unities, in drama, the three principles derived by French classicists from Aristotle’s Poetics; they require a play to have a single action represented as occurring in a single place and within the course of a day. These principles were called, respectively, unity of action, unity of place, and

Burundi: Burundi under colonial rule: …in 1955, three years later Unity for National Progress (Unité pour le Progrès National; UPRONA) was established in Burundi. In 1959 the mwami was made a constitutional monarch in Burundi.

Israel Labour Party: …sometimes resulted in so-called “unity governments” of both Labour and Likud.

Étienne Gilson: …idea of a Christian philosophy; The Unity of Philosophical Experience (1937) and Being and Some Philosophers (1949), perhaps the best examples of his use of the history of philosophy as though it were a laboratory for investigating ideas; and Reason and Revelation in the Middle Ages (1938).

Unity of Science movement, movement within Logical Positivism that held that propositions in science should describe objectively existing, directly observable states of affairs or events and that there should be a unitary set of physical premises from which the regularities of all of reality could

Armenian Catholic Church: …Catholic monks, known as the Friars of Unity of St. Gregory the Illuminator, laid the groundwork for the future Armenian Catholic Church under Dominican influence.

Unitas Fratrum, (Latin: “Unity of Brethren”), Protestant religious group inspired by Hussite spiritual ideals in Bohemia in the mid-15th century. They followed a simple, humble life of nonviolence, using the Bible as their sole rule of faith. They denied transubstantiation but received the

John Bachman: In 1850 he wrote The Unity of the Human Race, in which he insisted correctly that all humans constitute a single species.

Obafemi Awolowo: …as the leader of the Unity Party of Nigeria. He ran for president in the elections of 1979 and 1983 but was defeated both times by Shehu Shagari. Following a military coup at the end of 1983, parties were once again banned, and Awolowo retired from politics.

Frank Lloyd Wright: The early Chicago years: …church of Oak Park, Illinois, Unity Temple, was under way; in 1971 it was registered as a national historic landmark. Built on a minimal budget, the small house of worship and attached social centre achieved timeless monumentality. The congregation still meets in the building’s intimate, top-lit cube of space, which…

Unity: …I, the Fillmores began developing Unity Village, 15 miles from Kansas City and eventually covering 1,400 acres, and by 1949 all departments of Unity were located there. After Charles Fillmore’s death, Unity was led by the Fillmores’ sons and grandchildren.

Likud, right-wing Israeli political party. It was founded in September 1973 to challenge the Israel Labour Party, which had governed the country since its independence in 1948, and first came to power in 1977, with Menachem Begin as prime minister. For decades thereafter, Likud alternated in

UNIVAC, one of the earliest commercial computers. After leaving the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, who had worked on the engineering design of the ENIAC computer for the United States during World War II, struggled

liquid: Solutions of electrolytes: 001 molal solution of a univalent-divalent electrolyte (yielding three ions) such as magnesium bromide, Mg2+Br2-, correspond to those of a nonelectrolyte solution with a molality of 0.003. At somewhat higher concentrations the experimental data showed some inconsistencies with Arrhenius’ dissociation theory, and initially these were ascribed to incomplete, or partial,…

Louis Veuillot: He became editor of L’Univers in 1843, and that newspaper subsequently served as the medium for his Ultramontane campaign. Veuillot quickly became disillusioned with the Second French Republic (1848–52) and was a champion of Emperor Napoleon III and the Second Empire (1852–70) until the emperor threatened Pope Pius IX’s…

creole languages: Theories of creolization: Universalists claim that creoles developed according to universals of language development. According to the version of this hypothesis called the language bioprogram hypothesis, which was later revised and became known as the lexical learning hypothesis, children who were exposed to a pidgin at an early…

universal, in philosophy, an entity used in a certain type of metaphysical explanation of what it is for things to share a feature, attribute, or quality or to fall under the same type or natural kind. A pair of things resembling each other in any of these ways may be said to have (or to

history of logic: Categorical forms: of the following forms:

UNIVAC, one of the earliest commercial computers. After leaving the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Presper Eckert, Jr., and John Mauchly, who had worked on the engineering design of the ENIAC computer for the United States during World War II, struggled

library: Criteria for selection: …by two additional programs, the Universal Availability of Publication and Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications, which aim to provide the necessary follow-up service of document delivery.

