Romania: New constitution: …day Băsescu nominated intelligence chief Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu to succeed Boc, and Ungureanu began talks with coalition leaders about the composition of his cabinet and the formation of a new government.

Uzhhorod, city, western Ukraine. It is situated along the Uzh River just east of the Slovak border. For centuries Uzhhorod has been an important cultural, educational, religious, and economic center of the Carpathian Mountains region. It was founded in the 8th or 9th century and has long had

seaborgium (Sg), an artificially produced radioactive element in Group VIb of the periodic table, atomic number 106. In June 1974, Georgy N. Flerov of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, Russia, U.S.S.R., announced that his team of investigators had synthesized and identified element

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), organization established as the successor to the International Refugee Organization (IRO; 1946–52) by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1951 to provide legal and political protection for refugees until they could acquire

Russell Crowe: …later appeared in the thriller Unhinged (2020), playing a man who terrorizes a woman after a traffic incident. In Taika Waititi’s irreverent superhero film Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), Crowe portrayed the god Zeus.

Joan Aiken: …a genre called the “unhistorical romance,” Aiken wrote tales that combine humour and action with traditional mythic and fairy tale elements. Many of these works are set in an invented historical era during the imagined reign of James III of England, who was known as the Old Pretender.

Tod Browning: The MGM and Universal years: …(for the time) circus tale The Unholy Three (1925), with Chaney as a transvestite ventriloquist who teams with a dwarf (Harry Earles), a strongman (Victor McLaglen), and a pickpocket (Mae Busch) to go on a crime spree that culminates in murder. In The Road to Mandalay (1926) a shady sea…

John Farrow: Films of the 1950s: The Unholy Wife (1957) was a rather uninspired noir in which blonde bombshell Diana Dors was cast as a bored wife who tries to kill her husband (Rod Steiger) in order to be with a rodeo rider (Tom Tryon). John Paul Jones (1959), with Robert…

Marisa Tomei: Her other movies included Unhook the Stars (1996; with Gena Rowlands) and the comedy Slums of Beverly Hills (1998). She appeared on Broadway in 1998 in Wait Until Dark. Tomei received an Oscar nomination for best supporting actress for the drama In the Bedroom (2001) but followed that with…

Merenre: …elevated his father’s trusted minister, Uni, to the post of governor of Upper Egypt, an unprecedented honour that placed all Upper Egypt under a single official. The king also expanded the authority of the son of his father’s vizier over two nomes (administrative districts). These appointments undid a program of…

Juno, in Roman religion, chief goddess and female counterpart of Jupiter, closely resembling the Greek Hera, with whom she was identified. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was a member of the Capitoline triad of deities traditionally introduced by the Etruscan kings. Juno was connected with all

liquid: Solutions of electrolytes: 001 molal solution of a uni-univalent electrolyte (one in which each ion has a valence, or charge, of 1, and, when dissociated, two ions are produced) such as sodium chloride, Na+Cl-, exhibits colligative properties corresponding to a nonelectrolyte solution whose molality is 0.002; the colligative properties of a 0.001 molal…

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey, dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent Black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main

UNASUR, South American organization created in 2008 to propel regional integration on issues including democracy, education, energy, environment, infrastructure, and security and to eliminate social inequality and exclusion. It was inspired by and modeled after the European Union. UNASUR’s members

União dos Palmares, city, northeastern Alagoas estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It lies 37 miles (60 km) inland from Maceió, the state capital, on the Atlantic coast. Founded in the 16th century and called União, it was the scene of a quickly suppressed African slave revolt in 1650. Primarily

UNITA, Angolan political party that was originally founded to free the nation from Portuguese colonial rule. UNITA was organized in 1966 by elements formerly associated with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and the Popular Union of Angola, the latter led by Jonas Savimbi, who

Eastern rite church, any of a group of Eastern Christian churches that trace their origins to various ancient national or ethnic Christian bodies in the East but have established union (hence, Eastern rite churches were in the past often called Uniates) or canonical communion with the Roman

hexagonal system: …system are classed as optically uniaxial, meaning that light travels through the crystal at different speeds in different directions.

automobile: Chassis: …this arrangement, called unit-body (or unibody) construction, the steel body shell is reinforced with braces that make it rigid enough to resist the forces that are applied to it. Separate frames or partial “stub” frames have been used for some cars to achieve better noise-isolation characteristics. The heavier-gauge steel present…

constitutional law: Unicameral and bicameral legislatures: A central feature of any constitution is the organization of the legislature. It may be a unicameral body with one chamber or a bicameral body with two chambers. Unicameral legislatures are typical in small countries with unitary systems of government (e.g.,…

myxosporidian: Representatives are Unicapsula muscularis, the cause of wormy disease in halibut; Myxobolus pfeifferi, the cause of boil disease in barbels; and Myxosoma cerebralis, the cause of twist disease in salmonid fishes.

