Union Pacific Railroad Company, company that extended the American railway system to the Pacific Coast; it was incorporated by an act of the U.S. Congress on July 1, 1862. The original rail line was built westward 1,006 miles (1,619 km) from Omaha, Nebraska, to meet the Central Pacific, which was

Puerto Rico: Political developments: …Party favoured statehood, whereas the Union Party worked for greater autonomy. The Nationalist Party arose in the 1920s and argued for immediate independence. Meanwhile, the pro-U.S. Socialist Party, led by the highly respected labour leader Santiago Iglesias, remained focused on the plight of Puerto Rico’s labouring classes, but its program…

War Democrat: …with Republicans in forming the Union Party, which renominated Lincoln for president and selected War Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee as Lincoln’s running mate.

FARC: …PCC, established a political party, Patriotic Union (Unión Patriótica; UP), in a cease-fire agreement with the government. The UP participated in elections beginning in 1986 and won a large portion of the votes. In subsequent years, however, thousands of UP members, including three of the party’s presidential candidates, were killed…

Ferhat Abbas: …in 1938, he organized the Union Populaire Algérienne, which proposed equal rights for French and Algerians while preserving the Algerian culture and language. Nevertheless, at the outbreak of World War II, Abbas enlisted in the medical corps of the French Army.

Djibouti: Djibouti under Guelleh: …was the creation of the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la Majorité Présidentielle; UMP) coalition, which included both the RPP and FRUD and was formed in preparation for the 2003 legislative elections.

Rally for the Republic: …main groups, of which the Union for the New Republic (Union pour la Nouvelle République; UNR) emerged as the most important and electorally successful, gaining 26 percent of the vote in the 1958 election.

Faure Gnassingbé: Presidency: …formed a new party, the Union for the Republic (Union pour la République; UNIR). Many RPT members were part of the UNIR, and it replaced the RPT as the ruling party. The UNIR won a majority of National Assembly seats in the 2013 elections, and in the next year legislation…

Isaac Mayer Wise: …superseded in 1894 by the Union Prayer Book, which came into being, in large part, because Wise had emphasized so often and so forcefully the need for a standard text. A believer in the universal mission of Judaism, he was a firm opponent of the establishment of a Jewish state…

union shop, arrangement requiring workers to join a particular union and pay dues within a specified period of time after beginning employment—usually 30 to 90 days. Such an arrangement guarantees that workers will pay for the benefits of union representation. A union shop is less restrictive than

Spain: Labour and taxation: …the Workers’ Syndical Union (Unión Sindical Obrera; USO), which has a strong Roman Catholic orientation; the Independent Syndicate of Civil Servants (Confederación Sindical Independiente de Funcionarios); the Basque Workers’ Solidarity (Euzko Langilleen Alkartasuna–Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos; ELA-STV), which is independent but has ties to the Basque Nationalist Party; and…

2021 Myanmar coup d’état: Background: …the newly formed and military-aligned Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) to contest the legislative elections that were held in 2010. The party performed well, and he was elected president of the new government in 2011. The relationship between the military and civilian government largely held during Thein Sein’s term…

2021 Myanmar coup d’état: Background: …the newly formed and military-aligned Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) to contest the legislative elections that were held in 2010. The party performed well, and he was elected president of the new government in 2011. The relationship between the military and civilian government largely held during Thein Sein’s term…

Mira Sorvino: Her later movies included Union Square (2011), Space Warriors (2013), Quitters (2015), and The Red Maple Leaf (2016). In 2019 she appeared in the action comedy Stuber.

Alison Krauss: …in collaboration with her band, Union Station—performs folk, gospel, country, pop, and rock songs in the unamplified bluegrass style. She played a major role in the early 21st-century revival of interest in bluegrass music.

