UNITA, Angolan political party that was originally founded to free the nation from Portuguese colonial rule. UNITA was organized in 1966 by elements formerly associated with the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and the Popular Union of Angola, the latter led by Jonas Savimbi, who

Italy: Health and welfare: …in 1978 and based on Local Medical Units (Unità Sanitarie Locali, USL; later renamed Aziende Sanitarie Locali, ASL). In 1992–99 a radical reorganization of the national health system was carried out. Key features of the new system were the rationalization of public expenditures and the improvement of patient care services.

UNITA: …group calling itself UNITA-Renavado (UNITA-Renewal; UNITA-R) suspended him and became the self-declared leadership of the party. Yet another division occurred soon after, and from that point UNITA was split into three factions, with the government and the Southern African Development Community recognizing UNITA-R as the official representatives of UNITA. Despite…

UNOSOM: …peace-enforcement mission known as the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), to which 24 countries contributed some 37,000 troops. The task force’s mandate was to secure the environment to allow the provision of humanitarian relief. The more heavily armed military personnel of UNITAF had greater success than did UNOSOM I, managing to…

United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), United Nations organization established in 1965 to provide high-priority training and research projects to help facilitate the UN objectives of world peace and security and of economic and social progress. A Board of Trustees of up to 30

Socinian: …the 17th century as “Unitarians” or “Polish Brethren.” They accepted Jesus as God’s revelation but still a mere man, divine by office rather than by nature; Socinians thus rejected the doctrine of the Trinity. One of the Socinians’ doctrines was that the soul dies with the body but that…

Alexander Parris: …works outside Boston is the Unitarian Church at Quincy, called the Stone Temple (1828), a severe and impressive building that shelters the burial vaults of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams.

Unitarian Universalist Association, religious organization in the United States formed in May 1961 by merger of the Universalist Church of America and the American Unitarian Association. The American Unitarian Association was founded in 1825 as the result of a gradual development of Unitarianism

Unitarianism and Universalism, liberal religious movements that have merged in the United States. In previous centuries they appealed for their views to Scripture interpreted by reason, but most contemporary Unitarians and Universalists base their religious beliefs on reason as well as experience.

unitario, in early 19th-century Argentina, an advocate of strong central government. The porteños (people of the port city of Buenos Aires) were the chief advocates of centralism, which in effect meant control of the country by Buenos Aires, where the chief source of revenue, the customhouse, was

unified field theory, in particle physics, an attempt to describe all fundamental forces and the relationships between elementary particles in terms of a single theoretical framework. In physics, forces can be described by fields that mediate interactions between separate objects. In the mid-19th

General Confederation of Labour: …unions responded by forming the Unitary General Confederation of Labour (Confédération Générale du Travail Unitaire; CGTU), whose politics came to be dominated by Moscow. The CGTU rejoined the CGT in 1936 when communist parties and unions formed popular fronts with socialist organizations in joint opposition of fascism. By supporting the…

Italian Democratic Socialist Party: …July 1969 and formed the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), whose disagreement with the PSI constituted a major stumbling block to forming governments in the late 1960s. The PSU took the name of Social Democrat again in the spring of 1970. It thereafter continued to add support to the Christian Democratic…

unitary state, a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state. A brief treatment of the unitary state follows. For additional discussion, see Political system: Unitary nation-states; federation;

unitary state, a system of political organization in which most or all of the governing power resides in a centralized government, in contrast to a federal state. A brief treatment of the unitary state follows. For additional discussion, see Political system: Unitary nation-states; federation;

Bohemian Confession: Previously, the Unitas Confession (1535), introduced by Martin Luther and published by him at Wittenberg as a sign of agreement between Lutherans and Utraquists, had been presented to Emperor Ferdinand I for legal recognition, but without success.

Unitas Fratrum, (Latin: “Unity of Brethren”), Protestant religious group inspired by Hussite spiritual ideals in Bohemia in the mid-15th century. They followed a simple, humble life of nonviolence, using the Bible as their sole rule of faith. They denied transubstantiation but received the

Johnny Unitas was an American professional gridiron football player who is considered to be one of the all-time greatest National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks. Unitas excelled in football at St. Justin’s High School in Pittsburgh, but his slight stature (he weighed only 145 pounds [66 kg])

Johnny Unitas was an American professional gridiron football player who is considered to be one of the all-time greatest National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks. Unitas excelled in football at St. Justin’s High School in Pittsburgh, but his slight stature (he weighed only 145 pounds [66 kg])