Barack Obama: The gun-control debate and sequestration: …enact legislation that would institute universal background checks for gun purchases, ban the sales of assault weapons and high-capacity (more than 10-round) magazines, provide for greater protection in schools, and place a renewed focus on treating mental illness. He also took the issue to the public, passionately advocating legislation in…

Robert Coover: Books: The protagonist of The Universal Baseball Association, Inc. (1968) creates an imaginary baseball league in which fictitious players take charge of their own lives. Written in the voice of Richard Nixon and satirizing the national mood of the early 1950s, The Public Burning (1976) is what Coover called…

Abundance and Unemployment: Our Future: …will be the creation of Universal Basic Income (UBI) programs by governments around the world, programs in which everyone earns an income independent of their profession and employment. Once we no longer have to worry about earning funds to meet our basic needs, it will allow us all to be…

Universal basic income (UBI) is an unconditional cash payment given at regular intervals by the government to all residents, regardless of their earnings or employment status. UBI remains largely theoretical and, thus, does not have much of a history. Pilot UBI or more limited basic income programs

If you’ve ever wondered what it’d be like to have some money coming in whether you have a job at the moment or not, you get the idea behind universal basic income (UBI). It’s a simple premise that could change lives, but implementing UBI is complex. UBI is a social welfare program that provides

Paul Otlet: …announced plans to create a Universal Bibliographic Repertory that would serve as a global clearinghouse for bibliographical data. Despite considerable resistance from other European librarians, they pressed forward with their plans, creating a headquarters for the institute and obtaining recognition and a small subsidy from the Belgian government.

library: Criteria for selection: The program, called Universal Bibliographic Control and International MARC, aims to encourage national libraries, or groups of libraries, to institute methods of recording their national publications in a standard format and, wherever possible, of entering them into computer files. This program is accompanied by two additional programs, the…

Paul Otlet: …announced plans to create a Universal Bibliographic Repertory that would serve as a global clearinghouse for bibliographical data. Despite considerable resistance from other European librarians, they pressed forward with their plans, creating a headquarters for the institute and obtaining recognition and a small subsidy from the Belgian government.

New Apostolic Church, church organized in Germany in 1863 as the Universal Catholic Church, by members of the Catholic Apostolic Church who believed that new apostles must be appointed to replace deceased apostles and rule the church until the Second Coming of Christ. The present name was adopted

physical constant, any of a set of fundamental invariant quantities observed in nature and appearing in the basic theoretical equations of physics. Accurate evaluation of these constants is essential in order to check the correctness of the theories and to allow useful applications to be made on

gravitational constant (G), physical constant denoted by G and used in calculating the gravitational attraction between two objects. In Newton’s law of universal gravitation, the attractive force between two objects (F) is equal to G times the product of their masses (m1m2) divided by the square of

Universal Copyright Convention, (1952), convention adopted at Geneva by an international conference convened under the auspices of UNESCO, which for several years had been consulting with copyright experts from various countries. The convention came into force in 1955. Its main features are the

combinatorics: Packing and covering: …size and shape of the universal cover of least area? Here a convex set C is called universal cover if for each set A in the plane such that diam A 1 it is possible to move C to a suitable position in which it covers A. The diameter diam…

library: Criteria for selection: …Universal Availability of Publication and Universal Dataflow and Telecommunications, which aim to provide the necessary follow-up service of document delivery.

Universal Decimal Classification, system of library organization. It is distinguished from the Dewey Decimal Classification by expansions using various symbols in addition to Arabic numerals, resulting in exceedingly long notations. This system grew out of the international subject index of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), foundational document of international human rights law. It has been referred to as humanity’s Magna Carta by Eleanor Roosevelt, who chaired the United Nations (UN) Commission on Human Rights that was responsible for the drafting of the document. After

dictionary: General-purpose dictionaries: …Henry Cecil Wyld produced his Universal Dictionary of the English Language (1932), admirable in every way except for its social class elitism. The smaller-sized dictionaries of the Oxford University Press deserved their wide circulation.

ethics: Ethical egoism: Universal egoism is expressed in this principle: “Everyone should do what is in his own interests.” Unlike the principle of individual egoism, this principle is universalizable. Moreover, many self-interested people may be disposed to accept it, because it appears to justify acting on desires that…

Allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, (German: “Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts”), monumental uncompleted German encyclopaedia of which 167 volumes were published from 1818 to 1889. Founded by a German bibliographer, Johann Samuel Ersch, who began work on it in 1813,

John Byrom: …of shorthand, posthumously printed as The Universal English Shorthand (1767), was soon superseded, it marked a stage in the development of shorthand.

