Uncle Tom’s Cabin, novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe, published in serialized form in the United States in 1851–52 and in book form in 1852. An abolitionist novel, it achieved wide popularity, particularly among white readers in the North, by vividly dramatizing the experience of slavery. Uncle Tom’s

Uncle Tom’s Children, collection of four novellas by Richard Wright, published in 1938. The collection, Wright’s first published book, was awarded the 1938 Story magazine prize for the best book written by anyone involved in the WPA Federal Writers’ Project. Set in the contemporary American Deep

outlaw music: New generations of outlaw musicians: …so-called “alt-country” groups such as Uncle Tupelo and Wilco, as well as a crop of quirky and iconoclastic performers such as k.d. lang, Lyle Lovett, and Dwight Yoakam, all of whom owed their success to the outlaw movement. In the 21st century a new crop of rebellious country artists emerged…

Uncle Vanya, drama in four acts by Anton Chekhov, published in 1897 as Dyadya Vanya and first produced in 1899 in Moscow. Considered one of Chekhov’s theatrical masterpieces, the play is a study of aimlessness and hopelessness. Ivan Voynitsky, called Uncle Vanya, is bitterly disappointed when he

Howard R. Garis: …American author, creator of the Uncle Wiggily series of children’s stories.

Witi Ihimaera: The Uncle’s Story (2000) relates the stories of two generations of gay Māori men. Contemporary characters are inserted into a Māori myth about warring birds in Sky Dancer (2003). The Trowenna Sea (2009), a fictionalized version of the story of a Māori man imprisoned on…

United Nations: Development of international law: …the First and the Second United Nations Conferences on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The initial conference approved conventions on the continental shelf, fishing, the high seas, and territorial waters and contiguous zones, all of which were ratified by the mid-1960s. During the 1970s it came to be accepted…

desertification: Causes and consequences of desertification: In 1977, at the United Nations Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi, Kenya, representatives and delegates first contemplated the worldwide effects of desertification. The conference explored the causes and contributing factors and also possible local and regional solutions to the phenomenon. In addition, the delegates considered the varied consequences…

Wendy Wasserstein: Two other early works are Uncommon Women and Others (1975; revised and expanded, 1977) and Isn’t It Romantic (1981), which explore women’s attitudes toward marriage and society’s expectations of women. In The Heidi Chronicles a successful art historian discovers that her independent life choices have alienated her from men as…

San Juan Mountains: …Luis, Windom, and the highest, Uncompahgre Peak (14,309 feet [4,360 meters]). Few summits in New Mexico reach 11,000 feet (3,350 meters). Composed mainly of volcanic rocks, which are highly mineralized in the north, the mountains serve as a source for headstreams of the Rio Grande and San Juan River and…

complexity: Uncomputability: The kinds of behaviors seen in models of complex systems are the result of following a set of rules. This is because these models are embodied in computer programs, which must necessarily follow well-defined rules. By definition, any behavior seen in such worlds is…

international trade: The most-favoured-nation clause: …clause may be conditional or unconditional. If unconditional, the clause operates automatically whenever appropriate circumstances arise. The country drawing benefit from it is not called on to make any fresh concession. By contrast, the partner invoking a conditional MFN clause must make concessions equivalent to those extended by the third…

conditioning: …its mouth is called the unconditioned response (UR) to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

conditioning: …to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Sword of Honour, trilogy of novels by Evelyn Waugh, published originally as Men at Arms (1952), Officers and Gentlemen (1955), and Unconditional Surrender (1961; U.S. title, The End of the Battle). Waugh reworked the novels and published them collectively in one volume as Sword of Honour in 1965.

conditioning: …its mouth is called the unconditioned response (UR) to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

conditioning: …its mouth is called the unconditioned response (UR) to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

conditioning: …to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

aquifer: Types: …the water table in an unconfined aquifer system has no overlying impervious rock layer to separate it from the atmosphere.

digestive system disease: Jaundice: The first type, unconjugated, or hemolytic, jaundice, appears when the amount of bilirubin produced from hemoglobin by the destruction of red blood cells or muscle tissue (myoglobin) exceeds the normal capacity of the liver to transport it or when the ability of the liver to conjugate normal amounts…

Joseph Auslander: The Unconquerables (1943), a collection dedicated to Nazi-occupied countries, was particularly notable to the effort.

