Urticaceae: Major genera and species: …sting, especially stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), the wood nettles (Laportea), and the Australian stinging trees (Dendrocnide). Stinging nettle is common in herbal medicine, and its young leaves can be cooked and eaten as a nutritious potherb.

stinging nettle, (Urtica dioica), weedy perennial plant of the nettle family (Urticaceae), known for its stinging leaves. Stinging nettle is distributed nearly worldwide but is especially common in Europe, North America, North Africa, and parts of Asia. The plant is common in herbal medicine, and

Urticaceae, the nettle family (order Rosales) comprising about 54 genera and 2,625 species of herbs, shrubs, small trees, and a few vines, distributed primarily in tropical regions. The stems and leaves of many species have stinging trichomes (plant hairs) that cause a painful rash upon contact.

hives, a hypersensitive skin reaction characterized by the sudden appearance of very itchy, slightly raised, smooth, flat-topped wheals and plaques that are usually redder or paler than the surrounding skin. In the acute form, the skin lesions generally subside in 6 to 24 hours, but they may come

hives: Examples include urticaria bullosa, a rare type of allergic reaction characterized by the appearance of bullae or vesicles (large or small blisters); solar urticaria, produced by exposure to sunlight; and urticaria subcutanea, caused by swelling of the tissues underlying the skin.

hives: …by exposure to sunlight; and urticaria subcutanea, caused by swelling of the tissues underlying the skin.

Rosales: Characteristic morphological features: Members of the tribe Urereae (also known as Urticeae) are among the most conspicuous members of the family Urticaceae (the nettle family) because of their stinging hairs. The stings are frequently a short-term irritant, but contact with some species can cause pain or numbness that lasts for several days.…

Rosales: Characteristic morphological features: …referred to as the suborder Urticineae) are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, vines (both woody and herbaceous), or herbs (mostly in the family Urticaceae). They commonly have mucilage cells and canals and often have cystoliths (which probably serve as protection from insects), as in Urticaceae, or laticifers (latex cells), as…

stinging nettle: …in a process known as urtification, which is said to stimulate blood flow. Topical creams have also been developed for joint pain and various skin ailments, including eczema and dandruff.

ijolite: The rocks known as urtite (Kola Peninsula) and melteigite (near Fen, Nor.) are essentially similar assemblages; in the former, nepheline largely predominates, whereas the latter is a variant with an excessive proportion of pyroxene.

Lake Titicaca: …of an ancient people, the Uru, still live on floating mats of dried totora (a reedlike papyrus that grows in dense brakes in the marshy shallows). From the totora, the Uru and other lake dwellers make their famed balsas—boats fashioned of bundles of dried reeds lashed together that resemble the…

Uruapan, city, west-central Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. Founded in 1533, Uruapan (from a Tarascan Indian term meaning “where the flowers abound”) is famous for its Spanish colonial atmosphere and colourful lacquerware and Indian handicrafts. It is a rail terminus and agricultural

Uruapan, city, west-central Michoacán estado (state), west-central Mexico. Founded in 1533, Uruapan (from a Tarascan Indian term meaning “where the flowers abound”) is famous for its Spanish colonial atmosphere and colourful lacquerware and Indian handicrafts. It is a rail terminus and agricultural

Urubamba River, river in the Amazon drainage system, rising in the Andes of southern Peru. It flows for about 450 miles (725 km) to its junction with the Apurímac, where it forms the Ucayali. The upper part of the Urubamba, there called the Vilcanota, flows past the towns of Sicuani, Urcos, and

São Francisco River: Physiography: …its main left-bank tributaries—the Paracatu, Urucuia, Corrente, and Grande rivers—and its main right-bank tributaries—the Verde Grande, Paramirim, and Jacaré.

Uruguaiana, city, western Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies along the Uruguay River, across the bridge from the town of Paso de los Libres, Argentina. Founded in 1839 as Sant’ Ana do Uruguai, Uruguaiana was made a town and renamed in 1846; city status was accorded in 1874.

