Karl Verner was a linguist and formulator of Verner’s law, which provided convincing evidence of the regularity of sound change in the historical development of languages. His findings were a decisive influence in establishing the direction taken by the Neogrammarian school of historical linguists

prostaglandin: Smooth muscle contraction: …of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in Verner-Morrison syndrome, as well as the effects of cholera toxin.

Carle Vernet was a French painter of battle scenes for Napoleon I and of sporting subjects, notably horses, for King Louis XVIII. The son of the popular landscapist Joseph Vernet, the younger Vernet early exhibited a gift for painting and came to develop an acute eye for natural detail. Although

Carle Vernet was a French painter of battle scenes for Napoleon I and of sporting subjects, notably horses, for King Louis XVIII. The son of the popular landscapist Joseph Vernet, the younger Vernet early exhibited a gift for painting and came to develop an acute eye for natural detail. Although

Carle Vernet was a French painter of battle scenes for Napoleon I and of sporting subjects, notably horses, for King Louis XVIII. The son of the popular landscapist Joseph Vernet, the younger Vernet early exhibited a gift for painting and came to develop an acute eye for natural detail. Although

Joseph Vernet was a French landscape and marine painter whose finest works, the series of 15 Ports of France (1754–65), constitute a remarkable record of 18th-century life. The son of a decorative painter, Vernet worked in Rome (1734–53), finding inspiration both in the expansive, luminous art of

Horace Vernet was a French painter of sporting subjects and vast battle panoramas, notably those in the Gallery of Battles at Versailles. The son and grandson, respectively, of two well-known painters, Carle Vernet and Joseph Vernet, Horace developed a remarkable facility for working on a grand

Horace Vernet was a French painter of sporting subjects and vast battle panoramas, notably those in the Gallery of Battles at Versailles. The son and grandson, respectively, of two well-known painters, Carle Vernet and Joseph Vernet, Horace developed a remarkable facility for working on a grand

Joseph Vernet was a French landscape and marine painter whose finest works, the series of 15 Ports of France (1754–65), constitute a remarkable record of 18th-century life. The son of a decorative painter, Vernet worked in Rome (1734–53), finding inspiration both in the expansive, luminous art of

Verneuil process, method for producing synthetic rubies and sapphires. Originally developed (1902) by a French chemist, Auguste Verneuil, the process produces a boule (a mass of alumina with the same physical and chemical characteristics as corundum) from finely ground alumina (Al2O3) by means of

geochronology: Completion of the Phanerozoic time scale: …traveled with the French paleontologist Edouard de Verneuil and the Latvian-born geologist Alexandr Keyserling to study the rock succession of the eastern Russian platform, the area of Russia west of the Ural Mountains. Near the town of Perm, Murchison and Verneuil identified fossiliferous strata containing both Carboniferous and a younger…

Portuguese literature: The 18th century: …of the theologian and philosopher Luís António Verney) poured scorn on prevailing methods of education in Veradeiro método de estudar (1746; “True Method of Studying”). Matias Aires, who studied science in Spain and France, returned to Portugal to write Reflexões sobre a vaidade (1752; “Reflections on Vanity”), a philosophical and…

verné rug, handmade Caucasian floor covering that was formerly termed a sileh. It is usually woven in two pieces joined at the middle, with a design composed of squarish compartments, usually in horizonal rows of two per panel. Within the squares are large backward S-shaped figures, representing

Wehrmacht: War crimes and the myth of the clean Wehrmacht: A 1995–99 art exhibition titled “Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944” (“War of Annihilation: Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941–44”) triggered a massive reappraisal of the role of the Wehrmacht in World War II. The controversial exhibit toured 33 cities in Germany and Austria and was viewed by more than…

extermination camp, Nazi German concentration camp that specialized in the mass annihilation (Vernichtung) of unwanted persons in the Third Reich and conquered territories. The camps’ victims were mostly Jews but also included Roma (Gypsies), Slavs, homosexuals, alleged mental defectives, and

vernier caliper, instrument for making very accurate linear measurements introduced in 1631 by Pierre Vernier of France. It uses two graduated scales: a main scale similar to that on a ruler and an especially graduated auxiliary scale, the vernier, that slides parallel to the main scale and enables

mercury barometer: Invention and evolution: A secondary, vernier scale (see vernier caliper) was added to some instruments to enable considerably more accurate readings. The use of mercury barometers gave rise to millimeters of mercury (mmHg) as one of several measurement units for atmospheric pressure.

