located between Turukhansk and the Taz River. A fifth Samoyedic language, Kamas (Sayan), spoken in the vicinity of the Sayan Mountains, survived into the 20th century…