Sol, in Roman religion, name of two distinct sun gods at Rome. The original Sol, or Sol Indiges, had a shrine on the Quirinal, an annual sacrifice on August 9, and another shrine, together with Luna, the moon goddess, in the Circus Maximus. Although the cult appears to have been native, the Roman

unconscious, the complex of mental activities within an individual that proceed without his awareness. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, stated that such unconscious processes may affect a person’s behaviour even though he cannot report on them. Freud and his followers felt that dreams

Kazuo Ishiguro: His next novel, The Unconsoled (1995)—a radical stylistic departure from his early, conventional works that received passionately mixed reviews—focuses on lack of communication and absence of emotion as a concert pianist arrives in a European city to give a performance.

Tigris-Euphrates river system: Agriculture and irrigation: …main river in all seasons; uncontrolled canals, taking water only when the river is in flood; and raised concrete flumes, usually requiring pumps. The principal canal systems are the following: a series of left-bank Euphrates canals between Al-Ramādī and Al-Musayyib, the most important being the Al-Musayyib Drainage Project; canals derived…

natural gas: Unconventional gas reservoirs: Substantial amounts of gas have accumulated in geologic environments that differ from conventional petroleum traps. This gas is termed unconventional gas and occurs in “tight” (i.e., relatively impermeable) sandstones, in joints and fractures or absorbed into the matrix of shales, and in…

noun: Types of nouns: These are called uncountable, or mass, nouns and are generally treated as singular. This category includes nouns such as knowledge, sugar, and water.

Marcia Gay Harden: In the comedy series Uncoupled (2022– ), Harden played a socialite whose husband leaves her for a much younger woman.

brown adipose tissue: …cause a protein known as thermogenin (also called uncoupling protein 1, UCP1) to become active. Thermogenin effectively uncouples electron transport in the mitochondrion from the production of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The resulting change in the balance of electrons and protons across the mitochondrial membrane…

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), military aircraft that is guided autonomously, by remote control, or both and that carries sensors, target designators, offensive ordnance, or electronic transmitters designed to interfere with or destroy enemy targets. Unencumbered by crew, life-support systems, and

Earth satellite, artificial object launched into a temporary or permanent orbit around Earth. Spacecraft of this type may be either crewed or uncrewed, the latter being the most common. The idea of an artificial satellite in orbital flight was first suggested by Sir Isaac Newton in his book

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), permanent organ of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly, established in 1964 to promote trade, investment, and development in developing countries. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, UNCTAD has approximately 190 members.

anointing of the sick, in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, the ritual anointing of the seriously ill and the frail elderly. The sacrament is administered to give strength and comfort to the ill and to mystically unite their suffering with that of Christ during his Passion and

anointment, ritual application of oil or fat to the head or body of a person or to an object; an almost universal practice in the history of religions, although both the cultic practice followed and the sacred substance employed vary from one religion to another. It is possible to recognize three

human nervous system: Lobes of the cerebral cortex: …temporal lobe, known as the uncus, constitutes a large part of the primary olfactory area.

Kevin Garnett: …himself in the crime thriller Uncut Gems, which starred Adam Sandler. Garnett was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2020.