Washington, D.C.: Northeast: Union Station (1907), the city’s magnificent train depot located on the southern edge of NoMa, was renovated, revitalized, and reopened during this time. In 1993 the old Post Office building (1914), which abuts Union Station on the west, became the home of the National Postal…

Rudolph Maté: Union Station (1950) was a suspense film, with Holden and Barry Fitzgerald as police officers on the trail of a kidnapper (played by Lyle Bettger), while Branded (1950) was a formulaic Alan Ladd western. Maté next made The Prince Who Was a Thief (1951), a…

Pretty Boy Floyd: …of having participated in the Union Station massacre, in which three police officers, an FBI agent, and a prisoner were killed in Kansas City. Though Floyd denied involvement in the incident, authorities intensified efforts to capture him, and the following year he was gunned down by FBI agents who were…

Herman Frasch: The Union Sulphur Company, of which he was president, became the world’s leading sulfur-mining firm.

R. Buckminster Fuller: Life: Louis, Another, the Union Tank Car Company’s dome, was built in 1958 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and, at the time of its construction, was the largest clear-span structure in existence, 384 feet (117 metres) in diameter and 116 feet (35 metres) in height.

union territory, one of the first-order administrative units in the Republic of India. Union territories are governed, in part or wholly, by the union government of India. There are eight union territories in India: The Republic of India is made up of eight union territories and 28 states. These

National Dialogue Quartet: …des Avocats de Tunisie), the Tunisian Confederation of Industry, Trade and Handicrafts (Union Tunisienne de l’Industrie, du Commerce et de l’Artisinat; UTICA), and the Tunisian Human Rights League (La Ligue Tunisienne pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme; LTDH)—that was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015 for its efforts…

Act of Union, (May 1, 1707), treaty that effected the union of England and Scotland under the name of Great Britain. Since 1603 England and Scotland had been under the same monarchs. After revolutions in 1688–89 (see Glorious Revolution) and 1702–03, projects for a closer union miscarried, and in

Wales: Union with England: In 1536 Henry VIII’s government enacted a measure that made important changes in the government of Wales. Whereas the Statute of Wales (1284) had annexed Wales to the crown of England, the new act declared the king’s wish to incorporate Wales within…

Act of Union, (Jan. 1, 1801), legislative agreement uniting Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland under the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Irish Rebellion of 1798 brought the Irish question forcibly to the attention of the British Cabinet; and William Pitt

Iceland: Home rule and sovereignty (1904–44): On December 1, 1918, Iceland became a separate state under the Danish crown, with only foreign affairs remaining under Danish control. Either party, however, had the right to call for a review of the treaty, and if negotiations about its renewal proved fruitless at the end…

set theory: Axioms for compounding sets: table—axiom of pairing, axiom of union, and axiom of power set—are of this sort.

United Church of Canada: …unity, and by 1908 the Basis of Union was prepared. It stated the principles of doctrine, church government, the ministry, administration, and law that would apply to the new church. The Methodists and Congregationalists soon approved the basis and declared their readiness to unite. A strong minority among the Presbyterians,…

Iraq: Constitutional framework: …on the issue of the Council of Union, the structure, duties, and powers of which apparently will be left to later legislation. The constitution only notes that this body will include representatives of the regions and governorates, suggesting that it will likely take the form of an upper house.

Eastern Orthodoxy: Relations with the Western church: …signatures of approval on the Decree of Union, also known as the Union of Florence (July 6, 1439). The metropolitan of Ephesus, Mark Eugenicus, alone refused to sign. Upon their return to Constantinople, most other delegates also renounced their acceptance of the council and no significant change occurred in the…

Christianity: The union with God: Christian mystics claim that the soul may be lifted into a union with God so close and so complete that it is merged in the being of God and loses the sense of any separate existence. Jan van Ruysbroeck wrote that in…

War of the Three Henrys: …impose; and he signed the Edict of Union (1588), in which he named Guise lieutenant general of the kingdom and declared that no heretic could succeed to the throne. Unable to endure the humiliation, Henry III that same winter had the duke and the cardinal of Guise assassinated and many…

patristic literature: The Chalcedonian Fathers: …probably responsible for drafting the Formula of Union (433) that became the basis of the Chalcedonian Definition. Proclus was an outstanding pulpit orator, and several of his sermons as well as seven letters concerned with the controversy have been preserved; he worked indefatigably to reconcile the warring factions. Cassian prepared…

