metabolic disease: Congenital disorders of glycosylation: …rare type Ib disease (phosphomannose isomerase deficiency), in which oral administration of mannose may reverse symptoms in some cases.

human ear: Vestibule: …by a nerve calyx, and type II cells have a cylindrical body with nerve endings at the base. They form a mosaic on the surface of the maculae, with the type I cells dominating in a curvilinear area (the striola) near the centre of the macula and the cylindrical cells…

diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. The frequency of type 2 diabetes varies greatly within and between countries and is increasing throughout the world. Most patients with type…

diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. The frequency of type 2 diabetes varies greatly within and between countries and is increasing throughout the world. Most patients with type…

statistics: Hypothesis testing: … is actually true, and a type II error corresponds to accepting H0 when H0 is false. The probability of making a type I error is denoted by α, and the probability of making a type II error is denoted by β.

familial hypercholesterolemia, an inherited metabolic disease that is caused by deficiency of the LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor on the surface of cells in the liver and other organs. As a result, LDL cholesterol is not moved into the cells and thus remains in the blood, eventually

immune system disorder: Type II hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions of this type, also known as cytotoxic reactions, occur when cells within the body are destroyed by antibodies, with or without activation of the entire complement system. When antibody binds to an antigen on the surface of a target cell,…

interferon: Forms: …alpha and beta forms, and type II consists of the gamma form. This division is based on the type of cell that produces the interferon and the functional characteristics of the protein. Type I interferons can be produced by almost any cell upon stimulation by a virus; their primary function…

midbrain: …by certain developmental disorders, including cobblestone lissencephaly (type II lissencephaly), in which neurons fail to migrate between the 12th and the 24th week of gestation, resulting in a lack of formation of grooves and folds in the brain surface.

fish processing: Structure of skeletal muscles: The high percentage of white fibres allows fish to swim with sudden, rapid movements and gives the meat its white colour. These fibres primarily metabolize glucose, a simple sugar released from muscle glycogen stores, for energy production through anaerobic (i.e., in the absence of oxygen) glycolysis. Therefore, white fibres…

osteogenesis imperfecta: In type II OI, the most severe form of the disease, stillbirth is common, or fractures are evident at birth; severe crippling often occurs, and survival to adulthood is uncommon. Type III OI causes symptoms that are similar to type I but is more severe. Type…

osteogenesis imperfecta: In type II OI, the most severe form of the disease, stillbirth is common, or fractures are evident at birth; severe crippling often occurs, and survival to adulthood is uncommon. Type III OI causes symptoms that are similar to type I but is more severe. Type…

human respiratory system: The gas-exchange region: …more cuboidal cell type, the type II pneumocyte, covers the remaining surface. The type I cells form, together with the endothelial cells, the thin air–blood barrier for gas exchange; the type II cells are secretory cells. Type II pneumocytes produce a surface-tension-reducing material, the pulmonary surfactant, which spreads on the…

nucleic acid: Nucleases: Type II restriction endonucleases always cleave at or near their recognition sites. They produce small, well-defined fragments of DNA that help to characterize genes and genomes and that produce recombinant DNAs. Fragments of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases can be moved from one organism to…

nucleic acid: Nucleases: Type II restriction endonucleases always cleave at or near their recognition sites. They produce small, well-defined fragments of DNA that help to characterize genes and genomes and that produce recombinant DNAs. Fragments of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases can be moved from one organism to…

superconductivity: Critical field: …the behaviour of other (type II) superconductors is examined.

supernova: Type II supernovae: The so-called classic explosion, associated with Type II supernovae, has as progenitor a very massive star (a Population I star) of at least eight solar masses that is at the end of its active lifetime. (These are seen only in spiral galaxies,…

Type II survivorship curve, in ecology, a curve displayed on a semilogarithmic scale that tracks organisms whose mortality (or survivorship) remains relatively constant regardless of age. Survivorship curves can be created by plotting the number of those members of a cohort that are still alive at

comet: General considerations: …glowing comae and their long dust tails and ion tails. Comets can appear at random from any direction and provide a fabulous and ever-changing display for many months as they move in highly eccentric orbits around the Sun.