ideal gas law, relation between the pressure P, volume V, and temperature T of a gas in the limit of low pressures and high temperatures, such that the molecules of the gas move almost independently of each other. In such a case, all gases obey an equation of state known as the ideal gas law: PV =

dictionary: From 1604 to 1828: In 1721 he produced An Universal Etymological English Dictionary, which for the rest of the century was more popular even than Samuel Johnson’s. A supplement in 1727 was the first dictionary to mark accents for pronunciation. Bailey’s imposing Dictionarium Britannicum of 1730 was used by Johnson as a repository…

Exaltation of the Holy Cross, liturgical feast celebrated on September 14 to honour the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified. In the Eastern churches the feast dates back to the dedication of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the site of Christ’s tomb) in Jerusalem circa 335. It was adopted by

Henri Rousseau: Civil service career and early paintings: …at this time was the Universal Exposition held in Paris in 1889; it is probable that the reconstructions of Senegalese, Tonkinese, and Tahitian landscapes at the exposition provided further inspiration for the exoticism of his later paintings. Rousseau’s enthusiasm for the fair was so great that he wrote a vaudeville…

Metropolitan Community Churches (MCC), worldwide Protestant denomination founded in 1968 and focusing its outreach endeavors on persons who identify themselves as homosexual, bisexual, transgender, and queer Christians. Although most MCC members are LGBTQ, membership is open to all individuals

Universal Studios, American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular low-budget

influenza: Treatment and prevention: …the development of a so-called universal influenza vaccine, capable of protecting individuals against a broad range of different influenza subtypes; the vaccine was scheduled for initial testing in clinical trials involving human subjects in 2019.

Jemima Wilkinson: …an unorthodox Christian sect, the Universal Friends, many of whose adherents declared her a messiah.

universal gas constant, (symbol R), fundamental physical constant arising in the formulation of the ideal gas law. For an ideal gas (approximated by most real gases that are not highly compressed or not near the point of liquefaction), the pressure P times the volume V of the gas divided by its

formal logic: Axiomatization of LPC: The axiom schemata call for some explanation and comment. By an LPC substitution-instance of a wff of PC is meant any result of uniformly replacing every propositional variable in that wff by a wff of LPC. Thus, one LPC substitution-instance of (p ⊃…

education: Froebel and the kindergarten movement: …result in 1816 was the Universal German Educational Institute at Griesheim, transferred the following year to Keilhau, which constituted a kind of educational community for Froebel, his friends, and their wives and children. To this period belongs The Education of Man (1826), his most important treatise, though typical of his…

universal grammar, theory proposing that humans possess innate faculties related to the acquisition of language. The definition of universal grammar has evolved considerably since first it was postulated and, moreover, since the 1940s, when it became a specific object of modern linguistic research.

Newton’s law of gravitation, statement that any particle of matter in the universe attracts any other with a force varying directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square of the distance between them. In symbols, the magnitude of the attractive force F is equal to G (the

physical culture: Bodybuilding: …regular, Harold Zinkin, invented the Universal Gym in 1957. (Universal machines have weight stacks that allow quick changes in resistance and a system of cables and pulleys that restricts the motion of an exercise to a prescribed path.) A “muscles and movies” tradition went back to cowboy matinee idol Tom…

Some 25.3 million non-elderly Americans did not have health insurance in 2023, a decline from 28.9 million uninsured Americans in 2019. The largest group of Americans, 154 million non-elderly people, were covered by employer-sponsored health insurance. Less than 1 percent of Americans over 65 were

history of publishing: Beginnings in the 17th century: …notes on books, and the Universal Historical Bibliothèque (January–March 1686). The latter invited scholarly contributions and could thus be regarded as the true forerunner of the literary review.

al-Ṭabarī: Major works: …evolved as a theocentric (god-centred) universal history of prophecy culminating in the career of Muhammad and not as a continuum of tribal wars and values.

Tobias Smollett: …be called general editor of Universal History, a compilation of 58 volumes; Smollett himself wrote on France, Italy, and Germany. His friendship with the politician John Wilkes enabled him to secure the release of Francis Barber, Samuel Johnson’s black servant, from the press-gang. But a libel on Admiral Sir Charles…

Encyclopædia Britannica: First edition: …encyclopaedias—save for Denis de Coëtlogon’s An Universal History of Arts and Sciences (1745)—had not given systematic instruction on major subjects at all, either because they aimed at dealing with such subjects in a more general way (as in the Encyclopédie) or because articles on such subjects used their space chiefly…

Jorge Luis Borges: Life: …universal de la infamia (1935; A Universal History of Infamy). To earn his living, he took a major post in 1938 at a Buenos Aires library named for one of his ancestors. He remained there for nine unhappy years.

