Guatemala: Civil war years: …in the formation of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (Unidad Revolucionario Nacional Guatemalteco; URNG). A series of attempted military coups were put down by the defense minister, Gen. Héctor Alejandro Gramajo. Labour and peasant unrest also increased during the Cerezo presidency. Some painful economic progress was made, but the insurgency…

Pridoli Series: …(a type of marine plankton), Urnochitina urna and Fungochitina kosovensis, first occur at or just above the base of the series. The earliest known simple vascular land plants, of the genus Cooksonia, typically occur in the lower portions of the Pridoli Series in many parts of the world. The Pridoli…

renal system: Volume and composition: …jaundice, particularly the obstructive variety; urobilin is greatly increased in certain diseases such as cirrhosis of the liver.

tunicate, any member of the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world. Adult members are commonly embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally

tunicate, any member of the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) of the phylum Chordata. Small marine animals, they are found in great numbers throughout the seas of the world. Adult members are commonly embedded in a tough secreted tunic containing cellulose (a glucose polysaccharide not normally

renal system: Volume and composition: …clear yellow from the pigment urochrome, an end product of protein metabolism. There are also traces of other pigments: urobilin and uroerythrin. The colour may be influenced as well by vitamins, food dyes, beetroot, and certain drugs.

gastropod: Classification: …Indies and Central America (Urocoptidae). Suborder Aulacopoda A group of 3 superfamilies. Superfamily Succineacea A problematic group including amber snails (Succineidae), which inhabit swamps and damp areas, and peculiar slugs from the South Pacific (

gray fox, (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), grizzled, gray-furred New World fox of the family Canidae. It is found in forested, rocky, and brush-covered country from Canada to northern South America. Distinguished by the reddish colour on its neck, ears, and legs, the gray fox grows to a length of about

gray fox: …related but smaller form, the island gray fox (U. littoralis), is found on islands off the coast of southern California. The name gray fox is sometimes also applied to the hoary fox (see fox) of Europe.

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Urocystales Parasitic on plants such as arrowhead, causing blister smut, and wheat, causing flag smut; mycelia may form dense clusters in leaves and leaf stalks (petioles); example genera include Urocystis, Ustacystis, and Doassansiopsis. Order Ustilaginales Parasitic on

scorpion: Annotated classification: Family Urodacidae 20 species found only in Australia. Family Chaerilidae 18 species found in southern Asia and continental Southeast Asia. Female reproductive system includes an ovariuterus, with yolk-rich ova developing within. Family Superstitioniidae 9

amphibian: Critical appraisal: …the group names Salientia and Urodela are used.

amphibian: Critical appraisal: …the group names Salientia and Urodela are used.

leaf-nosed bat: …some species, such as the tent-making bat (Uroderma bilobatum), have striped faces. American leaf-nosed bats are 4–13.5 cm (1.6–5.3 inches) without the tail, which may be absent or up to 5.5 cm (2.2 inches) long. The largest member of the family is the spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), sometimes called a…

reproductive system disease: In the female: …of the urogenital-tract anomalies, called urogenital cloaca, consists of congenital intercommunication between the rectum and the urinary bladder and vagina or between the rectum and the urethra and vagina.

renal system: General description: …of a membrane called the urogenital diaphragm. The urethra is narrower in this area than at any other point except at its external opening and is encircled by a muscle, the sphincter urethrae. The two small bulbourethral glands are on either side of it. The membranous urethra is not firmly…

urogenital malformation, any defect in the organs and tissues responsible for the formation and excretion of urine or in the sex organs or in both. Some of the more important conditions include: 1. Multicystic dysplastic kidney, a common type of kidney malformation in newborns in which cysts of

urogenital system, in vertebrates, the organs concerned with reproduction and urinary excretion. Although their functions are unrelated, the structures involved in excretion and reproduction are morphologically associated and often use common ducts. The major structures of the urinary system in

urography, X-ray examination of any part of the urinary tract after introduction of a radiopaque substance (often an organic iodine derivative) that casts an X-ray shadow. This contrast fluid, which passes quickly into the urine, may be taken orally or injected intravenously. It may also be

hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions: The urohypophysis, an organ found only in elasmobranch and bony fishes, probably developed independently in each group. The neurosecretory cells comprising the urohypophysis are concentrated at the hind end of the spinal cord, where they are associated with a vascular plexus to form a neurohemal organ.…

fibrinolytic drug: Urokinase, a protease enzyme that activates plasminogen directly, is obtained from tissue culture of human kidney cells. Urokinase lyses recently formed pulmonary emboli and, compared with streptokinase, it produces fibrinolysis without extensive breakdown of the coagulation factors.