metabolic disease: Lipoprotein disorders: Similar symptoms are present in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type III), which may be inherited as an autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant condition (that is, if the trait has been inherited from both parents). In this disorder, which manifests in adulthood, increased blood cholesterol and triglycerides are present due to an…

immune system disorder: Type III hypersensitivity: Type III, or immune-complex, reactions are characterized by tissue damage caused by the activation of complement in response to antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are deposited in tissues. The classes of antibody involved are the same ones that participate in type II reactions—IgG…

restriction enzyme: Types I and III enzymes are similar in that both restriction and methylase activities are carried out by one large enzyme complex, in contrast to the type II system, in which the restriction enzyme is independent of its methylase. Type II restriction enzymes also differ from types I…

survivorship curve: The Type III curve, characteristic of small mammals, fishes, and invertebrates, is the opposite: it describes organisms with a high death rate (or low survivorship rate) immediately following birth. In contrast, the Type II curve considers birds, mice, and other organisms characterized by a relatively constant…

immune system disorder: Type IV hypersensitivity: Type IV hypersensitivity is a cell-mediated immune reaction. In other words, it does not involve the participation of antibodies but is due primarily to the interaction of T cells with antigens. Reactions of this kind depend on the presence in the circulation…

restriction enzyme: Type IV restriction enzymes cleave only methylated DNA and show weak sequence specificity.

type metal, alloy of lead, antimony, and tin used to make type characters for printing. By varying the proportions of the metals, the desired properties are produced for different kinds of typecasting and printing processes. The use of metal type began in Korea in the early 13th century and in

type name, in dramatic practice, name given to a character to ensure that the personality may be instantly ascertained. In England the allegorical morality plays of the late Middle Ages presented characters personifying, for example, the seven deadly sins—being named Envy, Sloth, Lust, and so

ABO blood group system: …have type A, type B, type O, or type AB blood. The A, B, and O blood groups were first identified by Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner in 1901. See blood group.

taxonomy: Verification and validation by type specimens: The determination of the exact organism designated by a particular name usually requires more than the mere reading of the description or the definition of the taxon to which the name applies. New forms, which may have become known since the description was…

submarine: World War II: The Type VIIC variant was 220.25 feet long, displaced 769 tons on the surface, and was powered by diesel-electric machinery at a speed of 17 knots on the surface and 7.5 knots submerged. Armament consisted of one 90-millimetre deck gun, various antiaircraft guns, and five torpedo…

submarine: World War II: …many delays, the first Walter-propelled Type XVII combat submarines were completed and could reach 25 knots underwater for brief periods, and a submerged run of 20 knots for 5 1 2 hours was achieved on trials. But these submarines, like the Type XXI, were not ready for full-scale operations when…

submarine: World War II: …the war was the German Type XXI, a 250-foot, 1,600-ton craft that could attain 17 1 2 knots submerged for more than an hour, could travel at six knots underwater for two days, or could “creep” at slower speeds for four days. These submarines were fitted with snorkel devices (see…

Shen Kuo: …compass, the first description of movable type, and a fairly accurate explanation of the origin of fossils. The Mengxi bitan also contains Shen’s observations on such varied subjects as mathematics, astronomy, atmospheric phenomena, cartography, optics, and medicine. Shen produced a number of works, including commentaries on the Confucian Classics, atlases,…

stress: Types of stress and effects: …stressful behavioral patterns designated “Type A.” These patterns are reflected in a style of life characterized by impatience and a sense of time urgency, hard-driving competitiveness, and preoccupation with vocational and related deadlines.

typesetting machine, basic element in modern letterpress printing. The problem of mechanizing typesetting was solved in the 19th century by devising machines that could cast type from matrices, or molds. The first to be successful was that of Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-born American inventor,

Typee, first novel by Herman Melville, published in London in 1846 as Narrative of a Four Months’ Residence Among the Natives of a Valley of the Marquesas Islands. Initially regarded as a travel narrative, the novel is based on Melville’s monthlong adventure as a guest-captive of the Typee people,

Typee, first novel by Herman Melville, published in London in 1846 as Narrative of a Four Months’ Residence Among the Natives of a Valley of the Marquesas Islands. Initially regarded as a travel narrative, the novel is based on Melville’s monthlong adventure as a guest-captive of the Typee people,

Giambattista Bodoni: …printer who designed several modern typefaces, one of which bears his name and is in common use today.