UNICEF, special program of the United Nations (UN) devoted to aiding national efforts to improve the health, nutrition, education, and general welfare of children. UNICEF was created in 1946 to provide relief to children in countries devastated by World War II. After 1950 the fund directed its

protist, any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms. They may share certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants or both. The term protist typically is used in reference to a eukaryote that is not a true animal,

Vigenère cipher: …this point is called the unicity distance—and is only about 25 symbols, on average, for simple substitution ciphers. See also Vernam-Vigenère cipher.

Unicode, international character-encoding system designed to support the electronic interchange, processing, and display of the written texts of the diverse languages of the modern and classical world. The Unicode Standard includes letters, digits, diacritics, punctuation marks, and technical

emoji: …emojis are standardized by the Unicode Consortium, the nonprofit organization responsible for reviewing and releasing proposed emojis and other characters. Brands such as Apple, Google, and Samsung use emojis standardized by the consortium, which allows users to view emojis sent from one device to another no matter the brand or…

unicorn, mythological animal resembling a horse or a goat with a single horn on its forehead. The unicorn appeared in early Mesopotamian artworks, and it also was referred to in the ancient myths of India and China. The earliest description in Greek literature of a single-horned (Greek monokerōs,

Stewart Butterfield: …Technologies ranked among the so-called unicorns, privately held start-up companies with a valuation greater than $1 billion. Four years later Butterfield oversaw its becoming a public company. In an unusual move, however, no new stocks were offered, and only existing shares were made available. After the first day of trading,…

unicorn fish, any of certain exclusively marine fishes belonging to the genus Naso, in the family Acanthuridae (order Perciformes), occurring in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. The 17 species are herbivorous algae eaters. Unicorn fishes have a pair of sharp forward-pointing spines that protrude

unicorn fish: The elongate Eumecichthys fiski, in the crestfish family Lophotidae (order Lampridiformes), is also called unicorn fish.

unicorn plant, any North American herb of the family Martyniaceae of the flowering plant order Lamiales, and particularly Proboseidea louisianica. There are nine species of unicorn plants, most having large purple or creamy white flowers. The unicorn plant is often grown for its novel fruits, which

driving and coaching: …leader, are known as a unicorn team. In Russia and Hungary three horses are driven abreast, the centre horse trotting and the outside horses galloping; such a team is known as a troika.

unicorn fish, any of certain exclusively marine fishes belonging to the genus Naso, in the family Acanthuridae (order Perciformes), occurring in the tropical Indo-Pacific region. The 17 species are herbivorous algae eaters. Unicorn fishes have a pair of sharp forward-pointing spines that protrude

One of the results of the recent Census of Marine Life (2000–10) was the discovery of some 1,200 new species and some 5,000 others awaiting description, confirming, once again, that the Age of Discovery is far from over. It was certainly very far from over when the following entry on “Mammalia”

Salvador Allende: …ran as the candidate of Popular Unity, a bloc of Socialists, Communists, Radicals, and some dissident Christian Democrats, leading in a three-sided race with 36.3 percent of the vote. Because he lacked a popular majority, however, his election had to be confirmed by Congress, in which there was strong opposition…

Guatemala: Civil war years: …in the formation of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (Unidad Revolucionario Nacional Guatemalteco; URNG). A series of attempted military coups were put down by the defense minister, Gen. Héctor Alejandro Gramajo. Labour and peasant unrest also increased during the Cerezo presidency. Some painful economic progress was made, but the insurgency…

unidentified flying object (UFO), any aerial object or optical phenomenon not readily identifiable to the observer. UFOs became a major subject of interest following the development of rocketry after World War II and were thought by some researchers to be intelligent extraterrestrial life visiting

unidentified flying object (UFO), any aerial object or optical phenomenon not readily identifiable to the observer. UFOs became a major subject of interest following the development of rocketry after World War II and were thought by some researchers to be intelligent extraterrestrial life visiting

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international UN development agency, based in Vienna, that was established by the General Assembly on January 1, 1967. UNIDO’s governing body, the General Conference, meets every two years and determines policy and approves the budget. It

conflict of laws: The nature of conflicts law: …Unification of Private Law (Unidroit), established in Rome in 1926, sponsors projects for the unification of substantive law. Examples include its early efforts with respect to international sales law and the more recent drafting of the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (2004). In Latin America, Mercosur (also known…

museum: Legality: The 1995 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects was intended to resolve these issues. Similar conventions exist on the regional level as well: for instance, in 1976 the Organization of American States adopted the San Salvador Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological, Historical,…