urology, medical specialty involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary tract and of the male reproductive organs. (The urinary tract consists of the kidneys, the bladder, the ureters, and the urethra.) The modern specialty derives directly from the medieval

chondrichthyan: Annotated classification: Family Urolophidae (stingrays) Distinguished by having well-developed tail fin supported by cartilaginous rays; tail with at least 1 large saw-toothed spine. Ovoviviparous. The numerous species look very much alike; the largest does not exceed about 70 cm (27.5 inches) in breadth. 2 genera (Urolophus, Urotrygon) with…

chondrichthyan: Growth: The disk of the eastern Pacific round stingray (Urolophus halleri) increases in width on the average from 75 mm (3 inches) at birth to 150 mm (6 inches) when mature (that is, at 2.6 years old). In the next five years it grows about 60 mm (about 2.4 inches)…

spiny-tailed lizard, (Uromastyx), any of more than a dozen species belonging to the lizard family Agamidae. Spiny-tailed lizards live in arid and semiarid habitats from northern Africa to India. They are limbed lizards with broad heads and stout bodies, and most adults grow up to about 25 to 30 cm

Arabian Desert: Animal life: The dab (or dabb), a fat-tailed lizard, lives on the plains and reaches a length of up to three and a half feet (more than one metre). It is a vegetarian with toothless jaws, and its tail, roasted, is a Bedouin delicacy. The monitor lizard reaches lengths up…

malformation: Somatic characters: …have a single foot (uromelus), or limbs fused throughout their length with no separate feet (sirenomelus or symmelus).

malformation: Somatic characters: …have a single foot (uromelus), or limbs fused throughout their length with no separate feet (sirenomelus or symmelus).

carbohydrate: Formation of methyl ethers: …biologically, a product called a uronic acid is formed. Glycosides that are derived from d-glucuronic acid (the uronic acid formed from d-glucose) and fatty substances called steroids appear in the urine of animals as normal metabolic products; in addition, foreign toxic substances are frequently converted in the liver to glucuronides…

bat: Anatomical specializations: …their legs (the uropatagium, or interfemoral membrane). In the midline the interfemoral membrane is usually supported, at least in part, by the tail, with the distal edges often shaped in flight by greatly elongated heel bones, or calcars. The interfemoral membrane, especially well-developed in insectivorous, carnivorous, and fish-eating bats, is…

shieldtail snake, (family Uropeltidae), any of 45 species of primitive burrowing snakes endemic to southern India and Sri Lanka. There are eight genera of shieldtail snakes. Of the 30 Indian species, 18 are members of the genus Uropeltis, and of the 15 species found in Sri Lanka, 8 are members of

hake: … but placed in the genus Urophycis. These fishes resemble Merluccius but are distinguished by long, slim pelvic fins and by a small barbel at the tip of the chin. Economically important members of this genus include the white hake (U. tenuis) and the red hake (U. chuss).

hake: tenuis) and the red hake (U. chuss).

hake: …of this genus include the white hake (U. tenuis) and the red hake (U. chuss).

hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions: The urohypophysis, an organ found only in elasmobranch and bony fishes, probably developed independently in each group. The neurosecretory cells comprising the urohypophysis are concentrated at the hind end of the spinal cord, where they are associated with a vascular plexus to form a neurohemal organ.…

crustacean: Appendages: …others and is called the uropods. In shrimps and lobsters the uropods together with the telson form a tail fan.