Acquainted with the Night, novel by Heinrich Böll, published in German in 1953 as Und sagte kein einziges Wort (“And Said Not a Single Word”). One of Böll’s best-known works, the novel is set in Germany just after World War II. It examines the marriage of Fred and Käthe Bogner, who alternately

algae: Ecological and commercial importance: of Laminaria, Undaria, and Hizikia (a type of brown algae) are also harvested from wild beds along rocky shores, particularly in Japan, Korea, and China, where they may be eaten with meat or fish and in soups. The green algae Monostroma and Ulva look somewhat like leaves…

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: …it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde.

metalogic: Discoveries about formal mathematical systems: …arrived at sharp concepts of decidability. In one sense, decidability is a property of sets (of sentences): that of being subject (or not) to mechanical methods by which to decide in a finite number of steps, for any closed sentence of a given formal system (e.g., of N), whether it…

foundations of mathematics: Recursive definitions: The Church-Turing theorem of undecidability, combined with the related result of the Polish-born American mathematician Alfred Tarski (1902–83) on undecidability of truth, eliminated the possibility of a purely mechanical device replacing mathematicians.

number game: Impossible figures: At first glance, drawings such as those in Figure 5 appear to represent plausible three-dimensional objects, but closer inspection reveals that they cannot; the representation is flawed by faulty perspective, false juxtaposition, or psychological distortion. Among the first to produce these drawings—also called…

foundations of mathematics: Recursive definitions: …formal mathematical system will contain undecidable propositions—propositions which can be neither proved nor disproved. Church and Turing, while seeking an algorithmic (mechanical) test for deciding theoremhood and thus potentially deleting nontheorems, proved independently, in 1936, that such an algorithmic method was impossible for the first-order predicate logic (see logic, history…

Judd Apatow: …series, Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared, in 1999 and 2001 respectively. Though both shows were canceled after just one season, their young actors would become Apatow’s cinematic family, reappearing in his subsequent projects. In 2005 Apatow finally achieved unqualified success when he wrote, directed, and produced the surprise hit movie…

carboxylic acid: Unsaturated aliphatic acids: …it breaks down to give undecylenic acid and n-heptaldehyde.

Kwame Alexander: Published in 2019, The Undefeated is an homage to Black life in the United States. The book was named a Newbery Honor Book in 2020. Kadir Nelson, who illustrated The Undefeated, won the Caldecott Medal and the Coretta Scott King Illustrator Award in 2020 for his artwork.

Undenominational Fellowship of Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, autonomous Protestant churches in the United States that were formerly associated primarily with the Disciples of Christ. These churches refused to become part of the restructured Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in

Sonia Sanchez: …won an American Book Award; Under a Soprano Sky (1986); Does Your House Have Lions? (1997); Shake Loose My Skin (1999); and Morning Haiku (2010). In 2018 Sanchez received the Academy of American Poets’ Wallace Stevens Award.

Alfred Hitchcock: The Hollywood years: Rebecca to Dial M for Murder: Under Capricorn (1949) was one of Hitchcock’s least typical and least popular films at the box office. A melodrama set in 1830s Australia (though shot in England), it starred Bergman as an upper-crust Englishwoman who violates society’s taboos by eloping with her groom (Cotten) and…

Mariano Azuela: …work, Los de abajo (1916; The Under Dogs), depicting the futility of the revolution, was written at the campfire during forced marches while he served as an army doctor with Pancho Villa in 1915. Forced to flee across the border to El Paso, Texas, he first published the novel as…

Henri Barbusse: …author of Le Feu (1916; Under Fire, 1917), a firsthand witness of the life of French soldiers in World War I. Barbusse belongs to an important lineage of French war writers who span the period 1910 to 1939, mingling war memories with moral and political meditations.

Under Milk Wood, play for voices by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas, performed in 1953 and published in 1954. Originally written as a radio play, Under Milk Wood is sometimes presented as a staged drama. Richly imaginative in language and characterization and fertile in comic invention, the play evokes a

Avril Lavigne: …fame continued with the albums Under My Skin (2004), The Best Damn Thing (2007), Goodbye Lullaby (2011), and Avril Lavigne (2013). Lavigne was diagnosed with a severe case of Lyme disease in 2014 and took a break from performing and recording to recuperate. Her medical struggles informed her sixth studio…

Jean Negulesco: Millionaire and Three Coins: Under My Skin (1950), based on the Ernest Hemingway story “My Old Man,” featured a strong performance by Garfield as a jockey who goes on the run with his son after double-crossing gangsters. Negulesco’s next film, Three Came Home (1950), was another triumph, easily the…

Dick Francis: Wind (1999), Shattered (2000), and Under Orders (2006). Late in life he began coauthoring novels with his son Felix, including Dead Heat (2007), Silks (2008), and Even Money (2009). Hot Money (1987) is considered one of his best works.