UNASUR, South American organization created in 2008 to propel regional integration on issues including democracy, education, energy, environment, infrastructure, and security and to eliminate social inequality and exclusion. It was inspired by and modeled after the European Union. UNASUR’s members

hand tool: The Mousterian flake tools: …surface, is known as a unifacial tool because a single bevel forms the working edge. There are two principal kinds of flakes, points and scrapers. The former are roughly triangular, with two trimmed or sharp edges meeting in a point, the base or butt of the triangle being thick and…

hand tool: The Mousterian flake tools: …surface, is known as a unifacial tool because a single bevel forms the working edge. There are two principal kinds of flakes, points and scrapers. The former are roughly triangular, with two trimmed or sharp edges meeting in a point, the base or butt of the triangle being thick and…

United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), organization that offers financial and technical support to programs that are designed to encourage the advancement and empowerment of women and gender equality. The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) was established in 1976 in

Athanasius I: Because of his anti-unionist activities after the reunification decree of the Council of Lyon, he was compelled by the patriarch John XI Beccus (1275–82) to seek Palestinian refuge. With the accession of the anti-unionist emperor Andronicus II in 1289, however, Athanasius was chosen patriarch of Constantinople and initiated…

ecstasy: … (of the mind); and (4) unification (of one’s being or will with the divine). Other methods are: dancing (as used by the Mawlawiyyah, or whirling dervishes, a Muslim Sufi sect); the use of sedatives and stimulants (as utilized in some Hellenistic mystery religions); and the use of certain drugs, such…

Unification Church, religious movement founded in Pusan, South Korea, by the Reverend Sun Myung Moon in 1954. Known for its mass weddings, the church teaches a unique Christian theology. It has generated much controversy, and its members are commonly derided as “Moonies.” Born in 1920, Moon was

unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

government budget: Cash and unified budgets: …concepts, has adopted a so-called unified budget concept that is more logical than the cash budget but differs from it only in some details that do not materially affect the budget aggregates. The unified budget differs from the traditional administrative budget in two main ways: it includes the receipts and…

Palestine: The first intifada: …under the leadership of the Unified National Command of the Uprising, which had links to the PLO. The PLO soon incorporated the Unified Command, but not before the local leaders had pushed Arafat to abandon formally his commitment to armed struggle and to accept Israel and the notion of a…

Unified Command Plan (UCP), classified document that provides operational instructions to all branches of the U.S. armed forces. Formed in 1946 in response to friction between branches of the military during World War II, the UCP has unified the command structures of the major U.S. military

unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

Nepal: Constitutional monarchy: …205 seats), but the moderate Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)—CPN (UML)—with 69 seats, emerged as a strong opposition party. The two “Pancha” parties usually associated with the old system won only four seats. The elections were thus perceived to constitute a strong endorsement of the 1990 political changes, and…

collective model, description of atomic nuclei that incorporates aspects of both the shell nuclear model and the liquid-drop model to explain certain magnetic and electric properties that neither of the two separately can explain. In the shell model, nuclear energy levels are calculated on the

Palestine: The first intifada: …under the leadership of the Unified National Command of the Uprising, which had links to the PLO. The PLO soon incorporated the Unified Command, but not before the local leaders had pushed Arafat to abandon formally his commitment to armed struggle and to accept Israel and the notion of a…

UPI, an abbreviation for Unified Payments Interface, is a digital system that allows instant money transfer and payments through a smartphone. From grocery shopping to splitting bills among people, UPI has made transactions easy. Users link one or more bank accounts to a single mobile application

unified science, in the philosophy of logical positivism, a doctrine holding that all sciences share the same language, laws, and method or at least one or two of these features. A unity-of-science movement arose in the Vienna Circle, a group of scientists and philosophers that met regularly in

Unified Silla Dynasty, (668–935), dynasty that unified the three kingdoms of the Korean peninsula—Silla, Paekche, and Koguryŏ. The old Silla kingdom had forged an alliance with T’ang China (618–907) and had conquered the kingdom of Paekche to the southeast in 660 and the northern Korean kingdom of

OGPU, early security and political police of the Soviet Union and a forerunner of the KGB

UNOSOM: …peace-enforcement mission known as the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), to which 24 countries contributed some 37,000 troops. The task force’s mandate was to secure the environment to allow the provision of humanitarian relief. The more heavily armed military personnel of UNITAF had greater success than did UNOSOM I, managing to…

Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games: Known as the Unified Team, its members were saluted with their individual national anthems and flags at medal ceremonies. South Africa, which had abandoned its policy of apartheid, returned to the Olympics with its first racially integrated team.