metabolic disease: Porphyrias: …a deficiency of the enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase. Symptoms usually arise during adolescence, and hormonal changes (e.g., menstruation), alcohol ingestion, certain foods, and some drugs may exacerbate the condition. Diagnosis is made by detecting porphyrins in the urine. Treatment is by administration of heme during acute attacks. A high-

nightjar: The lyre-tailed nightjar (Uropsalis lyra) inhabits northwestern South America. Its outermost tail feathers may measure 60 cm (24 inches) or more, accounting for 80 to 90 percent of the bird’s total length.

mole: Mole diversity: …and American shrew moles (genera Uropsilus, Urotrichus, and Neurotrichus, respectively) differ from typical moles in that they resemble shrews and are much less specialized for burrowing. Their tails are nearly as long as the body. The external ears are large and either extend beyond the fur (Uropsilus) or are hidden…

whip scorpion, (order Uropygi, sometimes Thelyphonida), any of approximately 105 species of the arthropod class Arachnida that are similar in appearance to true scorpions except that the larger species have a whiplike telson, or tail, that serves as an organ of touch and has no stinger. The second

preen gland, in birds, an organ located on the back near the base of the tail. Paired or in two united halves, it is found in most birds. Absent in ostrich, emu, cassowary, bustard, frogmouth, and a few other birds, the oil gland is best-developed in aquatic species, notably petrels and pelicans,

Greece: Thessaly and surrounding regions: …death (1355) the self-styled emperor Symeon Uroš, despotēs of Epirus and Akarnania, was able to seize control of both Epirus and Thessaly and rule independently following the death of Nikephoros II in 1358/59. He was succeeded by his son John, who adopted the monastic life in 1373. The caesar Alexios…

oyster: The oyster drill (Urosalpinx cinenea), a widely occurring snail, drills a tiny hole through the oyster shell, then sucks out the living tissue.

uroscopy, medical examination of the urine in order to facilitate the diagnosis of a disease or disorder. Examining the urine is one of the oldest forms of diagnostic testing, extending back to the days of the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. Physicians observed the urine to diagnose all forms

urostomy, the surgical formation of a new channel for urine and liquid wastes following the removal of the bladder or ureters. See

Istaravshan, city, Tajikistan, in the northern foothills of the Turkistan Range. One of the most ancient cities of the republic, it may date from the 6th century ce, but it bore its former name only from the 17th to the early 21st century. It was famous in the past for its handicrafts, particularly

mole: Mole diversity: …American shrew moles (genera Uropsilus, Urotrichus, and Neurotrichus, respectively) differ from typical moles in that they resemble shrews and are much less specialized for burrowing. Their tails are nearly as long as the body. The external ears are large and either extend beyond the fur (Uropsilus) or are hidden in…

Nicholas II: Early life and reign: …an extremist right-wing organization, the Union of the Russian People, which sanctioned terrorist methods and disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda. Witte, whom he blamed for the October Manifesto, was soon dismissed, and the first two Dumas were prematurely dissolved as “insubordinate.”

Canadian literature: Fiction: …the past on present lives, Jane Urquhart uses the symbol of the whirlpool to weave together stories of Canadians in 19th-century Ontario in The Whirlpool (1986); Away (1993), a lyrical saga, recounts in retrospect the life of a woman who emigrated from Ireland to Canada in the 1840s, and A…

Sir Thomas Urquhart was a Scottish author best known for his translation of the works of François Rabelais, one of the most original and vivid translations from any foreign language into English. Urquhart studied at King’s College, Aberdeen, and fought against the Covenanters at Turriff (1639). He

Alexander von Humboldt: Expedition to South America: …in the Spanish prime minister Mariano de Urquijo he found an enlightened man who supported his application to the king for a royal permit. In the summer of 1799 he set sail from Marseille accompanied by the French botanist Aimé Bonpland, whom he had met in Paris, then the liveliest…

Justo José de Urquiza was a soldier and statesman who overthrew the powerful Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de Rosas and laid the constitutional foundations of modern Argentina. A member of the Argentine oligarchy, Urquiza was educated at the College of San Carlos in Buenos Aires, from which he