ABO blood group system, the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells (erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells. Persons may thus have type A, type B, type O, or type AB

Percy Gardner: Among his best-known works are The Types of Greek Coins (1883), important for demonstrating the ways in which coinage reflects the history of Greek cities and the development of Greek art, Samos and Samian Coins (1882), and New Chapters in Greek Art (1926). His Principles of Greek Art (1913), an…

An individual retirement account (IRA) is a tax-advantaged way to boost your retirement savings. As an extra benefit, your investment choices might be more varied than what you’d find in an employer-sponsored 401(k) plan. There are different types of IRAs, though. Some are available to anyone with

theory of types, in logic, a theory introduced by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell in his Principia Mathematica (1910–13) to deal with logical paradoxes arising from the unrestricted use of predicate functions as variables. Arguments of three kinds can be incorporated as variables: (1) In

Charles Gerhardt: Gerhardt’s theory of types: …work lay in his 1853 theory of types, the last of the ongoing attempts at organic classification by Laurent and Gerhardt. In 1846 Laurent had suggested that alcohol and ether could be seen as water in which hydrogen was replaced by ethyl residues.

typesetting machine, basic element in modern letterpress printing. The problem of mechanizing typesetting was solved in the 19th century by devising machines that could cast type from matrices, or molds. The first to be successful was that of Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-born American inventor,

typesetting, the setting of type for use in any of a variety of printing processes. See

typesetting machine, basic element in modern letterpress printing. The problem of mechanizing typesetting was solved in the 19th century by devising machines that could cast type from matrices, or molds. The first to be successful was that of Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-born American inventor,

typewriter, any of various machines for writing characters similar to those made by printers’ types, especially a machine in which the characters are produced by steel types striking the paper through an inked ribbon with the types being actuated by corresponding keys on a keyboard and the paper

Dorothy West: …1926 her short story “The Typewriter” won a prize in a national competition held by Opportunity, a monthly publication of the National Urban League, and shortly thereafter she moved to New York and was taken under the wing of a group of Harlem literary figures. Among her circle—where, as…

cattail, (genus Typha), genus of about 30 species of tall reedy marsh plants (family Typhaceae), found mainly in temperate and cold regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The plants inhabit fresh to slightly brackish waters and are considered aquatic or semi-aquatic. Cattails are

rush: …reed mace and cattail, is Typha angustifolia, belonging to the family Typhaceae; its stems and leaves are used in North India for ropes, mats, and baskets. The horsetail genus (Equisetum) is called scouring rush, or Dutch rush, because the plants’ silica-laden stalks are used for scouring metal and other hard…

cattail: …long flat leaves of the common cattail (Typha latifolia) are used especially for making mats and chair seats. The starchy rhizomes are eaten in some places.

Typhon, in Greek mythology, youngest son of Gaea (Earth) and Tartarus (of the nether world). He was described as a grisly monster with a hundred dragons’ heads who was conquered and cast into the underworld by Zeus. In other accounts, he was confined in the land of the Arimi in Cilicia or under

cave fish: The gobies in the genus Typhleotris inhabit karst caves in Madagascar. Others include Caecobarbus geertsi, an African member of the minnow family (Cyprinidae), and certain catfish belonging to several families and found in the United States, Mexico, South America, and Africa.