Unite, largest labour union in Great Britain. It was formed in May 2007 as a result of the merger of two major British unions—Amicus and the Transport and General Workers’ Union. At the time of its creation, Unite brought together hundreds of thousands of workers from Great Britain and Ireland,

Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), North American trade union formed in 1995 by the merger of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (q.v.) and the Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers Union (q.v.). The union represents apparel workers in the United

coin: Gold coinage: …most important being the “unite,” or sovereign (20 shillings), so called from its legend (Faciam eos in gentem unam [“I will make them into one race”]) alluding to the union of the crowns of Scotland and England. Charles I made no changes in the coinage until the Civil War…

Unité d’Habitation, 18-story residential block in Marseille, France, that expressed Le Corbusier’s ideal of urban family lodging. Completed in 1952, it is a vertical mixed-use community, with a shopping floor halfway up and other communal facilities on the roof. Two-story living rooms make for

Burundi: Burundi under colonial rule: …in 1955, three years later Unity for National Progress (Unité pour le Progrès National; UPRONA) was established in Burundi. In 1959 the mwami was made a constitutional monarch in Burundi.

Organization of African Trade Union Unity (OATUU), labour organization founded in 1973 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on the initiative of the Organization of African Unity and replacing the former All-African Trade Union Federation (AATUF; founded in 1961) and the African Trade Union Confederation

Charlottesville: The so-called “Unite the Right” rally turned deadly when one of the participants drove his car into a crowd of counterprotesters, killing one and injuring several others. In 2021 more than a dozen of the rally’s organizers were found liable for the injuries.

Zimbabwe: Rhodesia and the UDI: …a third nationalist movement, the United African National Council (UANC), led by the Methodist bishop Abel Muzorewa. Unlike ZAPU and ZANU—both banned and operating only from exile in Zambia and Mozambique, respectively—UANC was able to organize inside Rhodesia and held talks with the government during the 1970s. During the early…

United Technologies Corporation (UTC), American multi-industry company with significant business concentrations in aerospace products and services, including jet engines. Formed in 1934 as United Aircraft Corporation, it adopted its present name in 1975. Headquarters are in Hartford, Connecticut.

United Technologies Corporation (UTC), American multi-industry company with significant business concentrations in aerospace products and services, including jet engines. Formed in 1934 as United Aircraft Corporation, it adopted its present name in 1975. Headquarters are in Hartford, Connecticut.

United Airlines, American international airline serving North America, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Europe. Headquarters for the air carrier’s parent company, United Continental Holdings, are in Chicago. United Airlines dates to 1929, when William E. Boeing (1881–1956), Frederick B.

United Airlines Flight 232, flight scheduled to fly from Stapleton International Airport in Denver to O’Hare International Airport in Chicago on July 19, 1989, that crash-landed at Sioux Gateway Airport in Sioux City, Iowa, after the failure of its tail engine caused the loss of all hydraulic

Terminal 1 at O’Hare International Airport, airport terminal at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago that was designed by Helmut Jahn and completed in 1987. An airport terminal is subject to perhaps more change and fluctuation than any other commercial structure: it needs to be highly flexible

cricket: The early years: …cricketing) seceded to form the United All-England XI, these two teams monopolized the best cricket talent until the rise of county cricket. They supplied the players for the first English touring team overseas in 1859.

Russian-American Company, Russian trading monopoly that established colonies in North America (primarily in California and Alaska) during the 19th century. The Northeastern Company, headed by the merchants Grigory I. Shelikov and Ivan I. Golikov, was organized in 1781 to establish colonies on the

United Arab Emirates, federation of seven emirates along the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Dhabi, its largest emirate, is known for its oil wealth, and the emirate of Dubai serves as an international hub for business, finance, and travel. The country’s immense wealth (the sovereign

Abu Dhabi: …within the emirate, among them United Arab Emirates University (1976) and Abu Dhabi University (2003), as well as a branch of the Sorbonne (2006), which offers French-language courses designed to conform to the academic standards of the Sorbonne in Paris. Area 28,210 square miles (73,060 square km). Pop. (2015 est.)…

United Arab Emirates: Finance of the United Arab Emirates: The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates was established in 1980, with Dubai and Abu Dhabi each depositing half of their revenues in the institution. The bank also issues the UAE dirham, the emirates’ national currency. There are commercial, investment, development, foreign, and domestic banks…

national flag consisting of horizontal stripes of green, white, and black and a vertical red stripe at the hoist. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 1 to 2.Great Britain compelled many of the small Arab states on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf to sign the so-called “General Treaty” of

history of the United Arab Emirates, a survey of notable events and people in the history of the United Arab Emirates beginning with the rise of the emirates’ ruling families in the 18th and 19th centuries. For much of the history of the largely desert area, fishing and pearling along the coast