Alanis Morissette: …recording studio (without Ballard) for Under Rug Swept (2002), an obliquely confessional album that received mixed reviews. So-Called Chaos (2004) also failed to re-create the critical and commercial success Morissette had enjoyed in the 1990s. In 2005, 10 years after Jagged Little Pill’s release, Morissette took it on tour as…

Xia Yan: …courtesan, and Shanghai wuyanxia (1937; Under Shanghai Eaves), a naturalistic depiction of tenement life that became a standard leftist work. After the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, Xia worked as a journalist while continuing his creative writing. He published Faxisi-xijun (“The Fascist Bacillus”) in 1942 and Tianya-fangcao (“Fragrant Flowers on…

Tess Gallagher: Kisses, On Your Own, and Under Stars; the last volume contains a section based on her 1976 trip to Ireland. Several poems in Willingly (1984) eulogize her late father, and the collections Amplitude (1987) and Moon Crossing Bridge (1992) examine her relationship with her third husband, author Raymond Carver. Her…

Andrew Garfield: Roles from the 2020s: …adaptation of Jon Krakauer’s novel Under the Banner of Heaven. He next costarred with Florence Pugh in We Live in Time (2024). The romantic drama, which is told in a nonlinear narrative, centers on the couple Tobias and Almut, the latter of whom has terminal cancer.

X: …albums Wild Gift (1981) and Under the Big Black Sun (1982) drew critical raves, as X broadened punk’s do-it-yourself ethos with excellent musicianship (Zoom, who had once played with rock-and-roll pioneer Gene Vincent, blazed through country, rockabilly, heavy metal, and punk licks with dispassionate aplomb, while Bonebrake added a background…

Théodore Rousseau: …produced such tranquil pastorals as Under the Birches, Evening (1842–44), reflecting the influence of Constable.

Hulu: As the number of offerings on Hulu went from a few dozen to more than a thousand in its first year, several cable and satellite TV providers…

Helmut Käutner: …well-regarded Unter den Brücken (1945; Under the Bridges)—a movie made under the arduous conditions of the final days of the war, when filming was frequently interrupted by the noise of Allied bombers en route to Berlin. Perhaps Käutner’s most characteristic film of the period—as well as his most apolitical—it is…

Stephen King: Other novels: …miniseries 2021); Duma Key (2008); Under the Dome (2009; TV series 2013–15); 11/22/63 (2011; TV miniseries 2016); Joyland (2013); Doctor Sleep (2013; film 2019), a sequel to The Shining; Revival (2014); The Outsider (2018; TV miniseries 2020); The Institute

melodrama: …London by Night (1844), and Under the Gaslight (1867). The realistic staging and the social evils touched upon, however perfunctorily and sentimentally, anticipated the later theatre of the Naturalists.

Thomas Hardy: Early life and works: …brief and affectionately humorous idyll Under the Greenwood Tree (1872), Hardy found a voice much more distinctively his own. In this book he evoked, within the simplest of marriage plots, an episode of social change (the displacement of a group of church musicians) that was a direct reflection of events…

Edgar Rice Burroughs: The story “Under the Moons of Mars” appeared in serial form in the adventure magazine The All-Story in 1912 and was so successful that Burroughs turned to writing full-time. (The work was later novelized as A Princess of Mars [1917] and adapted as the film John Carter…

Maurice Gee: Under the Mountain (1979; television miniseries 1981; film 2009) was an adventure about a brother and sister who must save the world from a group of wormlike aliens. In the same vein, the O trilogy—The Halfmen of O (1982), The Priests of Ferris (1984), and…

