Theodore Hesburgh: …Education, the Rockefeller Foundation, the United Negro College Fund, the U.S. Overseas Development Council, the U.S. Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics, and the Harvard University Board of Overseers. He received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of…

Dutch Republic, (1588–1795), state whose area comprised approximately that of the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and which achieved a position of world power in the 17th century. The republic consisted of the seven northern Netherlands provinces that won independence from Spain from 1568 to

Democratic Party of Korea (DP), centrist-liberal political party in South Korea. The party supports greater human rights, improved relations with North Korea, and an economic policy described as “new progressivism.” The party was founded by Kim Dae-Jung in 1995 as the National Congress for New

Nile River: Physiography of Nile River: …which is sometimes called the United Nile, two parts can be distinguished. The first part, which stretches from Khartoum to Lake Nasser, is about 830 miles in length; there the river flows through a desert region where rainfall is negligible, although some irrigation takes place along its banks. The second…

Russia: The State Duma: …pressure group known as the United Nobility, which had numerous members in the State Council and close personal links with the imperial court. Stolypin increasingly found that his reform measures, passed by the Duma, were being blocked in the State Council.

Juan Perón: Early life and career: …of colonel, and joined the United Officers Group (Grupo de Oficiales Unidos; GOU), a secret military lodge that engineered the 1943 coup that overthrew the ineffective civilian government of Argentina. The military regimes of the following three years came increasingly under the influence of Perón, who had shrewdly requested for…

Leon Trotsky: The struggle for the succession: …and a half this “United Opposition” grasped at every opportunity to put its criticisms before the party membership, despite the increasingly severe curbs being placed on such discussion. Again they stressed the themes of party democracy and economic planning, condemned the leadership’s concessions to bourgeois elements, and denounced Stalin’s…

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: History: …established, Smith instituted a communalistic United Order of Enoch. But strife with non-Mormons in the area led to killings and the burning of Mormon property. Tensions between church members and local slave-owning Missourians, who viewed the Mormons as religious fanatics and possible abolitionists, escalated to armed skirmishes that forced 15,000…

Ralph Helstein: …who was president of the United Packinghouse Workers of America (UPWA) from 1946 to 1968.

Television in the United States: The 1990s: the loss of shared experience: , and UPN (the United Paramount Network), premiered by Paramount.

American Broadcasting Company: Focus on television: …success until it merged with United Paramount Theatres (UPT), formerly the movie-exhibition arm of Paramount Pictures. The $25 million sale of ABC to UPT, which was headed by Leonard Goldenson, was announced in 1951 but was not approved by the FCC until 1953. (In 1955 ABC also entered the recording…

United Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS) is an American package and document delivery company operating worldwide. Its dark brown trucks have become a familiar sight on the streets of many cities. The UPS corporate headquarters is in Sandy Springs, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta. UPS traces its history to

United Parks & Resorts, Inc. (formerly SeaWorld Entertainment, Inc.) is an American company that manages several commercial theme parks operating under its marine life–focused SeaWorld and Discovery Cove brands, Busch Gardens theme parks featuring thrill rides and exotic animals, and Sesame Place,

United Party (UP), one of the leading political parties of South Africa from its inception in 1934 until dissolution in 1977. It was the governing party from 1934 to 1948 and thereafter the official opposition party in Parliament. The United Party was a product of the political crisis brought about

John Ballance: …Zealand (1891–93) who unified the Liberal Party, which held power for 20 years; he also played a major role in the enactment of social welfare legislation.

Zambia: Zambia in the 21st century: …competitor, Hakainde Hichilema of the United Party for National Development (UPND). Lungu was sworn in as president on January 25.

United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI), Protestant denomination, the largest Jesus Only Pentecostal group. As of 2024 it comprised some 45,000 churches worldwide. Its headquarters are located in Weldon Spring, Missouri. The United Pentecostal Church International (UPCI) was organized in St.

Sri Lanka: End of the war: …coalition of parties called the United People’s Freedom Alliance (UPFA), which had gained a plurality of legislators in parliamentary elections the previous year. The conflict between the Tamil rebels and the government raged on, and in 2006 the LTTE was declared a terrorist organization by the European Union. In January…

United Presbyterian Church, denomination that flourished in Scotland from 1847 to 1900. It was formed through the union of the United Secession Church and the Relief Church, which had developed from groups that left the Church of Scotland in the 18th century. The United Presbyterian Church, the

Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), U.S. Protestant denomination formed on June 10, 1983, in the merger of the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (headquartered in New York City) and the Presbyterian Church in the United States (headquartered in Atlanta). The merger ended a North-South split among

United Press International: …upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with the International News Service (INS). UPI and its precursor agencies pioneered in some key areas of news coverage, including the wired transmission of news photographs in 1925.