United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), political union of Egypt and Syria proclaimed on February 1, 1958, and ratified in nationwide plebiscites later that month. It ended on September 28, 1961, when Syria, following a military coup, declared itself independent of Egypt. Years of political turmoil in

United Artists Corporation, major investor in and distributor of independently produced motion pictures in the United States. The corporation was formed in 1919 by Charlie Chaplin, the comedy star; Mary Pickford and her husband, Douglas Fairbanks, the popular film stars; and D.W. Griffith, the

United Australia Party, (UAP; 1931–44), political party formed by a fusion of Nationalist Party and conservative erstwhile Australian Labor Party members, which alone or in coalition with the Country Party controlled the Australian commonwealth government for 10 years. Brought to power in the

United Automobile Workers (UAW), North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The creation of the United Automobile Workers resulted from attempts made by the

United Automobile Workers (UAW), North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The creation of the United Automobile Workers resulted from attempts made by the

United Automobile Workers (UAW), North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The creation of the United Automobile Workers resulted from attempts made by the

United Automobile Workers (UAW), North American industrial union of automotive and other vehicular workers, headquartered in Detroit, Mich., and representing workers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The creation of the United Automobile Workers resulted from attempts made by the

The Bahamas: Independence of the The Bahamas: …party of their own, the United Bahamian Party (UBP), controlled by British-descended politicians. As the political battle progressed, the PLP raised the cry for majority rule. The climax came after the general elections of 1967, when the PLP, under the leadership of Lynden Pindling, was able to form a government…

Baptist Federation of Canada: …1960s it was renamed the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces.

Baptist Federation of Canada: …1960s it was renamed the United Baptist Convention of the Atlantic Provinces.

Jean-François Vonck: …new but short-lived government, the United Belgian States. Van der Noot then exploited clerical opposition to Vonck’s democratic views to force him into exile in March 1790. After the Austrians regained power in the southern Netherlands in December 1790, Vonck organized a legion to assist in the expected French liberation,…

John Swan: …as the head of the United Bermuda Party, he became Bermuda’s premier. Few political leaders around the world could have enjoyed a better inheritance: prosperity, low taxes, and little crime. Although at that time Bermuda was still a colony of the United Kingdom (its status changed to that of overseas…

Christianity: Scripture translations: Bible societies, including the United Bible Societies (1946), have coordinated and aided the translation work of missionaries in this task for almost 200 years. Wycliffe Bible Translators (1936) concentrated its work among the language groups having the smallest numbers of speakers. From 1968, Roman Catholics and the United Bible…

archery: History: …American archery organization was the United Bowmen of Philadelphia, founded in 1828. In the early days the sport was, as in England, a popular upper- and middle-class recreation. In the 1870s many archery clubs sprang up, and in 1879 eight of them formed the National Archery Association of the United…

Chiquita, corporation that traces its origins to the United Fruit Company, which was founded in 1899 to produce bananas. Chiquita has many subsidiaries around the world that market and distribute fruits, vegetables, and other produce. The Boston Fruit Company and other companies that were producing

John Sweeney: …March 2001 when the 500,000-member United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners (UBC), led by its president, Douglas J. McCarron, pulled out of the AFL-CIO. Sweeney won an uncontested reelection during the AFL-CIO convention in July 2005, but in the same week the federation lost three of its biggest unions when…

Jerry Reinsdorf: …1994 Reinsdorf unveiled the new United Center to replace Chicago Stadium—another iconic Chicago sports arena—for the Bulls. Later that year, when players of Major League Baseball went on strike, Reinsdorf came under fire as one of the most powerful representatives of baseball’s 28-team ownership bloc, who precipitated the strike with…

Disciples of Christ: Disciples in the 20th century: …in 1920 to form the United Christian Missionary Society. Ten years later most state and national agencies entered Unified Promotion, a cooperative program of fund raising, with voluntarily accepted restraints on independent campaigns, and with distribution on the basis of agreed allocations. Thus they gradually evolved, in effect, one general…

United Church of Canada, church established June 10, 1925, in Toronto, Ont., by the union of the Congregational, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches of Canada. The three churches were each the result of mergers that had taken place within each denomination in Canada in the 19th and early 20th

United Church of Christ, Protestant denomination in the United States, formed by the union of the Evangelical and Reformed Church and the General Council of Congregational Christian Churches. Each was itself the result of a former union. Negotiations toward union of the two bodies were begun in