cave fish: …of the genera Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys, family Amblyopsidae. Cave fishes are small, growing to about 10 cm (4 inches) long, and are found in fresh water in dark limestone caves of the United States. There are three species: Typhlichthys subterraneus, Amblyopsis rosae, and A. spelaea. The first two lack pelvic…

cave fish: There are three species: Typhlichthys subterraneus, Amblyopsis rosae, and A. spelaea. The first two lack pelvic fins; the third, the blind fish of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, possesses these fins. All have small but nonfunctional eyes and tactile organs that are sensitive to touch; these are arranged over the body,…

leafhopper: The rose leafhopper (Edwardsiana rosae) is a serious rose and apple pest. It is creamy white to light yellow in colour and is about 3 mm long. It overwinters in the egg stage and produces two generations per year. It does not cause hopperburn.

perciform: Interspecific relationships: The blind goby, Typhlogobius californiensis, depends entirely upon holes dug by the ghost shrimp (Callianassa) for a home and is unable to live without its help. Other gobies are known to share holes with burrowing worms, pea crabs, and snapping shrimps.

Asian tree mouse: …Asian tree mice are called blind tree mice (genus Typhlomys): the Chinese blind tree mouse (T. cinereus) and the Chapa blind tree mouse (T. chapensis). They are probably nocturnal and arboreal, inhabiting mountain forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, respectively. Aside from their physical traits, little is known of…

Asian tree mouse: cinereus) and the Chapa blind tree mouse (T. chapensis). They are probably nocturnal and arboreal, inhabiting mountain forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, respectively. Aside from their physical traits, little is known of these rodents. They resemble the Malabar mouse in body form, but their fur is…

Asian tree mouse: …tree mice (genus Typhlomys): the Chinese blind tree mouse (T. cinereus) and the Chapa blind tree mouse (T. chapensis). They are probably nocturnal and arboreal, inhabiting mountain forests of southern China and northern Vietnam, respectively. Aside from their physical traits, little is known of these rodents. They resemble the Malabar…

Gymnophiona: Annotated classification: Family Typhlonectidae Cretaceous (145.5–65.5 million years ago) to present; tail absent; mouth recessed; premaxillae fused with nasals; prefrontals absent; squamosal articulating with frontal; young possess gills; no larval stage; adults aquatic; 5 genera, 13 species; adult size 50–72 cm (20–28 inches); South America. The…

blind snake: The typhlopids (true blind snakes) are even more diverse, with over 200 species in six genera. They occur naturally throughout the tropics; however, one species, the flowerpot snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus), now occurs on many oceanic islands and all continents except Antarctica. It gained its worldwide distribution through…

blind snake: The typhlopids (true blind snakes) are even more diverse, with over 200 species in six genera. They occur naturally throughout the tropics; however, one species, the flowerpot snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus), now occurs on many oceanic islands and all continents except Antarctica. It gained its worldwide distribution through…

blind snake, (superfamily Typhlopoidea), any of several nonvenomous snakes characterized by degenerate eyes that lie beneath opaque head scales. Blind snakes belong to the families Anomalepidae, Leptotyphlopidae, and Typhlopidae in superfamily Typhlopoidea. Since these three families are the only

Typhon, in Greek mythology, youngest son of Gaea (Earth) and Tartarus (of the nether world). He was described as a grisly monster with a hundred dragons’ heads who was conquered and cast into the underworld by Zeus. In other accounts, he was confined in the land of the Arimi in Cilicia or under

typhoid fever, acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The bacterium usually enters the body through the mouth by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, penetrates the intestinal wall, and multiplies in lymphoid tissue; it then enters the

typhoid fever, acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The bacterium usually enters the body through the mouth by the ingestion of contaminated food or water, penetrates the intestinal wall, and multiplies in lymphoid tissue; it then enters the

Typhoid Mary was an infamous typhoid carrier who allegedly gave rise to multiple outbreaks of typhoid fever. Mary Mallon immigrated to the United States in 1883 and subsequently made her living as a domestic servant, most often as a cook. It is not clear when she became a carrier of the typhoid