Williston: …American Fur Company representatives at Fort Union, built in 1828 near the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri rivers (about 25 miles [40 km] southwest of the city; now Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site). Originally called Little Muddy, the site was first settled in the 1870s by Robert…

La Unión, city, eastern El Salvador. It is located at the northern foot of Conchagua Volcano (about 4,100 feet [1,250 m]), on La Unión Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Fonseca. The city’s economic activity centres on a tortoiseshell industry and beach resort facilities. The nearby port of Cutuco, once

Elton John: …recordings, including Peachtree Road (2004), The Union (2010; a duet album with Leon Russell), and Wonderful Crazy Night (2016). He also contributed sound tracks to the animated movies The Road to El Dorado (2000) and Gnomeo & Juliet (2011). In 2018 John embarked on what he announced as his final…

trade union, association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining. As an organized movement, trade unionism (also called organized

James Relly: In his Union; or, A Treatise of the Consanguinity and Affinity Between Christ and His Church (1759), Relly presented scriptural texts supporting the view that universal salvation is assured. He profoundly influenced the English Methodist John Murray (1741–1815), who worked to spread Universalism in the United States.

mussel: The largest family of freshwater mussels is the Unionidae, with about 750 species, the greatest number of which occur in the United States. Many unionid species also live in Southeast Asian waters. Several North American unionids are threatened by habitat degradation, damming, and the invasion of zebra mussels.

Swiss People’s Party, conservative Swiss political party. The Swiss People’s Party (SVP) was founded in 1971 by the merger of the Farmers, Artisans, and Citizens’ Party—generally known as the Agrarian Party—with the Democratic Party. It has pursued conservative social and economic policies,

European Union (EU), international organization comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western Europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern Europe in the early 21st century. The EU’s members are

Italian Labour Union, Italian trade union federation with more than a million and a half members. The UIL was formed in 1950 in opposition to the communist-dominated Italian General Confederation of Labour, Italy’s largest trade union federation, and the Roman Catholic-supported Italian

Frankie Yale: …its heyday (1918–28), of the Unione Siciliane, a Sicilian fraternal organization that by World War I had become a crime cartel operating in several U.S. cities and active in robbery, prostitution, labour-union extortion, and other rackets.

Frankie Yale: …its heyday (1918–28), of the Unione Siciliane, a Sicilian fraternal organization that by World War I had become a crime cartel operating in several U.S. cities and active in robbery, prostitution, labour-union extortion, and other rackets.

conservation: Freshwater mussels and clams: …of the bivalve mollusk families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae. Of these, 21 have become extinct in the past century, and 70 percent are in danger of extinction. During this same period, engineers have extensively dammed and channeled North America’s rivers. The Tennessee River, for example, is dammed along its entire length…

organized labour, association and activities of workers in a trade or industry for the purpose of obtaining or assuring improvements in working conditions through their collective action. British trade unionism has a long and continuous history. Medieval guilds, which regulated craft production,

enterprise unionism, the organization of a single trade union within one plant or multiplant enterprise rather than within a craft or industry. It is especially prevalent in Japan, where nearly all Japanese unions, representing the vast majority of union membership, are of the enterprise type. A

Portugal: The First Republic, 1910–26: …by António José de Almeida; Unionists (centre party), led by Manuel de Brito Camacho; and Democrats (the leftist core of the original party), led by Afonso Costa. A number of prominent republicans had no specific party. The whirligig of republican political life offered little improvement on the monarchist regime, and…

eastern Africa: Eritrean nationalism: The Christians joined the Unionist Party, sponsored by the Ethiopian government, which simultaneously sought international support for regaining its coastal province. The Ethiopians were assisted by an international fact-finding commission that visited Eritrea in late 1948 and concluded that there was no national consciousness to nourish statehood and that…

bivalve: Annotated classification: Order Unionoida Large, equivalve, varying from round to elongate and with equally variable sculpture; shell of outer prismatic layer and inner layers of nacre; hinge schizodont; dimyarian; ctenidia eulamellibranch with either 1 or both demibranchs functioning as an incubatory marsupium; ovoviviparous; parasitically larviparous; freshwater; some cemented…

Alfred Corn: Corn’s 11th poetry collection, Unions, was published in 2014.

Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov: Political journalism: …was active in forming the Union of Unions, a broad alliance of professional associations, and subsequently the Constitutional Democratic, or Kadet, Party. As editor of the Kadet daily newspaper, Rech (“Speech”), and a member of the party’s Central Committee, he directed its tactics in Russia’s first nationwide election, which brought…

Uniontown, city, seat (1784) of Fayette county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along Redstone Creek, among the rugged foothills of the Allegheny Mountains, 45 miles (72 km) southeast of Pittsburgh. Settled in 1768 and laid out (1776) by Henry Beeson, a Quaker, it was first known as

Union, city, seat of Union county, northern South Carolina, U.S. It lies in hilly piedmont country near the Broad River, 68 miles (109 km) northwest of Columbia. Union was first settled in 1791 as Unionville around Union Church (1765), which was used by various denominations. During the American

Scranton, city, seat (1878) of Lackawanna county, northeastern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Lackawanna River valley, on the western fringes of the Pocono Mountains. It is the centre of an urbanized industrial complex that includes Carbondale and Wilkes-Barre. The area was inhabited by

Streator, city, La Salle county, north-central Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Vermilion (locally Vermillion) River, about 90 miles (145 km) southwest of Chicago. The first permanent settlement in the area, established in the mid-19th century, was called Hardscrabble, for the difficult climb up from

Collinsville, city, Madison and St. Clair counties, southwestern Illinois, U.S. It lies a few miles east of the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, Missouri. First settled in 1810 by John Cook of Virginia, the community was laid out in 1837 on bluffs above the river’s floodplain. The village was

Southern Africa: Malawi and Zambia: …Hastings Kamuzu Banda and the United National Independence Party (UNIP) under Kenneth Kaunda won the first universal suffrage elections in Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, respectively, and led them into independence as Malawi and Zambia.

genomic imprinting: Imprinting and fetal development: … (or Russell-Silver syndrome), a maternal uniparental disomy (both copies of a chromosome or partial chromosome are inherited from one parent), growth restriction is present. Similar effects are found in other cases of disordered imprinting. Preeclampsia, for example, in which disordered imprinting has been implicated, also demonstrates growth restriction in utero.…

human nervous system: The peripheral nervous system: …making up these ganglia are unipolar. Shaped much like a golf ball on a tee, they have round or slightly oval cell bodies with concentrically located nuclei, and they give rise to a single fiber that undergoes a T-shaped bifurcation, one branch going to the periphery and the other entering…

heredity: Repetitive DNA: …categories of repetitive DNA: (1) single copy DNA, which contains the structural genes (protein-coding sequences), (2) families of DNA, in which one gene somehow copies itself, and the repeats are located in small clusters (tandem repeats) or spread throughout the genome (dispersed repeats), and (3) satellite DNA, which contains short…

fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Fundamental principle of number theory proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1801. It states that any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as the product of prime numbers in only one

Western sculpture: Avant-garde sculpture (1909–20): In Unique Forms of Continuity in Space and Head + House + Light (1911), he carried out his theories that the sculptor should model objects as they interact with their environment, thus revealing the dynamic essence of reality.

unique-headed bug, (family Enicocephalidae), any of about 130 species of bugs (order Heteroptera) that have an unusual elongated head that is constricted behind the eyes and also at the base. The unique-headed bug is found throughout the world and is about 4 mm (0.2 inch) long. These bugs are also

Faure Gnassingbé: Presidency: …formed a new party, the Union for the Republic (Union pour la République; UNIR). Many RPT members were part of the UNIR, and it replaced the RPT as the ruling party. The UNIR won a majority of National Assembly seats in the 2013 elections, and in the next year legislation…

warship: Greece: The first galleys, called uniremes (Latin: remus, “oar”), mounted their oars in a single bank and were undecked or only partially decked. They were fast and graceful with high, curving stem and stern. In Homeric times some carried an embolon, a beak or ram, which became standard in succeeding…