New England Confederation, in British American colonial history, a federation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven, and Plymouth established in May 1643 by delegates from those four Puritan colonies. Several factors influenced the formation of this alliance, including the solution of trade,

surgery: History: The organization of the United Company of Barber Surgeons of London in 1540 marked the beginning of some control of the qualifications of those who performed operations. This guild was the precursor of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

East India Company, English company formed for the exploitation of trade with East and Southeast Asia and India, incorporated by royal charter on December 31, 1600. Starting as a monopolistic trading body, the company became involved in politics and acted as an agent of British imperialism in India

Lost Cause: …UDC and men through the United Confederate Veterans (UCV) association, which by 1904 claimed 1,565 active local camps, at least one camp in 75 percent of all counties in the 11 former Confederate states—advocated a story not about “loss” at all. Their tales increasingly became a victory narrative about the…

Taino: In 1998 the United Confederation of Taino People, which characterizes itself as an “Inter-Tribal authority,” was created as an umbrella organization for the affirmation and restoration of Taino culture, language, and religion. Whereas the Taino are not officially recognized as a group by any governments, those who consider…

United Airlines: …the air carrier’s parent company, United Continental Holdings, are in Chicago.

United Evangelical Lutheran Church, church organized in 1896 in Minneapolis, Minn., as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the North Church) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America

United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), American women’s patriotic society, founded in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 10, 1894, that draws its members from descendants of those who served in the Confederacy’s armed forces or government or who gave to either their loyal and substantial

South Africa: The unraveling of apartheid: …500 community groups formed the United Democratic Front, which became closely identified with the exiled ANC. Strikes, boycotts, and attacks on Black police and urban councillors began escalating, and a state of emergency was declared in many parts of the country in 1985; a year later the government promulgated a…

Malawi: Political process: …parties have emerged, with the United Democratic Front (UDF) quickly becoming one of the most prominent.

South Africa: Political process: …IFP member in 2011; the United Democratic Movement, formed in 1997 by former officials of the ANC and the National Party; the Freedom Front Plus, a right-wing white party originally founded in 1994 as the Freedom Front that was joined by the Conservative Party of South Africa and Afrikaner Eenheid…

Democratic Party of Korea (DP), centrist-liberal political party in South Korea. The party supports greater human rights, improved relations with North Korea, and an economic policy described as “new progressivism.” The party was founded by Kim Dae-Jung in 1995 as the National Congress for New

Belize: Independence of Belize: In domestic politics the United Democratic Party (UDP), formed in 1973 and led by Manuel Esquivel, won the general election in 1984, but in 1989 the PUP won the election and Price again became prime minister (as the office was now called). The UDP won in a close election…

United Development Party, moderate Islamist political party in Indonesia. The PPP was formed in 1973 through the merger of four Islamic groups—the Council of Scholars (Nahdlatul Ulama), the Indonesian Islamic Party (Partai Muslimin Indonesia), the United Islamic Party of Indonesia (Partai Syarikat

Dutch East India Company, trading company founded in the Dutch Republic (present-day Netherlands) in 1602 to protect that state’s trade in the Indian Ocean and to assist in the Dutch war of independence from Spain. The company prospered through most of the 17th century as the instrument of the

Canada: The influence of the American Revolution: The refugees, known as United Empire Loyalists, were the object of considerable concern to the British government, which sought to compensate them for their losses and to assist them in establishing new homes. Some went to the United Kingdom, others to the British West Indies, but the majority immigrated…

Yulia Tymoshenko: …1995 Tymoshenko became president of United Energy Systems of Ukraine (UESU). The company imported gas from Russia, which could then be reexported to the West or sold internally. In return, UESU exported metals, pipes, and other goods to Russia. The business earned her the epithet of “the gas princess.” She…

United Evangelical Lutheran Church, church organized in 1896 in Minneapolis, Minn., as the United Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in America by merger of the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America (the North Church) and the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church Association in America

United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany, union of 10 Lutheran territorial churches in Germany, organized in 1948 at Eisenach, E.Ger. The territorial churches were those of Bavaria, Brunswick, Hamburg, Hanover, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schleswig-Holstein, and Thüringia. The

Mikhail Prokhorov: In 1993 the partners formed United Export Import Bank (UNEXIM), with Prokhorov as chairman and Potanin as president. In 1995 Potanin used his ministerial connections to create an arrangement whereby Russian banks would make loans to the struggling Russian government, which would put up its mining, oil, and telecommunications holdings…

BIOS: …century, BIOS was supplanted by United Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), which can handle much larger drives and operate faster than BIOS.