Paraguay: Labour and taxation: …groupings emerged, most notably the Unified Workers Central (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores; CUT). About one-eighth of workers are members of Paraguay’s more than 1,500 labour unions.

Lebanon: Civil war: …to the establishment of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)—a peacekeeping force meant to secure Israeli withdrawal and support the return of Lebanese authority in the south—as well as to the creation of the South Lebanese Army (SLA)—a militia led by Saad Haddad and armed and financed by Israel…

history of technology: Steam engines: …the reciprocating design was the uniflow engine, which increased efficiency by exhausting steam from ports in the centre of the cylinder instead of requiring it to change its direction of flow in the cylinder with every movement of the piston. Full success in achieving a high-speed steam engine, however, depended…

gasoline engine: Two-stroke cycle: …two-stroke-cycle engine of a so-called uniflow type. The exhaust gases pass through poppet valves in the cylinder head that are opened and closed by a cam-follower mechanism. The valves are timed to begin opening toward the end of the power stroke, after the cylinder pressure has dropped appreciably. The inlet…

mechanics: Falling bodies and uniformly accelerated motion: … studied the mathematical properties of uniformly accelerated motion. He had little interest in whether that kind of motion could be observed in the realm of actual human existence, but he did discover that, if a particle is uniformly accelerated, its speed increases in direct proportion to time, and the distance…

arbitration: Commercial arbitration: …sometimes with minor changes, the Uniform Arbitration Act of 1955, as amended in 1956, which had been promoted by the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and recommended by the American Bar Association. This act provided for the judicial enforcement of an agreement to arbitrate existing and future disputes and thereby…

uniform circular motion, motion of a particle moving at a constant speed on a circle. In the Figure, the velocity vector v of the particle is constant in magnitude, but it changes in direction by an amount Δv while the particle moves from position B to position C, and the radius R of the circle

contract: Offer and acceptance: (On the other hand, the Uniform Commercial Code, which has been adopted everywhere in the United States, provides that a firm offer made by a merchant is irrevocable even though the other party has given no consideration.) The common law is not entirely insensitive to the offeree’s predicament. The rule…

uniform convergence, in analysis, property involving the convergence of a sequence of continuous functions—f1(x), f2(x), f3(x),…—to a function f(x) for all x in some interval (a, b). In particular, for any positive number ε > 0 there exists a positive integer N for which |fn(x) − f(x)| ≤ ε for all

police: Early reform efforts: …its auspices he created the Uniform Crime Reports program, which became (after it was taken over by the FBI in 1930) an important indicator of the annual national crime rate and of the performance of local police departments. Finally, through his work on the Wickersham Commission, which was set up…

death: Evolution of the concept of brain-stem death: …a model statute, called the Uniform Determination of Death Act, which was subsequently endorsed by the American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and became law in many states. International opinion and practice has moved along similar lines in accepting…

uniform distribution, in statistics, distribution function in which every possible result is equally likely; that is, the probability of each occurring is the same. As one of the simplest possible distributions, the uniform distribution is sometimes used as the null hypothesis, or initial

ICANN: …the Internet, ICANN promulgated a Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution Policy to resolve domain name controversies. ICANN also licensed several arbitration services to interpret and enforce it, with the assistance of the World Intellectual Property Organization. The first cases under ICANN’s dispute resolution policy, including those brought by the World…

electron tube: Electron motion in a vacuum: …of an electron in a uniform field is given by a simple application of Isaac Newton’s second law of motion, force = mass × acceleration, in which the force is exerted on the electron by an applied electric field E (measured in volts per metre). Mathematically, the equation of motion…

legislation: Uniform laws: Since each state as well as the national government has lawmaking power, it is not surprising that in many instances state and federal laws on the same subject have contained different and conflicting provisions. This has been especially undesirable in regard to commercial…

Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA), U.S. law enacted in 1983 that defined the ownership of property by married persons and the means to divide the property in the event of divorce or death. The Uniform Marital Property Act (UMPA) created a class of property that belonged to the marriage rather

Presidents’ Day: In 1968 Congress passed the Uniform Monday Holiday Bill, which moved a number of federal holidays to Mondays. The change was designed to schedule certain holidays so that workers had a number of long weekends throughout the year, but it has been opposed by those who believe that those holidays…

linear motion, motion in one spatial dimension. According to Newton’s first law (also known as the principle of inertia), a body with no net force acting on it will either remain at rest or continue to move with uniform speed in a straight line, according to its initial condition of motion. In

inheritance: Uniform Probate Code (U.S.): The latest state of U.S. thinking is expressed in the Uniform Probate Code, approved in 1969 and amended in 1975, 1982, 1987, 1989, 1990–91, and 1997 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Bar Association.…

region: …or uniform, defined by the homogeneous distribution of some phenomena within it (e.g., a tropical rainforest).