Uruguay, country located on the southeastern coast of South America. The second smallest country on the continent, Uruguay has long been overshadowed politically and economically by the adjacent republics of Brazil and Argentina, with both of which it has many cultural and historical similarities.

Uruguay River, river in southern South America that rises in the coastal range of southern Brazil. Its chief headstream, the Pelotas River, rises just 40 miles (64 km) from the Atlantic coast at Alto do Bispo in Santa Catarina state, Brazil, and takes the name Uruguay after it is joined by the

Cairns Group: …the early phases of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. The group takes its name from the city of its founding in northeastern Australia and reflects Australia’s prominent role in bringing the group into existence.

public domain: …1994, when Congress passed the Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) in order to bring U.S. copyright laws into accord with the Berne Convention. Prior to that year, the law stipulated that a creative work fell into the public domain if its rights holder did not renew the claim with the…

national flag consisting of five white stripes and four blue stripes arranged horizontally and a white canton bearing a golden “Sun of May.” The flag’s width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.As part of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (formed in 1816), the Banda Oriental—which would eventually

Uruguay: Early period: …the territory that is now Uruguay supported a small population estimated at no more than 5,000 to 10,000. The principal groups were the seminomadic Charrúa, Chaná (Chanáes), and Guaraní Indians. The Guaraní, who were concentrated in the subtropical forests of eastern Paraguay, established some settlements in northern Uruguay. The Charrúa…

Uruguayan Air Force flight 571, flight of an airplane charted by a Uruguayan amateur rugby team that crashed in the Andes Mountains in Argentina on October 13, 1972, the wreckage of which was not located for more than two months. Of the 45 people aboard the plane, only 16 survived the ordeal. The

Tabaré Vázquez: A lifelong militant in the Uruguayan Socialist Party (Partido Socialista del Uruguay; PSU), Vázquez became a member of the party’s Central Committee in 1987. In 1989, as the candidate representing the Broad Front (Frente Amplio; FA), an alliance of leftist parties, he ran successfully for mayor of Montevideo, generally considered…

Uruguaiana, city, western Rio Grande do Sul estado (state), southern Brazil. It lies along the Uruguay River, across the bridge from the town of Paso de los Libres, Argentina. Founded in 1839 as Sant’ Ana do Uruguai, Uruguaiana was made a town and renamed in 1846; city status was accorded in 1874.

Erech, ancient Mesopotamian city located northwest of Ur (Tall Al-Muqayyar) in southeastern Iraq. The site has been excavated from 1928 onward by the German Oriental Society and the German Archeological Institute. Erech was one of the greatest cities of Sumer and was enclosed by brickwork walls

Mesopotamian religion: The literary legacy: myth and epic: The Uruk Vase, with its representation of the rite of the sacred marriage, the Naram-Sin stela (inscribed commemorative pillar), the Ur-Nammu stela, and the stela with the Code of Hammurabi (Babylonian king, 18th century bce), which shows at its top the royal lawgiver before the sun…

Mesopotamian art and architecture: Architecture: …architectural design during this so-called Protoliterate period (c. 3400–c. 2900 bce) are recognizable in the construction of religious buildings. There is, however, one temple, at Abū Shahrayn (ancient Eridu), that is no more than a final rebuilding of a shrine the original foundation of which dates back to the beginning…

history of Mesopotamia: Emergent city-states: …the period of Lugalanda and UruKAgina (first half of the 24th century). For generations, Lagash and Umma contested the possession and agricultural usufruct of the fertile region of Gu’edena. To begin with, some two generations before Ur-Nanshe, Mesilim (another “king of Kish”) had intervened as arbiter and possibly overlord in…

Bau: …Mesopotamian religion, city goddess of Urukug in the Lagash region of Sumer and, under the name Nininsina, the Queen of Isin, city goddess of Isin, south of Nippur. In Nippur she was called Ninnibru, Queen of Nippur.