Peter Matthiessen: …South American Wilderness (1961); and Under the Mountain Wall: A Chronicle of Two Seasons in the Stone Age (1962), about his experiences as a member of a scientific expedition to New Guinea. Blue Meridian: The Search for the Great White Shark (1971) sheds light on a predator about which little…

Under the Net, first published novel by British author and philosopher Iris Murdoch. Appearing in 1954, Under the Net captures the exuberant spirit of freedom in postwar Europe and exhibits Murdoch’s trademark combination of wit and high seriousness. . Jake Donaghue, the novel’s swashbuckling

Martin Andersen Nexø: …appear in English translation as Under the Open Sky (1938). In 1945 Nexø published a two-volume sequel to Pelle, Morten hin Røde (“Morten the Red”), in which the poet Morten, Pelle’s childhood friend, is the revolutionary and Pelle is shown as having turned bourgeois, like many of the labour leaders…

Ha Jin: Literary works: …his second book of stories, Under the Red Flag (1997), which tells of life during the Cultural Revolution, won the Flannery O’Connor Award for Short Fiction.

René Clair: Transition to sound films: His Sous les toits de Paris, Le Million, and À nous la liberté! constituted homage to the art of silent film and a manifesto for a new cinema. Clair rigorously constructed comical situations using either images or sounds independently, and his skillful use of music to…

Rachel Carson: …basis for her first book, Under the Sea-Wind, published in 1941. It was widely praised, as were all her books, for its remarkable combination of scientific accuracy and thoroughness with an elegant and lyrical prose style. The Sea Around Us (1951) became a national best seller, won a National Book…

Susan Sontag: … (1977), Illness as Metaphor (1978), Under the Sign of Saturn (1980), and AIDS and Its Metaphors (1989). She also wrote the historical novels The Volcano Lover: A Romance (1992) and In America (2000).

Andrew Garfield: Film roles from the late 2010s: …case of polio, and in Under the Silver Lake (2018), an off-the-wall neo-noir.

Scarlett Johansson: …Glasgow and abducts men in Under the Skin (2013), a kindhearted restaurant hostess in Chef (2014), a woman who develops superpowers after a mind-expanding drug enters her system in Lucy (2014), and a starlet in the Coen brothers’ comedy Hail, Caesar! (2016). Johansson’s 2017 credits included Ghost in the Shell,

Yevgeny Yevtushenko: Yevtushenko’s play Under the Skin of the Statue of Liberty, which was composed of selections from his earlier poems about the United States, was produced in Moscow in 1972. His first novel, published in Russian in 1982, was translated and published in English as Wild Berries in…

children’s literature: Peaks and plateaus (1865–1940): …la Mare was the exquisite Under the Tree (1922), by the novelist Elizabeth Madox Roberts, a treasure that should never be forgotten.

film: Settings: …and beautiful locations, as in Under the Tuscan Sun (2003). Familiar surroundings are sometimes used as the sets for futuristic dramas. Jean-Luc Godard’s Alphaville (1965) turned Paris into an oppressive metropolis on another planet, and Blade Runner (1982) created a compelling portrait of Los Angeles in the year 2019.

Albert Finney: …Dresser (1983), an alcoholic in Under the Volcano (1984), and a gruff attorney in Erin Brockovich (2000).

Under the Volcano, masterwork of Malcolm Lowry, published in 1947 and reissued in 1962. Set in Mexico in the late 1930s, Under the Volcano is the story of the last desperate day in the life of Geoffrey Firmin, a dispirited alcoholic and former British consul. His estranged wife, Yvonne, attempts to

Paul Theroux: Later works: In Under the Wave at Waimea (2021), an aging surfer examines his life after killing a man while driving drunk. Burma Sahib (2024) is a fictionalized account of Eric Blair—i.e., the young George Orwell—during his first years living in Burma (now Myanmar) and serving in the…

Kate Greenaway: …produced her first successful book, Under the Window, followed by The Birthday Book (1880), Mother Goose (1881), Little Ann (1883), and other books for children, which had an enormous success and became very highly valued. “Toy-books” though they were, these little works created a revolution in book illustration; they were…

Edie Adams: …with the Proper Stranger, and Under the Yum Yum Tree (all in 1963).