Urraca was the queen of Leon and Castile from 1109 to 1126, daughter of Alfonso VI. Urraca became her father’s heiress when her brother, Sancho, was killed at Uclés (1108). She was the widow of Count Raymond of Burgundy, by whom she had had one son, Alfonso Ramírez (born 1104), the future Alfonso

El Salvador: Plant and animal life: …and the royal heron, the urraca (which has a blue breast and a gray head and is known for its call, resembling a scoffing laugh), the blue jay, and many more, some of which have fine plumage. A wide variety of fish, as well as turtles and alligators, inhabit the…

Philipp von Hutten was the last German captain general of Venezuela. A relative of the humanist poet and satirist Ulrich von Hutten, he sailed to Venezuela under Georg Hohermuth (called George of Spires) to rule on behalf of the Augsburg banking house of Welser, which had been granted a concession

alphabet: Runic and ogham alphabets: The theory of the Urrunen (forerunners of the runes), a supposed prehistoric north Germanic alphabetic script, holds that it is the parent not only of the runes but also of all the Mediterranean alphabets, including the Phoenician. This belief, based on racial and political grounds, need not be seriously…

Cuban Revolution: The fall of Batista: …provisional government was established with Manuel Urrutia Lleó as president and Castro as prime minister.

Latin American literature: Historiographies: The Cuban Ignacio José de Urrutia y Montoya, a distinguished jurist who had studied in Mexico City, left unfinished his Teatro histórico, jurídico, y político militar de la Isla Fernandina de Cuba (1789; “Historical, Legal, Political, and Military Theatre of the Island of Cuba”). The introduction manifests…

Islam: Holy days: …saints in a ceremony called ʿurs (literally, “nuptial ceremony”). The saints, far from dying, are believed to reach the zenith of their spiritual life on this occasion.

Ursa Major, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 10 hours 40 minutes right ascension and 56° north declination. It was referred to in the Old Testament (Job 9:9; 38:32) and mentioned by Homer in the Iliad (xviii, 487). The Greeks identified this constellation with the nymph

star cluster: Open clusters: …is the nucleus of the Ursa Major group at a distance of 65 light-years; the farthest clusters are thousands of light-years away.

Ursa Minor, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 15 hours right ascension and 80° north declination, and seven of whose stars outline the Little Dipper. Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris), at the end of the Little Dipper’s handle, marks (roughly) the position of the north

Leonhard Frank: …also published Die Ursache (1915; The Cause of the Crime), an attack on repressive educational systems, and Der Mensch ist gut (1917; “Man Is Good”), a revolutionary denunciation of war.

Taxila: Archaeology: …relics, by a Bactrian named Ursaka from the town of Noacha in the year 136 bce, for the bestowal of health on “the great King, Supreme King of Kings, the Son of Heaven, the Kushana” (probably Vima Kadphises, son of the Kushan conqueror Kujala). That site also contained several statues…

Abraham Geiger: …and Geiger’s own magnum opus, Urschrift und Übersetzungen der Bibel in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der innern Entwicklung des Judentums (1857; “The Original Text and the Translations of the Bible: Their Dependence on the Inner Development of Judaism”). In the latter work, Geiger analyzes the Sadducees and the Pharisees, Jewish sects…

Switzerland: Relief and drainage: …the narrowest portion being the Urseren valley, which lies between two crystalline central massifs, the Gotthard and the Aare.

Anatolia: The Old Hittite Kingdom: …and Taskhiniya, remain unidentified, but Urshu, which Hattusilis besieged (probably unsuccessfully) on his return journey, is known to have been located on the Euphrates above Carchemish. Rather curious in this account is the absence of any reference to the important kingdom of Yamkhad (centred at Aleppo), of which Alalakh was…

bear, (family Ursidae), any of eight species of large short-tailed carnivores found in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) is the smallest, often weighing less than 50 kg (110 pounds). The largest bear is either the Kodiak bear (Ursus arctos middendorffi, a subspecies

Catania: The Ursino Castle with its four angular towers, constructed (1239–50) for Frederick II, long served as a model of military architecture. It now houses the civic museum with rich collections of art and archaeological relics.