United Press International (UPI), American-based news agency, one of the largest proprietary wire services in the world. It was created in 1958 upon the merger of the United Press (UP; 1907) with the International News Service (INS). UPI and its precursor agencies pioneered in some key areas of

United Progressive Alliance (UPA), alliance of political parties in India whose largest and predominant constituent is the Indian National Congress (Congress Party). From 2004 to 2014 it was the core of the ruling coalition under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The centre-left alliance was formed

Dutch Republic, (1588–1795), state whose area comprised approximately that of the present Kingdom of the Netherlands and which achieved a position of world power in the 17th century. The republic consisted of the seven northern Netherlands provinces that won independence from Spain from 1568 to

Uttar Pradesh: The British period: …name was changed to the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (later shortened to the United Provinces).

United Provinces of Central America, (1823–40), union of what are now the states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Since the 1520s these regions, along with the Mexican state of Chiapas, had composed the captaincy general of Guatemala, part of the viceroyalty of New

United Provinces of Central America, (1823–40), union of what are now the states of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Since the 1520s these regions, along with the Mexican state of Chiapas, had composed the captaincy general of Guatemala, part of the viceroyalty of New

Buenos Aires: The independent capital: …was named capital of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. The more distant provinces of the former viceroyalty—Bolivia, Uruguay, and Paraguay—refused to become part of a new country dominated by the port city, however. For nearly 30 years the provinces were held together by federalism, which meant…

Japanese Red Army, militant Japanese organization that was formed in 1969 in the merger of two far-left factions. Beginning in 1970, the Red Army undertook several major terrorist operations, including the hijacking of several Japan Air Lines airplanes, a massacre at Tel Aviv’s Lod Airport (1972),

Russia: Political and economic reforms: …the list of the pro-Putin United Russia party in parliamentary elections. In December 2007 United Russia won more than three-fifths of the vote and 315 of the Duma’s 450 seats. Less than two weeks later, Putin anointed First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev as his successor as president for the…

United Presbyterian Church: …through the union of the United Secession Church and the Relief Church, which had developed from groups that left the Church of Scotland in the 18th century. The United Presbyterian Church, the Church of Scotland, and the Free Church of Scotland each claimed to represent the soundest traditions of Scottish…

Colombia: The growth of drug trafficking and guerrilla warfare: …a national organization called the United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia), who emblazoned their group’s initials (AUC) across their battle fatigues but typically wore ski masks to conceal their identities.

United Service Organizations, Inc. (USO), private, nonprofit social-service agency first chartered on February 4, 1941, to provide social, welfare, and recreational services for members of the U.S. armed forces and their families. First proposed by Gen. George C. Marshall in 1940 to enhance the

United Service Organizations, Inc. (USO), private, nonprofit social-service agency first chartered on February 4, 1941, to provide social, welfare, and recreational services for members of the U.S. armed forces and their families. First proposed by Gen. George C. Marshall in 1940 to enhance the

Eileen Collins: …joined the board of the United Services Automobile Association.

flag of Seychelles: …under the leadership of the Seychelles People’s United Party (SPUP). The new flag had red-over-green horizontal stripes separated by a wavy white band, which was the same as the SPUP flag except for the omission of a yellow sun in the centre.

Russia: The Russian Empire: …group of Decembrists, however, the Society of United Slavs, believed in a federation of free Slav peoples, including some of those living under Austrian and Turkish rule. In 1845 this idea was put forward in a different form in the Brotherhood of SS. Cyril and Methodius, in Kiev. This group,…

Juan Guaidó: Acting presidency and attempts to displace Maduro: As a result, Maduro’s United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela; PSUV) took nearly 68 percent of the vote, whereas the opposition parties that chose to participate took less than 18 percent. International organizations and observers were quick to label the elections a sham.