B.F. Goodrich Company: …tire operations with those of Uniroyal to form the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company. In the following year Goodrich sold off its remaining interest in Uniroyal-Goodrich, and in 1989 the venture was bought by French tire maker Michelin, which subsequently used BFGoodrich as a trademarked brand name of a line of tires.…

B.F. Goodrich Company: …tire operations with those of Uniroyal to form the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company. In the following year Goodrich sold off its remaining interest in Uniroyal-Goodrich, and in 1989 the venture was bought by French tire maker Michelin, which subsequently used BFGoodrich as a trademarked brand name of a line of tires.…

B.F. Goodrich Company: …of Uniroyal to form the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company. In the following year Goodrich sold off its remaining interest in Uniroyal-Goodrich, and in 1989 the venture was bought by French tire maker Michelin, which subsequently used BFGoodrich as a trademarked brand name of a line of tires. Meanwhile, the BFGoodrich Company…

parthenogenesis, a reproductive strategy that involves development of a female (rarely a male) gamete (sex cell) without fertilization. It occurs commonly among lower plants and invertebrate animals (particularly rotifers, aphids, ants, wasps, and bees) and rarely among higher vertebrates. An egg

unisexuality, in biology, the condition of an organism or species capable of producing only male or female gametes (sex cells) but never both. A unisexual organism of a bisexual species is one in which the male and female gonads are found in separate individuals. In plants this condition is often

Céline Dion: Superstardom and My Heart Will Go On: …released her first English-language album, Unison, and the romantic ballad “Where Does My Heart Beat Now” became her first top-10 single in the United States. She attracted further international attention for her Grammy Award-winning duet with Peabo Bryson on “Beauty and the Beast” (1991), from the Disney animated feature of…

UNISON, British labour union, an affiliate of the Trades Union Congress, the national organization of British trade unions. UNISON was created in 1993 through the merger of several unions, including the National Union of Public Employees (formed 1905) and the Confederation of Health Service

Barbara Strozzi: …subset of the Incogniti, the Accademia degli Unisoni (“Academy of the Like-Minded,” also a pun on the musical term unison), which did count musicians as members; Barbara presided over this group, performing as a singer (likely including performances of her own compositions) and suggesting topics of discussion. She was the…

Unisys Corporation, American technology consulting company that originated as a manufacturer of computer systems. The company was formed in 1986 from the merger of the Sperry Corporation and the Burroughs Corporation. The Sperry Corporation arose out of the merger of North American Aviation

measurement system: …are the concepts of uniformity, units, and standards. Uniformity, the essence of any system of weights and measures, requires accurate, reliable standards of mass and length and agreed-on units. A unit is the name of a quantity, such as kilogram or pound. A standard is the physical embodiment of a…

World War II: The horror of war in pictures: Unit 731 of the Imperial Japanese Army carried out horrific medical experiments on thousands of prisoners of war and civilians; men and women were subjected to chemical and biological agents and vivisected to survey the results.

money market: The unit banking system: This system has led inevitably to striking differences between money market arrangements in the United States and those of other countries. At times, some smaller banks almost inevitably find that the wholesale facilities of the money market cannot provide promptly the funds…

automobile: Chassis: …this arrangement, called unit-body (or unibody) construction, the steel body shell is reinforced with braces that make it rigid enough to resist the forces that are applied to it. Separate frames or partial “stub” frames have been used for some cars to achieve better noise-isolation characteristics. The heavier-gauge steel present…

axis: …number of identical blocks, or unit cells. The intersecting edges of one of these unit cells are chosen as the crystallographic axes, and their lengths are called lattice constants. The relative lengths of these edges and the angles between them place the solid into one of the seven crystal systems.…

Sir John Sealy Townsend: …first direct measurement of the unit electrical charge (e).