Typhon, in Greek mythology, youngest son of Gaea (Earth) and Tartarus (of the nether world). He was described as a grisly monster with a hundred dragons’ heads who was conquered and cast into the underworld by Zeus. In other accounts, he was confined in the land of the Arimi in Cilicia or under

submarine: Strategic submarines: …Union began to deploy its Typhoon class; at an estimated surface of 25,000 tons and a length of 170 metres (560 feet), these were the largest submarines ever built. They have continued in the service of the Russian navy since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, carrying 20…

Typhoon, British fighter and ground-attack aircraft used in the latter half of World War II. Conceived as a replacement for the Hawker Hurricane, the Typhoon was a low-wing monoplane designed to a January 1938 specification. Powered by a liquid-cooled, 24-cylinder, 2,200-horsepower Napier Sabre

tropical cyclone, an intense circular storm that originates over warm tropical oceans and is characterized by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and heavy rain. Drawing energy from the sea surface and maintaining its strength as long as it remains over warm water, a weaker tropical cyclone (such

typhoon, local name in the western North Pacific region for a large tropical

Joseph Conrad: Life at sea: …the steamer Nan Shan in Typhoon. He then joined the Vidar, a locally owned steamship trading among the islands of the southeast Asian archipelago. During the five or six voyages he made in four and a half months, Conrad was discovering and exploring the world he was to re-create in…

Super Typhoon Haiyan, massive and highly destructive storm in the North Pacific Ocean that affected Palau, the Philippines, Vietnam, and China during early November 2013. The tropical cyclone produced high winds, coastal storm surges, heavy rains, and flooding in the land areas over which it

Toya Maru ferry disaster: The typhoon (known as “No. 15” in Japan and named “Marie” in the West) had been moving northeastward through the Sea of Japan (East Sea; along Japan’s western coast) at speeds exceeding 40 miles (65 km) per hour and struck northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido (which are separated by…

Typhoon Nina–Banqiao dam failure, catastrophic dam failure in August 1975 in western Henan province, China, caused by a typhoon (tropical cyclone). The ensuing floods caused more than 150,000 casualties, making it one of the deadliest typhoon disasters in history. The Banqiao Dam had been built on

Toya Maru ferry disaster: The typhoon (known as “No. 15” in Japan and named “Marie” in the West) had been moving northeastward through the Sea of Japan (East Sea; along Japan’s western coast) at speeds exceeding 40 miles (65 km) per hour and struck northern Honshu and southern Hokkaido (which are separated by…

Super Typhoon Haiyan, massive and highly destructive storm in the North Pacific Ocean that affected Palau, the Philippines, Vietnam, and China during early November 2013. The tropical cyclone produced high winds, coastal storm surges, heavy rains, and flooding in the land areas over which it

snow mold: Gray snow mold, or typhula blight, is caused by Typhula incarnata, T. ishikariensis and T. idahoensis. It produces roughly circular bleached-tan areas up to about 60 cm in diameter. When moist, these patches are covered with a fluffy bluish gray to almost black mycelium. Minute…

snow mold: ishikariensis and T. idahoensis. It produces roughly circular bleached-tan areas up to about 60 cm in diameter. When moist, these patches are covered with a fluffy bluish gray to almost black mycelium. Minute round brown dots (sclerotia) form on diseased plant parts.

snow mold: …typhula blight, is caused by Typhula incarnata, T. ishikariensis and T. idahoensis. It produces roughly circular bleached-tan areas up to about 60 cm in diameter. When moist, these patches are covered with a fluffy bluish gray to almost black mycelium. Minute round brown dots (sclerotia) form on diseased plant parts.

snow mold: …is caused by Typhula incarnata, T. ishikariensis and T. idahoensis. It produces roughly circular bleached-tan areas up to about 60 cm in diameter. When moist, these patches are covered with a fluffy bluish gray to almost black mycelium. Minute round brown dots (sclerotia) form on diseased plant parts.