Shaker, member of the United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing, a celibate millenarian group that established communal settlements in the United States in the 18th century. Based on the revelations of Ann Lee and her vision of the heavenly kingdom to come, Shaker teaching emphasized

International Society of Christian Endeavor, interdenominational organization for Protestant youth in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It was founded in 1881 by Francis Edward Clark, who served as president until 1927. Members of the society pledged to try to make some useful contribution to

United Party (UP), one of the leading political parties of South Africa from its inception in 1934 until dissolution in 1977. It was the governing party from 1934 to 1948 and thereafter the official opposition party in Parliament. The United Party was a product of the political crisis brought about

William Lowndes Yancey: …in the creation of the League of United Southerners. He delivered hundreds of speeches, trying to draw Southerners of all parties and persuasions into a movement backing his uncompromising proslavery states’ rights position.

United States, country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states that occupy the middle latitudes of the continent, the United States includes the state of Alaska, at the northwestern extreme of North America, and the island state of Hawaii, in the

William Francis Gibbs: In 1952 the “United States” was launched. Built for speed, safety, and quick conversion to troop transport in case of war, the vessel incorporated many of Gibbs’s most advanced design concepts and set new speed records in transatlantic passenger service.

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), lead U.S. government agency working in more than 100 countries to promote global economic prosperity, advance food security, strengthen democracy, protect human rights, improve public health, and provide humanitarian assistance. The agency was

United States Air Force (USAF), one of the major components of the United States armed forces, with primary responsibility for air warfare, air defense, and the development of military space research. The Air Force also provides air services in coordination with the other military branches. U.S.

United States Air Force Academy, institution of higher education for the training of commissioned officers for the U.S. Air Force. It was created by act of Congress on April 1, 1954, formally opened on July 11, 1955, at temporary quarters at Lowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colo., and transferred to a

Washington, D.C.: Virginia of Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Air Force Memorial, dedicated in 2006, rises above the cemetery, with three skyward-reaching, stainless-steel curved spires reminiscent of the Air Force Thunderbird Jet contrails. The Pentagon, also located near the cemetery, was constructed during World War II to consolidate the military branches and to…

United States Amateur Championship, golf tournament conducted annually in the United States from 1895 for male amateur golfers with handicaps of three or less. The field of 150 golfers is determined by 36-hole sectional qualifying rounds. The championship is conducted by the United States Golf

National Science Foundation: …it funds and manages the U.S. Antarctic Program, established by the NSF in 1959, which conducts research in several sciences. The NSF is the executive agency for the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., a consortium of more than 40 universities that conducts research in astronomy at Kitt…

George C. Marshall: Service in World Wars I and II: Marshall raised and equipped the largest ground and air force in the history of the United States, a feat that earned him the appellation of “the organizer of victory” from the wartime British prime minister, Winston Churchill. As a representative of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff at the international…

United States Army, major branch of the United States armed forces charged with the preservation of peace and security and the defense of the country. The army furnishes most of the ground forces in the U.S. military organization. In the early months of the American Revolution, the first regular

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC) is a DRU that oversees the conceptualization, development, and acquisition of military systems. The United States Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) maintains services and facilities for army personnel and their families.

Henry Harley Arnold: …as assistant chief of the Army Air Corps. When his superior, General Oscar Westover, was killed in a plane crash in 1938, Arnold succeeded him as chief. Anticipating the coming global conflict, Arnold strongly pressed for increased Air Corps appropriations and aid to the Allies, despite the hostility of isolationists…

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, combatant arm and a technical service of the United States Army. Alone among the armed services it engages in extensive civil as well as military activities. The army’s first engineer officers were appointed by George Washington in 1775, and in 1802 the Corps of

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC) is responsible for all criminal investigations that are conducted by the army, including those overseas. It operates a criminal intelligence element. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a DRU responsible for both military engineering projects…

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) is an ACOM that supervises Active Army and Army Reserve troops in the continental United States. Headquartered at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the command oversees the bulk of the army’s operational force. FORSCOM is also in charge of the…

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) maintains services and facilities for army personnel and their families.

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) performs intelligence and security functions above the corps level. The Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC) is an ASCC that controls the movement of freight, personal property, and passengers for the Department of Defense. Another duty…

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Materiel Command (AMC) is an ACOM in charge of the equipment used by the army. Its responsibilities include development, procurement, storage, delivery, and maintenance.