Marie-Anne de la Trémoille, princess des Ursins was a French noblewoman who exercised great influence in the government of Spain between 1701 and 1714, during the period of the War of the Spanish Succession. Ursins moved to Italy with her first husband, and after his death she married an Italian

Ursinus was an antipope from 366 to 367. After Pope Liberius’ death on Sept. 24, 366, two Roman deacons, Ursinus and St. Damasus I, were simultaneously elected as successors. The small, powerful faction supporting Ursinus gathered in the Basilica Julia, in Rome, where he was apparently consecrated

classical scholarship: Beginnings of modern scholarship: Fulvius Ursinus (1529–1600) built up the Farnese library in Rome, edited the Greek lyric poets, and made important contributions to numismatics and iconography. Carolus Sigonius (1523–84) and Pirro Ligorio (c. 1510–83) were active in the field of history and antiquities, Ligorio producing much genuine material…

Heidelberg Catechism: …of the Palatinate church, and Zacharias Ursinus, a professor of the theological faculty of the University of Heidelberg. It was accepted at the annual synod of the Palatinate church in 1563.

Osuna, town, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. Osuna lies at the foot of a hill at the edge of an extensive plain, east-southeast of Sevilla city. Of Iberian origin, the town became the Roman Urso and supported Pompey

Camilla Urso was an American musician who was recognized as one of the finest violinists of the latter half of the 19th century. Urso was the daughter of an Italian flutist and a Portuguese singer. When she was six years old, despite general skepticism about her ability to master a “masculine”

bile acid: Role in disease: The secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) blocks cholesterol absorption in the intestine and cholesterol secretion into bile, thereby increasing bile flow. UDCA is used primarily in the treatment of gallstones and cirrhosis.

Osuna, town, Sevilla provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. Osuna lies at the foot of a hill at the edge of an extensive plain, east-southeast of Sevilla city. Of Iberian origin, the town became the Roman Urso and supported Pompey

linguistics: Development of the comparative method: …were able to reconstruct “ancestral” common forms from which the later forms found in particular languages could be derived. By convention, such reconstructed forms are marked in the literature with an asterisk. Thus, from the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka,…

Wilhelm Schmidt: His major work is Der Ursprung der Gottesidee, 12 vol. (1912–55; “The Origin of the Idea of God”). In this and in his Ursprung und Werden der Religion (1930; The Origin and Growth of Religion), Schmidt maintained that most people around the world believe in a supreme being and…

Johann Sebastian Bach: …1735 he drafted a genealogy, Ursprung der musicalisch-Bachischen Familie (“Origin of the Musical Bach Family”), in which he traced his ancestry back to his great-great-grandfather Veit Bach, a Lutheran baker (or miller) who late in the 16th century was driven from Hungary to Wechmar in Thuringia, a historic region of…

Wilhelm Schmidt: In this and in his Ursprung und Werden der Religion (1930; The Origin and Growth of Religion), Schmidt maintained that most people around the world believe in a supreme being and that many religions outside well-known faiths such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam might correctly be regarded as monotheistic.

Lope de Aguirre: …joined an expedition led by Pedro de Ursúa to find the legendary kingdom of Eldorado, which was thought to be located at the headwaters of the Amazon River. Upon reaching the headwaters, Aguirre incited a rebellion in which Ursúa was killed. He then killed Fernando de Guzmán, who had succeeded…

Ursuline, Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici. The order was the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls. Inspired by a mystical vision that she would found a society of virgins, Angela and 28 companions

Saint Ursula ; feast day October 21) was a legendary leader of 11 or 11,000 virgins reputedly martyred at Cologne, now in Germany, by the Huns, 4th-century nomadic invaders of southeastern Europe. The story is based on a 4th- or 5th-century inscription from St. Ursula’s Church, Cologne, stating