United Farm Workers (UFW), U.S. labour union founded in 1962 as the National Farm Workers Association by the labour leaders and activists Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It seeks to empower migrant farmworkers and to improve their wages and working conditions. The union also works to promote

United Farm Workers (UFW), U.S. labour union founded in 1962 as the National Farm Workers Association by the labour leaders and activists Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. It seeks to empower migrant farmworkers and to improve their wages and working conditions. The union also works to promote

Canada: Turmoil at home: …farmer-labour alliance led by the United Farmers of Ontario. United Farmers governments were elected shortly afterward in Alberta (1921) and Manitoba (1922). In federal politics in 1921 the agrarian-based Progressive Party became the second largest party in the House of Commons. The agrarian revolt was marked by demands for farm…

Canada: Turmoil at home: …farmer-labour alliance led by the United Farmers of Ontario. United Farmers governments were elected shortly afterward in Alberta (1921) and Manitoba (1922). In federal politics in 1921 the agrarian-based Progressive Party became the second largest party in the House of Commons. The agrarian revolt was marked by demands for farm…

United Press International: …and it developed the subsidiary United Features syndicate to sell special features. It also established UP Movietone News to supply news film to television stations.

Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), a small group of multiracial militant revolutionaries based in California during the 1970s that owes nearly all its notoriety to the kidnapping and subsequent indoctrination of Patty Hearst, the newspaper heiress. Founded in the Berkeley, California-area in 1973 by

John Sweeney: …Teamsters, the SEIU, and the United Food and Commercial Workers announced their withdrawal from the AFL-CIO. In 2009 he stepped down as AFL-CIO president; he was succeeded by Richard Trumka. Two years later Sweeney was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

United Free Church of Scotland, Presbyterian church formed in 1900 as the result of the union between the Free Church of Scotland and the United Presbyterian Church (qq.v.). A series of unanimous decisions brought the United Presbyterian Church into the union. In the Free Church, however, a small

United Front: United Front, in modern Chinese history, either of two coalitions between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT]).

Indian National Congress: The party since 1991: The United Front (UF) government—a coalition of 13 parties—came to power in 1996 as a minority government with the support of the Congress Party. However, as the largest single party in opposition in Parliament after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP; Indian People’s Party), the Congress Party…

United Front, in modern Chinese history, either of two coalitions between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT]). The first United Front was begun in 1924. In return for Soviet military and organizational aid, Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan), the leader of the

Ian Smith: In 1992 Smith led the United Front, a coalition of his party (now known as the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe) and Black parties opposed to Mugabe’s policies. His involvement in the coalition was short-lived, however, and by the end of the decade he had largely retired from active national politics.…

Cambodia: The 1990s: …Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (Funcinpec), a royalist political faction sponsored by Prince Sihanouk, who had returned home in 1992 after 12 years of residence in China and North Korea. The incumbent Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) and the former prime minister, Hun Sen, refused to accept the results of the…

Thailand: Yellow shirts and red shirts: …a populist movement called the United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD). The UDD organized protests against this latest change of government, which in April forced the cancellation of an Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) summit meeting outside Bangkok. Security forces were able to disperse the protesters, but antigovernment…

United Fruit Company, American corporation founded in 1899 to grow and market bananas. In 1970 it became part of the United Brands Company, which was renamed Chiquita Brands International in

J.B. Danquah: …1947 he cofounded the moderate United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), a party that comprised mainly the elite of Gold Coast society and demanded constitutional reforms and eventual self-government. Danquah led the UGCC in inviting Nkrumah to be secretary-general of the nascent party but, along with the rest of the party’s…

Austria: Political process: …GA; founded 1986) and the United Greens of Austria (Vereinte Grüne Österreichs; VGÖ; founded 1982), have come to be known collectively as the Greens. The Greens first won seats in the Austrian parliament in 1986.

Suriname: Political movements: …Reform Party (later called the Progressive Reform Party [Vooruitstrvende Hervormde Partij; VHP]) and the Indonesian Peasants’ Party (now the Party of National Unity and Solidarity [Kerukunan Tulodo Pranatan Inggil; KTPI]). Universal suffrage was instituted in 1948.

United House of Prayer for All People, Pentecostal Holiness church in the United States. It was founded by Bishop Charles Emmanuel Grace (1881/84?–1960), an immigrant from Cape Verde whose birth name was Marcelino Manuel da Graca. After leaving a job as a cook on a Southern railway, he began to

CBS Corporation, major American mass-media company that operates the CBS national television network and that includes the Simon & Schuster publishing groups and the Showtime cable network, among other holdings. The company was incorporated in 1927 as United Independent Broadcasters, Inc. Its name