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) is a DRU that provides health services for army personnel and supervises medical training and education. The United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) performs intelligence and security functions above the corps level. The Military Surface Deployment and…

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW), which supports the activities of the army and of the Department of Defense, is the DRU primarily responsible for protecting the nation’s capital. Other duties include arranging state funerals and supervising military participation in ceremonies for foreign…

Augusta: Army Signal Center and several Signal Corps schools, is located southwest of downtown; and the Savannah River Site, a federal nuclear-weapons facility, is about 15 miles (24 km) southeast in South Carolina. In 1995 voters approved a referendum consolidating the Augusta city and Richmond county governments. Inc. town, 1789; city,…

Green Berets, elite armed force and unit of the U.S. Army specializing in counterinsurgency. The Green Berets (whose berets can be colours other than green) came into being in 1952. They were active in the Vietnam War, and they have been sent to U.S.-supported governments around the world to help

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) is a DRU responsible for testing and evaluation of military systems. The United States Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC) is a DRU that oversees the conceptualization, development, and acquisition of military systems. The United States Army Installation…

map: The rise of national surveys: …Service (Air Force), and the U.S. Army Topographic command.

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) is an ACOM that directs combat training programs for forces of both the Active Army and the Army Reserve. It is headquartered at Fort Eustis, Virginia. The United States Army Materiel Command (AMC) is an ACOM in…

war college: U.S. Army War College: The AWC, established at Washington Barracks (now Fort Lesley J. McNair) in Washington, D.C., in 1901, traces its roots to the aftermath of the Spanish-American War. Although the United States easily defeated the Spanish in that conflict, the war revealed weaknesses…

Indianapolis 500: …under the aegis of the United States Auto Club (USAC). A rival open-wheel racing series known as Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed in 1979. By the mid-1990s CART had successfully replaced USAC as the leading power in IndyCar racing. In 1996 speedway owner Tony George formed the Indy…

Nancy Lieberman: …the Springfield Fame in the United States Basketball League (USBL). In 1988 Lieberman was chosen by the Washington Generals to play against the Harlem Globetrotters, making her the first woman to participate in a Globetrotters world tour. Approaching the age of 40 but still a talented player, she joined the…

library: Interlibrary lending: …was soon followed by the United States Book Exchange; both distributed lists of wants and offers to their member libraries.

Guatemala: Guatemala in the 21st century: …percent) of detentions by the Border Patrol on the U.S.-Mexico border than any other nationality.

Fort Knox: For maximum security, the U.S. Bullion Depository, a solid square bombproof structure with mechanical protective devices, was built there in 1936 to hold the bulk of the nation’s gold reserves. During World War II the gold vault was used as a repository for the original copy of the U.S.…

John Eaton, Jr.: Bureau of Education. Under his administration, the bureau grew from an insignificant office in the Department of the Interior to a well-staffed, highly influential repository of educational information drawn from all over the globe. When Eaton resigned in 1886 owing to poor health, the U.S.…

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), principal investigative agency of the federal government of the United States. The bureau is responsible for conducting investigations in cases where federal laws may have been violated, unless another agency of the federal government has been specifically

January 6 U.S. Capitol attack, storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, by a mob of supporters of Republican Pres. Donald J. Trump. The attack disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to certify the results of the presidential election of 2020, which Trump had lost to his

John England: He founded the United States Catholic Miscellany, the first Roman Catholic newspaper in the United States, which continued publication until 1861. He began two schools: the Philosophical and Classical Seminary for boys and an academy, conducted by the Ursulines, for girls. For the care of the sick and…

United States Children’s Bureau, U.S. federal agency established in 1912 to oversee and maintain national standards of child welfare. As early as 1900, reformers such as Lillian Wald and Florence Kelley began calling for a federal agency to help the many American children dying in infancy from

United States Court of Federal Claims, court established by act of Congress of October 1, 1982, to handle cases in which the United States or any of its branches, departments, or agencies is a defendant. The court has jurisdiction over money claims against the United States based on the U.S.