URL: …the above example is a URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) fragment. The number sign, known in this context as an anchor, acts like a bookmark within the resource, instructing the Web browser to show the content at that particular point. For example, a number sign followed by a word is an…

URL, compact string of numbers, letters, and symbols that a computer uses to find a resource on a network and act upon it. URLs are often colloquially referred to as Web addresses, or simply addresses, since Web pages are the most common resources that users employ URLs to find. However, all files

dispersion: …gather in clumps; or a uniform pattern, with a roughly equal spacing of individuals. The type of pattern often results from the nature of the relationships within the population. Social animals, such as chimpanzees, tend to gather in groups, while territorial animals, such as birds, tend to assume uniform spacing.…

formal logic: Axiomatization of LPC: Rules of uniform substitution for predicate calculi, though formulable, are mostly very complicated, and, to avoid the necessity for these rules, axioms for these systems are therefore usually given by axiom schemata in the sense explained earlier (see above Axiomatization of PC). Given the formation…

uniformitarianism, in geology, the doctrine suggesting that Earth’s geologic processes acted in the same manner and with essentially the same intensity in the past as they do in the present and that such uniformity is sufficient to account for all geologic change. This principle is fundamental to

measurement system: …measures are the concepts of uniformity, units, and standards. Uniformity, the essence of any system of weights and measures, requires accurate, reliable standards of mass and length and agreed-on units. A unit is the name of a quantity, such as kilogram or pound. A standard is the physical embodiment of…

Book of Common Prayer: …Book, enacted by the first Act of Uniformity of Edward VI in 1549, was prepared primarily by Thomas Cranmer, who became archbishop of Canterbury in 1533. It was viewed as a compromise between old and new ideas and was in places diplomatically ambiguous in its implied teaching; it aroused opposition…

Unigenitus, bull issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713, condemning the doctrines of Jansenism, a dissident religious movement within France. The publication of the bull began a doctrinal controversy in France that lasted throughout much of the 18th century and that merged with the French

Unigenitus, bull issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713, condemning the doctrines of Jansenism, a dissident religious movement within France. The publication of the bull began a doctrinal controversy in France that lasted throughout much of the 18th century and that merged with the French

Zimbabwe: Rhodesia and the UDI: …independence, Smith’s government announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) on November 11, 1965.

respiratory disease: Pulmonary emphysema: …the disease appears to be unilateral, involving one lung only and causing few symptoms. Unilateral emphysema is believed to result from a severe bronchiolitis in childhood that prevented normal maturation of the lung on that side. “Congenital lobar emphysema” of infants is usually a misnomer, since there is no alveolar…

mental disorder: Electroconvulsive treatment: Unilateral ECT produces noticeably less confusion and memory impairment in patients, but more treatments may be needed. Patients recover consciousness rapidly after the treatment but may be confused and may experience a mild headache for an hour or two.

international payment and exchange: The current account: Among unilateral transfers the more important are outright aid by governments, subscriptions to international agencies, grants by charitable foundations, and remittances by immigrants to their former home countries.

Unilever, either of twin companies, Unilever PLC (based in London) and Unilever NV (based in Rotterdam), which are the holding companies for more than 500 companies worldwide engaged in the manufacture and sale of soaps, foods, and other products for household consumption. The boards of directors

Unilever: …PLC (based in London) and Unilever NV (based in Rotterdam), which are the holding companies for more than 500 companies worldwide engaged in the manufacture and sale of soaps, foods, and other products for household consumption. The boards of directors of the two companies are identical in membership, and mutual…

Unilever: Unilever PLC (based in London) and Unilever NV (based in Rotterdam), which are the holding companies for more than 500 companies worldwide engaged in the manufacture and sale of soaps, foods, and other products for household consumption. The boards of directors of the two companies…

matriarchy: The theory known as unilineal cultural evolution, now discredited, suggested that human social organization “evolved” through a series of stages: animalistic sexual promiscuity was followed by matriarchy, which was in turn followed by patriarchy. The American anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan, the Swiss anthropologist J.J. Bachofen, and the German philosopher…

clan: This descent is usually unilineal, or derived only through the male (patriclan) or the female (matriclan) line. Normally, but not always, the clans are exogamous, or out-marrying: marriage within the clan is forbidden and regarded as a form of incest. Clans may segment into subclans or lineages, and genealogical…