Theda Bara: …were Romeo and Juliet (1916), Under Two Flags (1916), Camille (1917), Madame Du Barry (1917), Cleopatra (1917), Salome (1918), and Kathleen Mavourneen (1919). By the end of World War I, her popularity had declined. After an unsuccessful appearance on Broadway and an attempted Hollywood comeback, she

Frank Lloyd: …films of the decade included Under Two Flags (1936), a rousing Foreign Legion yarn with Ronald Colman starring alongside Claudette Colbert, who also appeared in Lloyd’s Maid of Salem (1937), a drama about the witch trials in colonial Massachusetts. In 1937 Lloyd earned praise for the western

English literature: The Edwardians: …The Secret Agent (1907), and Under Western Eyes (1911), he detailed such imposition, and the psychological pathologies he increasingly associated with it, without sympathy. He did so as a philosophical novelist whose concern with the mocking limits of human knowledge affected not only the content of his fiction but also…

Mafia: Each don had an underboss, who functioned as a vice president or deputy director, and a consigliere, or counselor, who had considerable power and influence. Below the underboss were the caporegime, or lieutenants, who, acting as buffers between the lower echelon workers and the don himself, protected him from…

social class: Characteristics of the principal classes: …workers has been termed the underclass by some sociologists.

cyclothem: …seam is underlain by a seat-earth (underclay). Above the coal, a limestone or a claystone (shale or mudstone) with marine shells is often found. The marine shells disappear in the succeeding shales, to be replaced occasionally by nonmarine bivalves. Before another seat-earth and coal appears, a siltstone or a sandstone…

business cycle: Underconsumption theories: In an expanding economy, production tends to grow more rapidly than consumption. The disparity results from the unequal distribution of income: the rich do not consume all their income, while the poor do not have sufficient income to meet their consumption needs. This…

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …textbooks erroneously describe glasses as undercooled viscous liquids, but this is actually incorrect. Along the section of route 2 labeled liquid in Figure 3, it is the portion lying between Tf and Tg that is correctly associated with the description of the material as an undercooled liquid (undercooled meaning that…

Vincente Minnelli: Films of the later 1940s: Meet Me in St. Louis, The Clock, and The Pirate: Undercurrent (1946) was a melodrama starring Katharine Hepburn as a New England spinster who marries a suave wealthy industrialist (Robert Taylor) only to learn that he is mentally unbalanced and jealous of his black-sheep brother (Robert Mitchum). Till the Clouds Roll By (1946) was a…

developing country, a country which, relative to other countries, has a lower average standard of living. There is no consensus on what defines a country as “developing” versus “developed,” but a variety of metrics have been applied to sort countries into these categories. In addition to having

Peter Dinklage: …to such family-friendly films as Underdog (2007) and The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008).

Mariano Azuela: …work, Los de abajo (1916; The Under Dogs), depicting the futility of the revolution, was written at the campfire during forced marches while he served as an army doctor with Pancho Villa in 1915. Forced to flee across the border to El Paso, Texas, he first published the novel as…

unemployment: Underemployment is the term used to designate the situation of those who are able to find employment only for shorter than normal periods—part-time workers, seasonal workers, or day or casual workers. The term may also describe the condition of workers whose education or training make…

valley: Misfit streams: …more common case is the underfit stream, in which valley morphology indicates a larger ancient stream (see figure).

Chicago: Municipal services: …an ambitious project popularly called Deep Tunnel. It consists primarily of a vast system of large tunnels bored in the bedrock deep beneath the region that collects and stores stormwater until it can be processed at treatment facilities.