Benjamin Peirce: …a long association with the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Starting as director of longitude determinations, he eventually became superintendent of the survey (1867–74) and oversaw the production of the first geodetic map of the country independent of local surveys. Peirce also served, in 1863, as one of the 50…

United States Coast Guard (USCG), branch of the U.S. armed forces that is charged with the enforcement of maritime laws. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security. In time of war, it functions as part of the U.S. Navy and is under the direction of the president. The USCG

United States Coast Guard Academy, institution of higher learning for the training of commissioned officers for the U.S. Coast Guard, founded by act of Congress in 1876. The academy since 1932 has occupied a 90-acre (36-hectare) site 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of New London, Conn., overlooking the

Spencer Fullerton Baird: …Congress established in 1871 the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, which he headed at the request of President Ulysses S. Grant. The commission made many studies on the distribution and behaviour of fishes, and its hatcheries increased the availability of fish for commercial use, introducing foreign species into the…

Mary Frances Berry: …was a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, serving as chairwoman from 1993 to 2004. She was also an outspoken advocate of the Equal Rights Amendment.

George Creel: …was appointed head of the U.S. Committee on Public Information, the government’s propaganda and publicity agency, by Pres. Woodrow Wilson. For the next two years he used modern public-relations techniques to promote the war effort, at home and abroad, and rallied popular support for the war effort with the “Four-Minute…

U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), unified body of Catholic bishops, representing both Roman Catholic and Eastern rite churches, who serve the dioceses of the United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was formed in 2001 with the consolidation of the National Conference of Catholic

Congress of the United States, the legislature of the United States of America, established under the Constitution of 1789 and separated structurally from the executive and judicial branches of government. It consists of two houses: the Senate, in which each state, regardless of its size, is

United States Court of Appeals, any of 13 intermediate appellate courts within the United States federal judicial system, including 12 courts whose jurisdictions are geographically apportioned and the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, whose jurisdiction is subject-oriented and

United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, court created by the Congress of the United States in 1950 as the highest court for military personnel. It hears appeals of cases originally adjudicated in military tribunals, which are presided over by commissioned officers or military judges.

United States Court of Appeals: The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, created by an act of Congress in 1982, hears appeals from U.S. district and territorial courts primarily in patent and trademark cases, though it also hears appeals in cases in which the United States or its agencies is…

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Provisions: …in December 2019 by the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which found the individual mandate to be unconstitutional but remanded the case for further consideration of the severability question. In March 2020 the Supreme Court granted two petitions for review of the Fifth Circuit’s decision, which it consolidated…

United States Court of Federal Claims, court established by act of Congress of October 1, 1982, to handle cases in which the United States or any of its branches, departments, or agencies is a defendant. The court has jurisdiction over money claims against the United States based on the U.S.

Chester A. Arthur: Early life and career: The New York customhouse, which brought in the bulk of the nation’s tariff revenue, had long been conspicuous for flagrant use of the spoils system, by which Conkling’s political supporters were rewarded with government jobs. Although Arthur collected the customs duties with integrity, he continued the practice of…

measurement system: The United States Customary System: In his first message to Congress in 1790, George Washington drew attention to the need for “uniformity in currency, weights and measures.” Currency was settled in a decimal form, but the vast inertia of the English weights and measures system permeating industry and…

Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), U.S. federal department that was formerly called the United States Digital Service (USDS). On January 20, 2025, U.S. Pres. Donald Trump issued an executive order that reorganized the USDS and changed its name to the United States DOGE Service; DOGE stands

United States District Court, in the United States, any of the basic trial-level courts of the federal judicial system. The courts, which exercise both criminal and civil jurisdiction, are based in 94 judicial districts throughout the United States. Each state has at least one judicial district, as

Patrick Fitzgerald: Department of Justice (Southern District of New York) as an assistant U.S. attorney in New York City. In that job, he pursued cases against drug dealers, Mafia leaders, and terrorists—including the indictment of Osama bin Laden in 1998 for the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania.…

Every four years on the first Tuesday following the first Monday of November, voters head to the polls to elect the president of the United States. The votes of the public determine electors, who formally choose the president through the electoral college. The number of electors a state receives is

Edward Durell Stone: …of a resort hotel; the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi (1954); and the Nuclear Research Center, near Islāmābād, Pak. (1966). The embassy in New Delhi, with its lacy grilles and an inner water garden, fountains, and islands of plantings, was well received and led to many foreign commissions. His design…

Matthew C. Perry: …commodore—in charge of a naval expedition to induce the Japanese government to establish diplomatic relations with the United States. After studying the situation, Perry concluded that Japan’s traditional policy of isolation would be altered only if superior naval forces were displayed and if Japanese officials were approached with a “resolute…