Ürümqi, city and capital of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The city (whose name in Uyghur means “fine pasture”) is situated in a fertile belt of oases along the northern slope of the eastern Tien (Tian) Shan range. Ürümqi commands the northern end of a gap leading from

Ürümqi, city and capital of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The city (whose name in Uyghur means “fine pasture”) is situated in a fertile belt of oases along the northern slope of the eastern Tien (Tian) Shan range. Ürümqi commands the northern end of a gap leading from

Orūmīyeh, city, capital of West Āz̄arbāyjān province, northwestern Iran. It lies just west of Lake Urmia on a large fertile plain that yields grains, fruits, tobacco, and other crops. The population is mainly Azeri and Kurdish, with Assyrian and Armenian minorities. The remains of ancient

Ürümqi, city and capital of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The city (whose name in Uyghur means “fine pasture”) is situated in a fertile belt of oases along the northern slope of the eastern Tien (Tian) Shan range. Ürümqi commands the northern end of a gap leading from

Ürümqi, city and capital of the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, northwestern China. The city (whose name in Uyghur means “fine pasture”) is situated in a fertile belt of oases along the northern slope of the eastern Tien (Tian) Shan range. Ürümqi commands the northern end of a gap leading from

Ruanda-Urundi, twin territory in central East Africa that was administered by Belgium from 1922 to 1962 and which thereafter became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi (qq.v.). After World War I, in 1922, with an adjustment of frontiers, a slice of what had been formerly German East Africa

Brazilian literature: Modernismo and regionalism: …Lobato’s short stories, collected in Urupês (1918; “Urupês”). Faced with the paucity of Brazilian books for young readers, Lobato also wrote 17 volumes of children’s stories and is considered a master of juvenile literature.

Jerusalem, ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel. Long an object of veneration and conflict, the holy city of Jerusalem has been governed, both as a provincial town and a national capital, by an extended series of dynasties and states.

immune system disorder: Contact hypersensitivity and dermatitis: It secretes an oil called urushiol, which is also produced by poison oak (T. diversilobum), the poison primrose (Primula obconica), and the lacquer tree (T. vernicifluum). When urushiol comes in contact with the skin, it initiates the contact hypersensitivity reaction.

Vikramorvashi, drama by Kalidasa written in the 5th century ce. The subject of the play is the love of a mortal for a divine maiden. The play contains a well-known “mad scene” (Act IV) in which the king, grief-stricken, wanders through a lovely forest apostrophizing various flowers and trees as

Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d’Urville was a French navigator who commanded voyages of exploration to the South Pacific (1826–29) and the Antarctic (1837–40), resulting in extensive revisions of existing charts and discovery or redesignation of island groups. In 1820, while on a charting survey of

Al-Zubayr: …dedicated to the memory of Zubayr, one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad who was killed in the Battle of the Camel (656), fought outside the town walls. Over the centuries the city of Basra moved progressively eastward in its search for water, each time abandoning the western quarters,…

Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī: …ʿAbduh, published an anti-British newspaper, Al-ʿUrwat al-wuthqā (“The Indissoluble Link”), which claimed (falsely) to be in touch with and have influence over the Sudanese Mahdī, a messianic bearer of justice and equality expected by some Muslims in the last days. He also engaged Ernest Renan, the French historian and philosopher,…

New York slave rebellion of 1741: …including a Latin teacher named John Ury who was accused of using his Catholic faith to influence the rebellion. By the end of summer, the hysteria had died down and the accusations stopped.

Tyvan, any member of an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting the autonomous republic of Tyva (Tuva) in south-central Russia; the group also constitutes a small minority in the northwestern part of Mongolia. The Tyvans are a Turkic-speaking people with Mongol influences. They live among the headwaters

Muṣaṣir: …plundered the palace storerooms of Urzana, king of Muṣaṣir, and then seized the even richer contents of the temple of the god Haldi.

Us Weekly, American celebrity-news magazine published in New York City. Founded as Us by the New York Times Co. in 1977, the magazine was sold to MacFadden Holdings, Inc., and Warner Communications Inc. in 1980. American publishing mogul Jann Wenner (owner of Wenner Media, which also published

conditioning: …to food, which is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Black horror: Notable Black horror films: • Us (2019), written and directed by Peele, tells the story of a woman (played by Lupita Nyong’o) who fights to protect her husband and two children from dangerous doppelgangers.