typhus, series of acute infectious diseases that appear with a sudden onset of headache, chills, fever, and general pains, proceed on the third to fifth day with a rash and toxemia (toxic substances in the blood), and terminate after two to three weeks. Typhus (actually not one illness but a group

badger: The European badger (Meles meles) is omnivorous, consuming earthworms, insects, small mammals, birds and their eggs, and also fruits and nuts. It is grayish, with large black-and-white facial stripes. It is 30 cm tall and 56–81 cm long, excluding the 12–20-cm tail, and weighs 8–10 kg…

tyrant flycatcher: Like the Old World flycatchers of the family Muscicapidae, the fly-catching tyrannids dart from a perch to seize insects on the wing. The bills of such forms of flycatcher are broad, flattened, and slightly hooked, with bristles at the base that appear to serve as aids in…

heron: Herons are subdivided into typical herons, night herons, and tiger herons. Typical herons feed during the day. In breeding season some develop showy plumes on the back and participate in elaborate mutual-courtship posturing. Best known of the typical herons are the very large, long-legged and long-necked, plain-hued, crested members…

Saint Athanasius the Athonite: There, he introduced a Typicon, or rule, for cenobites (monks in community life) based on similar codes by the 4th-century monastic founder Basil of Caesarea and the 9th-century reformer Theodore Studites.

Said Charles V, But in which language does one speak to a machine, and what can be expected by way of a response? And if our languages these days are for the most part being made by and for machines, how and where do we find the words with which to conceive a politics or a future fit for human

letterpress printing, in commercial printing, process by which many copies of an image are produced by repeated direct impression of an inked, raised surface against sheets or a continuous roll of paper. Letterpress is the oldest of the traditional printing techniques and remained the only

typography, the design, or selection, of letter forms to be organized into words and sentences to be disposed in blocks of type as printing upon a page. Typography and the typographer who practices it may also be concerned with other, related matters—the selection of paper, the choice of ink, the

biblical literature: Allegorical interpretation: …a species of it, is typological interpretation, in which certain persons, objects, or events in the Old Testament are seen to set forth at a deeper level persons, objects, or events in the New. In such interpretations, Noah’s Ark (Genesis 6:14–22) is interpreted to typify the church, outside which there…

typology, system of groupings (such as “landed gentry” or “rain forests”), usually called types, the members of which are identified by postulating specified attributes that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive—groupings set up to aid demonstration or inquiry by establishing a limited

celesta: The typophone, a similar, softer-toned instrument with graduated steel tuning forks instead of bars, is sometimes mistakenly called a celesta. It was invented by Mustel’s father, Victor, in 1865 and patented, with improvements, in 1868.

St. Martin I: … that condemned monothelitism and the Typos, an order by the Byzantine emperor Constans II Pogonatus that forbade discussion of Christ’s wills. Constans, who had not approved Martin’s election, ordered the pope’s arrest in 653. Martin was taken to Constantinople in September 654, where he was publicly humiliated and tortured. In…

typography: Typography as a useful art: …produced a third typeface called Typos.

Tyr, one of the oldest gods of the Germanic peoples and a somewhat enigmatic figure. He was apparently the god concerned with the formalities of war—especially treaties—and also, appropriately, of justice. It is in his character as guarantor of contracts, guardian of oaths, that the most famous

Tyre, town on the Mediterranean coast of southern Lebanon, located 12 miles (19 km) north of the modern border with Israel and 25 miles (40 km) south of Sidon (modern Ṣaydā). It was a major Phoenician seaport from about 2000 bce through the Roman period. Tyre, built on an island and on the

Tyr, one of the oldest gods of the Germanic peoples and a somewhat enigmatic figure. He was apparently the god concerned with the formalities of war—especially treaties—and also, appropriately, of justice. It is in his character as guarantor of contracts, guardian of oaths, that the most famous

Tyra Banks: Television shows: …her own daily talk show, The Tyra Banks Show, in 2005. It focused on fashion, lifestyle, makeovers, and topical issues and featured Banks at the center of a reality-show-like twist: in taped confessional segments she divulged her own struggles with a variety of issues, including low self-esteem and her inability…