Marcel Breuer: …of Walter Gropius in espousing unit construction—i.e., the combination of standardized units to form a technologically simple but functionally complex whole. In 1925, inspired by the design of bicycle handlebars, he invented the tubular metal chair; his original version is known as the Wassily chair.

accounting: Cost of goods sold: …last-in, first-out (LIFO), or (3) average cost. The LIFO method is widely used in the United States, where it is also an acceptable costing method for income tax purposes; companies in most other countries measure inventory cost and the cost of goods sold by some variant of the FIFO or…

Sir John Sealy Townsend: …first direct measurement of the unit electrical charge (e).

construction: Environmental control: …commonly used element is the unit heater, in which an electric fan blows air through a coil heated by hot water, steam, electric resistance, or gas combustion and provides a directed supply of warm air where needed. Another system involves radiant heating using electric resistance coils backed by reflectors or…

intellectual history: …on what he called “unit ideas,” such as the notion of a Great Chain of Being extending from God through the angels to humans down to the least-complicated life-forms. Lovejoy traced this idea from its classical roots through the 19th century in both philosophical and literary elaborations. Philosophical or…

logistics: Packaging: …of warehouses, railcars, and trucks, Pallet loads are also called “unit loads” and are the most common way of handling packaged freight. Goods that are not packaged are often handled in bulk. Examples are iron ore, coal, and grains that move in trainload, truckload, and shipload lots. They are loaded,…

origins of agriculture: Unit machinery: After World War II, there was an increase in the use of self-propelled machines in which the motive power and the equipment for performing a particular task formed one unit. Though the grain combine is the most important of these single-unit machines, self-propelled…

matrix: …everywhere else is called an identity, or unit, matrix. It is denoted by I or In to show that its order is n. If B is any square matrix and I and O are the unit and zero matrices of the same order, it is always true that B +…

virus: The lipoprotein envelope: …icosahedral symmetry are lipoprotein envelopes, unit membranes of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer). These viral membranes are composed of phospholipids and neutral lipids (largely cholesterol) derived from cell membranes during the process known as budding. Virtually all proteins of the cell membrane, however, are replaced by…

Henry Moore: Travel and further artistic influences: …artists who in 1933 formed Unit One in a deliberate attempt to make the indifferent English public aware of the international modern movement in art and architecture. The driving spirit behind Unit One was the painter Paul Nash, but the leading members were Barbara Hepworth and her painter husband, Ben…

chemical engineering: History: …led to the concept of unit operations. This was first enunciated by the American chemical engineer Arthur D. Little in 1915 and formed the basis for a classification of chemical engineering that dominated the subject for the next 40 years. The number of unit operations—the building blocks of a chemical…

mining: Unit operations: The largest open-pit operations can move almost one million tons of material (both ore and waste) per day. In smaller operations the rate may be only a couple of thousand tons per day. In most of these mines there are four unit operations:…

Wurlitzer Family: …later famous as the “Mighty Wurlitzer” was developed.

chemical engineering: History: …classified into certain groups, or unit processes (e.g., polymerizations, esterifications, and nitrations), having common characteristics. This classification into unit processes brought rationalization to the study of process engineering.

airport: Unit terminals: The term unit terminal is used wherever an airport passenger terminal system comprises more than one terminal. Unit terminals may be made up of a number of terminals of similar design (e.g., Dallas–Fort Worth and Kansas City in the United States), terminals of…

unit train, freight train composed of cars carrying a single type of commodity that are all bound for the same destination. By hauling only one kind of freight for one destination, a unit train does not need to switch cars at various intermediate junctions and so can make nonstop runs between two

mutual fund, company that invests the funds of its subscribers in diversified securities and in return issues units representing shares in those holdings. It differs from the investment trust (q.v.), which issues shares in its own capital. In contrast to closed-end investment companies, which have

Sayeret Matkal, elite commando unit of the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) founded in 1957 by IDF officer Avraham Arnan, who petitioned the IDF General Staff for a combat unit in enemy territory to conduct top secret intelligence-gathering missions. Since its founding, the unit has carried out numerous

Delta Force, tier-one special missions unit within the U.S. armed forces. It has also been referred to as the Combat Applications Group (CAG), Army Compartmented Elements (ACE), Task Force Green, and simply “the Unit,” as well as a host of cover names. Delta Force is primarily devoted to