Maulana Karenga: US and Kwanzaa: …“us Blacks”; now known as Organization Us), whose purpose is to encourage cultural and social change and Black unity. Karenga formed a doctrine, which he named Kawaida (a Swahili word that can be used to denote custom or tradition), for the organization. One aspect of Kawaida was a value system…

US Airways, former American airline that was incorporated on March 5, 1937, as All American Aviation, Inc. It underwent numerous name changes before becoming US Airways in 1997. In 2015, two years after announcing plans to merge with American Airlines, the carrier flew its last flight. The company

US Airways flight 1549, flight of a passenger airliner that made an emergency landing in the Hudson River on January 15, 2009, shortly after taking off from LaGuardia Airport in New York City. Five people were seriously injured, but there were no fatalities. The airplane, an Airbus A320 operated by

Us Weekly, American celebrity-news magazine published in New York City. Founded as Us by the New York Times Co. in 1977, the magazine was sold to MacFadden Holdings, Inc., and Warner Communications Inc. in 1980. American publishing mogul Jann Wenner (owner of Wenner Media, which also published

Us Weekly, American celebrity-news magazine published in New York City. Founded as Us by the New York Times Co. in 1977, the magazine was sold to MacFadden Holdings, Inc., and Warner Communications Inc. in 1980. American publishing mogul Jann Wenner (owner of Wenner Media, which also published

Modibo Keita: …and became secretary-general of the Sudanese Union. In 1946 the Sudanese Union merged with another anticolonial party, the African Democratic Rally, to form the US-RDA. Keita was briefly imprisoned by the French in 1946. Two years later, however, he won a seat in the territorial assembly of French Sudan, and…

Usa, city, Ōita ken (prefecture), northern Kyushu, Japan; it lies 24 miles (39 km) northwest of the prefectural capital Ōita. The city developed around the site of the first and most famous of shrines dedicated to the Shintō god Hachiman, Usa Hachiman Shrine, which dates to about 717–724. An annual

United Synagogue of America (USA), central federation of some 835 Conservative Jewish congregations located in the United States and Canada. It was organized in 1913 by Solomon Schechter, a Talmudic scholar and spokesman for the Conservative movement. To assist and increase individual participation

Live Aid: …among these was Quincy Jones’s USA for Africa, which hinged on the recording of “We Are the World” in January 1985. The success of Band Aid and USA for Africa inspired Geldof and Ure to stage a fund-raising event that was described as a “global jukebox,” collecting dozens of acts…

United States: Normalizing relations with Cuba, the USA FREEDOM Act, and the Office of Personnel Management data breach: …June the Senate passed the USA FREEDOM Act, which curtailed the government’s authority to collect data and made the process by which it requested data through the national security court more transparent. The legislation replaced the USA PATRIOT Act, which had been enacted in the interest of national security in…

Barry Diller: The following year USAI became IAC/InterActiveCorp, which operated such Web sites as Ask.com and the online dating service Match.com. In 2010 Diller stepped down as CEO, though he continued as chairman.

USA PATRIOT Act, U.S. legislation, passed by Congress in response to the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush in October 2001, that significantly expanded the search and surveillance powers of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies. The USA

USA Today, National U.S. daily general-interest newspaper, the first of its kind. Launched in 1982 by Allen Neuharth, head of the Gannett newspaper chain, it reached a circulation of one million within a year and surpassed two million in the 1990s. Initially considered gimmicky and insubstantial,

volleyball: History: …1928 the USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and senior men’s (age 35 and older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women’s division was started in 1949, and a senior women’s division (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Other national events in…

waterskiing: USA Water Ski, founded in 1939, with headquarters at Winter Haven, Fla., sponsors and promotes both recreational and competitive waterskiing and is the governing body for competitive waterskiing standards in the United States. The association certifies performance records and levels of achievement, grants awards, and…

boxing: Amateur boxing: The United States of America Amateur Boxing Federation (now USA Boxing), which governs American amateur boxing, was formed after the 1978 passage of a law forbidding the AAU to govern more than one Olympic sport.