Bahāʾī Faith: Organization: …governing body known as the Universal House of Justice. This body applies the laws promulgated by Bahāʾu’llāh and legislates on matters not covered in the sacred texts. The seat of the Universal House of Justice is in Haifa, Israel, in the immediate vicinity of the shrines of the Bāb and…

influenza: Treatment and prevention: …the development of a so-called universal influenza vaccine, capable of protecting individuals against a broad range of different influenza subtypes; the vaccine was scheduled for initial testing in clinical trials involving human subjects in 2019.

automobile: Axles: Universal joints within the spherical elements permit the axle shafts to move with the actions of the suspension springs. The gear housing is supported by a rear cross member of the chassis and moves with the sprung portion of the vehicle, as does the drive…

Baltasar Garzón: …the controversial legal principle of universal jurisdiction, whereby courts in one country may judge grave human rights crimes committed outside that country, regardless of the nationality of the accused. He later invoked universal jurisdiction in several other high-profile cases, including the indictments of several former Argentine officials, for human rights…

history of logic: Leibniz: …devising what he called a “universally characteristic language” (lingua characteristica universalis) that would, first, notationally represent concepts by displaying the more basic concepts of which they were composed, and second, naturally represent (in the manner of graphs or pictures, “iconically”) the concept in a way that could be easily grasped…

law of nature: …forms: (1) a law is universal if it states that some conditions, so far as are known, invariably are found together with certain other conditions; and (2) a law is probabilistic if it affirms that, on the average, a stated fraction of cases displaying a given condition will display a…

life insurance: Universal life insurance policies are distinguished by flexible premiums and adjustable levels of coverage. Although the coverage is permanent (it does not expire, as does term insurance), the value of the policy may vary according to the performance of the investments on which it is…

automata theory: The generalized automaton and Turing’s machine: …is what Turing called a “universal” machine capable of operating like any given Turing machine. For a given partial recursive function of a single argument, there is a corresponding integer, called the Gödel number, that identifies the Turing machine capable of computing the given function. The Gödel number and the…

Renaissance man, an ideal that developed in Renaissance Italy from the notion expressed by one of its most-accomplished representatives, Leon Battista Alberti (1404–72), that “a man can do all things if he will.” The ideal embodied the basic tenets of Renaissance humanism, which considered man the

Johnny Clegg: In 1979 Juluka released Universal Men, an album that spoke to the divided lives of the migrant workers who reside and work in the city, separated from their families and homes. Stylistically, the album was a fusion of Zulu music and various European traditions. Later albums were similarly blended.…

Australia: The advent of multicultural society: …Minister Gough Whitlam, implemented the Universal Migration Policy, heralding the beginning of a culturally diverse society. This radical change in policy allowed a person from any country to apply to migrate to Australia, without being discriminated against on the basis of ethnicity, gender, or religion. The policy focused on encouraging…

Enoch Herbert Crowder: …officer and administrator of the Selective Service Act in World War I.

electric motor: Alternating-current commutator motors: A specially designed series-commutator motor may be operated from a single-phase alternating voltage supply. When the supply current reverses, both the magnetic field and the armature current are reversed. Thus, the torque remains in the same direction. These motors are often called…

history of logic: Categorical forms: ” Universal negative: “Every β is not an α,” or equivalently “No β is an α.” Particular affirmative: “Some β is an α.” Particular negative: “Some β is not an α.” Indefinite affirmative: “β is an α.” Indefinite negative: “β is not an α.”

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey, dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent Black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), primarily in the United States, organization founded by Marcus Garvey, dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent Black nation in Africa. Though Garvey had founded the UNIA in Jamaica in 1914, its main

Universal Studios: Universal Orlando Resort in Florida features the Universal Studios and Islands of Adventure theme parks. The latter includes the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, an attraction based on J.K. Rowling’s popular book series. Other Universal Studios theme parks are located in Ōsaka, Japan, and in…

Universal Studios, American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular low-budget

postal system: International postal reform: the Universal Postal Union: …basic treaty was renamed the Universal Postal Convention. The treaty provides a uniform framework of rules and procedures for the exchange of international mails. The union grew rapidly, increasing its membership to 55 within 10 years. By 1914, when China was admitted, it included almost all independent countries. The scope…

Universal Postal Union (UPU), specialized agency of the United Nations that aims to organize and improve postal service throughout the world and to ensure international collaboration in this area. Among the principles governing its operation as set forth in the Universal Postal Convention and the

Lu Jiuyuan: …the Learning of Principle (lixue), often called the Cheng-Zhu school after its leading philosophers, Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi.