Ursuline, Roman Catholic religious order of women founded at Brescia, Italy, in 1535, by St. Angela Merici. The order was the first institute for women dedicated exclusively to the education of girls. Inspired by a mystical vision that she would found a society of virgins, Angela and 28 companions

black bear, (Ursus americanus), the most common bear (family Ursidae), found in the forests of North America, including parts of northern Mexico. The American black bear consists of only one species and 16 subspecies. Its colour varies, however, even among members of the same litter. White markings

brown bear, (Ursus arctos), shaggy-haired bear (family Ursidae) native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America. Numerous forms of the brown bear have been described; they are treated as several subspecies of Ursus arctos. One subspecies, the Kodiak bear (U. arctos middendorffi), weighs up

brown bear: …(300–550 pounds); the exceptionally large Siberian brown bear (U. arctos beringianus), weighing as much as 360 kg (800 pounds), approximates the size of the North American grizzly. Coat colour is highly variable, ranging from grayish white through bluish and brownish shades to almost black. Eurasian brown bears are commonly seen…

grizzly bear, (subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis), common name for one of the brown bears (Ursus arctos) belonging to the subspecies U. arctos horribilis. The grizzly bear is a massive animal with humped shoulders and an elevated forehead that contributes to a somewhat concave profile. The fur is

Kodiak bear, (subspecies Ursus arctos middendorffi), subspecies of brown bear found only on Kodiak Island and nearby islands off the coast of Alaska. It can weigh up to 720 kg (1,600 pounds) and is the world’s largest bear and the world’s largest land carnivore, titles it shares with the polar bear

cave bear: species, Ursus spelaeus and U. deningeri, notable for their habit of inhabiting caves, where their remains are frequently preserved. They are best known from late Pleistocene cave deposits (the Pleistocene Epoch lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), although they can be traced back to Late Pliocene…

Kodiak bear, (subspecies Ursus arctos middendorffi), subspecies of brown bear found only on Kodiak Island and nearby islands off the coast of Alaska. It can weigh up to 720 kg (1,600 pounds) and is the world’s largest bear and the world’s largest land carnivore, titles it shares with the polar bear

sun bear, (Helarctos malayanus), the smallest bear in the world, found in Southeast Asian forests. It weighs only 27–65 kg (59–143 pounds) and grows 1–1.2 metres (3.3–4 feet) long with a 5-cm (2-inch) tail. Its large forepaws bear long curved claws, which it uses for tearing or digging in its

polar bear, (Ursus maritimus), great white northern bear (family Ursidae) found throughout the Arctic region. The polar bear travels long distances over vast desolate expanses, generally on drifting oceanic ice floes, searching for seals, its primary prey. The polar bear is the largest and most

Kodiak bear, (subspecies Ursus arctos middendorffi), subspecies of brown bear found only on Kodiak Island and nearby islands off the coast of Alaska. It can weigh up to 720 kg (1,600 pounds) and is the world’s largest bear and the world’s largest land carnivore, titles it shares with the polar bear

cave bear: bear species, Ursus spelaeus and U. deningeri, notable for their habit of inhabiting caves, where their remains are frequently preserved. They are best known from late Pleistocene cave deposits (the Pleistocene Epoch lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago), although they can be traced back…

Asiatic black bear, (Ursus thibetanus), member of the bear family (Ursidae) found from southern Iran to the Himalayas, Southeast Asia, and parts of eastern Asia, including Japan. The Asiatic black bear is omnivorous, eating insects, fruit, nuts, bees and honey, small mammals, and birds as well as

ört, in Finno-Ugric religion, a shape or shadow that corresponds to the individual soul. The Mari people believe that the ört is “free”—i.e., it can leave the body and wander about during dreams or trance states. The concept of a free soul is common to all Finno-Ugric peoples. The Votyak urt and

history of Mesopotamia: Esarhaddon: …with Elam against him, but Urtaku of Elam (675–664) signed a peace treaty and freed him for campaigning elsewhere. In 679 he stationed a garrison at the Egyptian border, because Egypt, under the Ethiopian king Taharqa, was planning to intervene in Syria. He put down with great severity a rebellion…

Franz Kafka: Works of Franz Kafka: Thus, in The Judgment a son unquestioningly commits suicide at the behest of his aged father. In The Metamorphosis the son, Gregor Samsa, wakes up to find himself transformed into a monstrous and repulsive insect; he slowly dies, not only because of his family’s shame and its…