Eileen Collins: …joined the board of the United Services Automobile Association.

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC) is a DRU that oversees the conceptualization, development, and acquisition of military systems. The United States Army Installation Management Command (IMCOM) maintains services and facilities for army personnel and their families.

Indianapolis 500: …under the aegis of the United States Auto Club (USAC). A rival open-wheel racing series known as Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) was formed in 1979. By the mid-1990s CART had successfully replaced USAC as the leading power in IndyCar racing. In 1996 speedway owner Tony George formed the Indy…

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, combatant arm and a technical service of the United States Army. Alone among the armed services it engages in extensive civil as well as military activities. The army’s first engineer officers were appointed by George Washington in 1775, and in 1802 the Corps of

United States Army: Administrative structure: The United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC) is responsible for all criminal investigations that are conducted by the army, including those overseas. It operates a criminal intelligence element. The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) is a DRU responsible for both military engineering projects…

Lance Armstrong: Doping investigations and ban: …June of that year the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) alleged that Armstrong and five of his associates—three doctors, a manager, and a trainer—had been part of a decadelong doping conspiracy beginning in the late 1990s. According to USADA, Armstrong used performance-enhancing drugs—including erythropoietin (EPO) and human growth hormone—and distributed drugs…

United States Air Force (USAF), one of the major components of the United States armed forces, with primary responsibility for air warfare, air defense, and the development of military space research. The Air Force also provides air services in coordination with the other military branches. U.S.

dictionary: Usage labels: Part of the information that a dictionary should give concerns the restrictions and constraints on the use of words, commonly called usage labelling. There is great variation in language use in many dimensions—temporal, geographical, and cultural. The people who make a two-part division…

Spain: The medieval empire, 1035–1157: …law later known as the Usatges de Barcelona (“Usages of Barcelona”).

Barry Diller: The following year USAI became IAC/InterActiveCorp, which operated such Web sites as Ask.com and the online dating service Match.com. In 2010 Diller stepped down as CEO, though he continued as chairman.

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), lead U.S. government agency working in more than 100 countries to promote global economic prosperity, advance food security, strengthen democracy, protect human rights, improve public health, and provide humanitarian assistance. The agency was

US Airways, former American airline that was incorporated on March 5, 1937, as All American Aviation, Inc. It underwent numerous name changes before becoming US Airways in 1997. In 2015, two years after announcing plans to merge with American Airlines, the carrier flew its last flight. The company

Uşak, city in the interior of western Turkey. It lies at an elevation of 2,976 feet (907 metres) above sea level. Situated in a region that was once part of the Hittite empire, Uşak lies near the ruins of ancient Flaviopolis. In more recent times it was the scene of some of the fiercest fighting of

Ushak carpet, floor covering handwoven in the city of Uşak (Ushak), Turkey. By the 16th century the principal manufacture of large commercial carpets in Ottoman Turkey had been established at Uşak, which produced rugs for palace and mosque use and for export. In the 18th and early 19th centuries,

Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil was a writer who is considered the first true exponent in Turkey of the novel in its contemporary European form. He was educated at a French school in İzmir, where he became devoted to the works of the 19th-century French novelists. A journey to France also contributed to his

Usumacinta River, river in southeastern Mexico and northwestern Guatemala, formed by the junction of the Pasión River, which arises in the Sierra de Santa Cruz (in Guatemala), and the Chixoy River, which descends from the Sierra Madre de Guatemala. The Usumacinta River flows northwestward,

Islamic arts: Decentralization of Islamic literatures: …a lively Arabic autobiography by Usāmah ibn Munqidh (died 1188), which sheds much light upon the life and cultural background of a Syrian knight during the Crusades. A number of mystics, too, had written their spiritual autobiographies in a variety of languages, with varying degrees of artistic success. Bābur’s book,…

Spain: The medieval empire, 1035–1157: …law later known as the Usatges de Barcelona (“Usages of Barcelona”).