UPC, a standard machine-readable bar code used to identify products purchased in grocery and other retail stores. UPCs encode individual products at the stock keeping unit (SKU) level, allowing a manufacturer or retailer to track the number of units sold during a specified time period. This type of

history of logic: Categorical forms: …another of the following forms:

foundations of mathematics: Set theoretic beginnings: … (⊃), negation (¬), and the universal (∀) and existential (∃) quantifiers (formalized by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege [1848–1925]). (The modern notation owes more to the influence of the English logician Bertrand Russell [1872–1970] and the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano [1858–1932] than to that of Frege.) For an extensive discussion…

Christianity: Fellow humans as the present Christ: …teaching of universal reconciliation (apokatastasis pantōn) has struck against opposition in all Christian confessions. This is connected with the fact that such a universalistic view easily leads to a disposition that regards redemption as a kind of natural process that no one can evade. Such an orientation can lead…

Elhanan Winchester: …London in 1793 and wrote The Universal Restoration, Exhibited in Four Dialogues Between a Minister and His Friend (1794). As a restorationist Universalist, he emphasized scriptural texts that uphold universal human salvation and affirmed the finite and remedial nature of punishment after death.

rating rule: The Universal Rule, adopted in 1905 in the United States and later internationally, retained length and sail area as chief factors but also imposed penalties on overhangs, draft, freeboard, and other dimensions. It established letter classes, such as the J-Class that was used in the America’s…

USB, technology used to connect computers to peripheral devices, such as computer mouses and USB flash drives. Introduced in 1996, the USB standard was developed by a number of American companies, including IBM, Intel Corporation, and Microsoft Corporation, as a simpler way of connecting hardware

history of logic: Boole and De Morgan: The universal class or term—which he called simply “the Universe”—was represented by the numeral “1,” and the null class by “0.” The juxtaposition of terms (for example, “AB”) created a term referring to the intersection of two classes or terms. The addition sign signified the non-overlapping…

Buffy Sainte-Marie: Early life and breakthrough: Her song “Universal Soldier” arose as an anti-Vietnam War anthem not only through her own performances but also through cover recordings and performances by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan.

Universal Studios, American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular low-budget

Universal Studios: …to being a working studio, Universal Studios Hollywood includes rides and attractions and offers tours of various television and film sets. It was damaged by fires in 1990 and 2008; the latter destroyed two square blocks of the studio lot as well as its popular King Kong attraction. Universal Orlando…

property law: Protection of the family against intentional disinheritance: …their heirs behave as if universal succession were in fact in place—i.e., the heirs divide the property among themselves and pay the creditors and the tax collector out of their own pockets. Similarly, there seems to be little pressure to change the amount of freedom of testation offered to many…

suffrage: …modern governments have provided for universal adult suffrage. It is regarded as more than a privilege extended by the state to its citizenry, and it is rather thought of as an inalienable right that inheres to every adult citizen by virtue of citizenship. In democracies it is the primary means…

Jean-Joseph Jacotot: …unusually diverse experience, Jacotot wrote Enseignement universel (1823; “Universal Teaching Method”), in which he advanced an egalitarian view of humanity in such maxims as “All human beings are equally capable of learning” and “Everybody can be proficient in anything to which he turns his attention.” He also maintained that all…

Universal Time (UT), the mean solar time of the Greenwich meridian (0° longitude). Universal Time replaced the designation Greenwich Mean Time in 1928; it is now used to denote the solar time (q.v.) when an accuracy of about one second suffices. In 1955 the International Astronomical Union defined

Universal Studios, American motion-picture studio that was one of the leading producers of film serials in the 1920s and of popular horror films in the ’30s. Carl Laemmle, a film exhibitor turned producer, formed the company in 1912. In its early days it was a top producer of popular low-budget

Encyclopædia Britannica: First edition: …volumes of Johann Heinrich Zedler’s Universal Lexicon or with the French Encyclopédie, whose 17 volumes of text had recently been completed. But it did challenge comparison with all previous dictionaries of arts and sciences, large or small, because of its new plan.

history of logic: Other 18th-century logicians: …entered the literature in the Universalia Euclidea (1661) of Johann C. Sturm and were more frequently used by Johann C. Lange in 1712. (Vives had employed triangles for similar purposes in 1555.) Euler’s methods were systematically developed by the French mathematician Joseph-Diez Gergonne in 1816–17, although Gergonne retreated from two-dimensional…

Universalism, belief in the salvation of all souls. Although Universalism has appeared at various times in Christian history, most notably in the works of Origen of Alexandria in the 3rd century, as an organized movement it had its beginnings in the United States in the middle of the 18th century.