volleyball: History: …1928 the USVBA—now known as USA Volleyball (USAV)—has conducted annual national men’s and senior men’s (age 35 and older) volleyball championships, except during 1944 and 1945. Its women’s division was started in 1949, and a senior women’s division (age 30 and older) was added in 1977. Other national events in…

USB, technology used to connect computers to peripheral devices, such as computer mouses and USB flash drives. Introduced in 1996, the USB standard was developed by a number of American companies, including IBM, Intel Corporation, and Microsoft Corporation, as a simpler way of connecting hardware

USB flash drive, small portable data storage device that uses flash memory and has an integrated universal serial bus (USB) interface. Most flash drives have between 2 and 64 gigabytes (GB) of memory, but some drives can store as much as 2 terabytes (TB). A flash drive consists of a small printed

Nancy Lieberman: …the Springfield Fame in the United States Basketball League (USBL). In 1988 Lieberman was chosen by the Washington Generals to play against the Harlem Globetrotters, making her the first woman to participate in a Globetrotters world tour. Approaching the age of 40 but still a talented player, she joined the…

Guatemala: Guatemala in the 21st century: …percent) of detentions by the Border Patrol on the U.S.-Mexico border than any other nationality.

University of Southern California (USC), private coeducational institution of higher education in Los Angeles, California, U.S. It comprises the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, the Graduate School, and 19 professional schools. The university offers undergraduate degrees in about 75 fields

U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB), unified body of Catholic bishops, representing both Roman Catholic and Eastern rite churches, who serve the dioceses of the United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands. It was formed in 2001 with the consolidation of the National Conference of Catholic

United States Coast Guard (USCG), branch of the U.S. armed forces that is charged with the enforcement of maritime laws. It is under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security. In time of war, it functions as part of the U.S. Navy and is under the direction of the president. The USCG

Ignazio Silone: In Uscita di sicurezza (1965; Emergency Exit, 1968), Silone describes his shifts from Socialism to Communism to Christianity. A play, L’avventura d’un povero cristiano (published 1968; The Story of a Humble Christian, 1970), depicts the life of the 13th-century pope Celestine V, focussing on the conflict between the demands of…

U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21), U.S. congressional committee established in 1998 to examine how best to ensure U.S. national security in the first quarter of the 21st century. The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century (USCNS/21) became widely known as the

2021 Myanmar coup d’état: Background: …the newly formed and military-aligned Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) to contest the legislative elections that were held in 2010. The party performed well, and he was elected president of the new government in 2011. The relationship between the military and civilian government largely held during Thein Sein’s term…

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), executive division of the U.S. federal government in charge of programs and policies relating to the farming industry and the use of national forests and grasslands. Formed in 1862, the USDA works to stabilize or improve domestic farm income, develop foreign

Sodom and Gomorrah: Historicity: …Sedom (Arabic: Jabal Usdum), or Mount Sodom, at the southwestern end of the sea, reflects Sodom’s name. The present-day industrial site of Sedom, Israel, on the Dead Sea shore, is located near the presumed site of Sodom and Gomorrah.

use, in medieval English property law, the right of one person to take the profits of land belonging to another. It involved at least two and usually three persons. One man (A) would convey or enfeoff land to another (B) on the condition that the latter would use it not for his own benefit but for

genetics: Preformation and natural selection: He enunciated the law of use and disuse, which states that when certain organs become specially developed as a result of some environmental need, then that state of development is hereditary and can be passed on to progeny. He believed that in this way, over many generations, giraffes…

immunity: …of criminal immunity—transactional immunity and use immunity. A person granted transactional immunity may not be prosecuted for any crime about which that person testifies as a result of the immunity grant. The testimony of a person granted use immunity may not be used against that person, but that person may…

ProCon Debate: Is Artificial Intelligence Good for Society? ProCon Issue in the News: Off Radio Krakow, a state-funded radio station in Krakow, Poland, caused an outrage when it replaced human presenters with artificial intelligence (AI) hosts; the latter conducted an October 2024 interview with