Pierre Vernier was a French mathematician and government official who is best remembered for his invention of the vernier caliper, an instrument for making accurate linear measurements. Taught by his scientist-father, Claude Vernier, he developed an early interest in measuring instruments. During

Giovanni Bardi, conte di Vernio was a musician, writer, and scientist, influential in the evolution of opera. About 1573 he founded the Florentine Camerata, a group that sought to revive ancient Greek music and drama. Among the members were the theorist Vincenzo Galilei (father of Galileo) and the

vernis Martin, lustrous lacquer substitute widely used in the 18th century to decorate furniture and such personal articles as brisé fans and snuffboxes. The process of adding bronze or gold powder to green varnish was perfected by the Martin family (q.v.), hence its name vernis Martin (“Martin

printmaking: Soft-ground etching: Soft-ground etching is basically the same as hard-ground etching except that the ground contains about one-third grease, which keeps it in a semihard, or tacky, condition.

Vernon, city, southern British Columbia, Canada. It lies in Okanagan Lake country, 274 miles (441 km) northeast of Vancouver. Pioneers called the early settlement Priest’s Valley because of a missionary outpost maintained there by Paul Durieu. It was also known as Forge Valley (for its

Vernon: …it is dominated by the Vernon Civic Complex (opened 1966), comprising the City Hall, museum, library, fire and police buildings, and Convention Hall. Inc. 1892. Pop. (2006) 35,979; (2011) 38,150.

Dai Vernon was a Canadian magician and sleight-of-hand artist who was one of the 20th century’s most renowned practitioners of “up-close” magic and card tricks. (Read Harry Houdini’s 1926 Britannica essay on magic.) Fascinated with magic from age six, he decided to become a professional conjurer

United Kingdom: Walpole’s loss of power: Admiral Edward Vernon became a popular and Opposition hero when he captured the Spanish settlement of Portobelo (in what is now Panama) in November 1739. But his victory was followed by several defeats, and Britain soon became embroiled in a wider European conflict, the War of…

Errol Morris: Education and early films: …followed it with another documentary, Vernon, Florida (1981), focusing on the eccentric residents of the titular town.

Rascal Flatts: The members were lead vocalist Gary LeVox (original name Gary Wayne Vernon, Jr.; b. July 10, 1970, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.), bassist Jay DeMarcus (in full Stanley Wayne DeMarcus, Jr.; b. April 26, 1971, Columbus), and guitarist Joe Don Rooney (b. September 13, 1975, Baxter Springs, Kansas).

Point Blank: …his partner Mal Reese (John Vernon) and left for dead. Walker returns to the mainland and remorselessly and violently works his way through the corporate criminal organization so he can kill Reese and get his money back.

Pitchfork Music Festival: …Pitchfork and Bon Iver frontman Justin Vernon.

human intelligence: Psychometric theories: …unresolved, other psychologists—such as Canadian Philip E. Vernon and American Raymond B. Cattell—have suggested that both were right in some respects. Vernon and Cattell viewed intellectual abilities as hierarchical, with g, or general ability, located at the top of the hierarchy. But below g are levels of gradually narrowing abilities,…

ironweed, (genus Vernonia), genus of about 500 species of perennial plants of the aster family (Asteraceae). Small herbaceous species are distributed throughout the world, while shrubs and trees are native primarily to tropical regions. Some authorities have suggested that the genus be limited to

Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 26, 1995, ruled (6–3) that an Oregon school board’s random drug-testing policy for student athletes was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. In response to concerns about increased

Karl Jaspers: Conflict with the Nazi authorities: …entitled Vernunft und Existenz (Reason and Existenz, 1955), appeared; in 1936 a book on Nietzsche; in 1937 an essay on Descartes; in 1938 a further work preliminary to his logic, entitled Existenzphilosophie (Philosophy of Existence, 1971). Unlike many other famous intellectuals of that time, he was not prepared to…

Christian, baron von Wolff: …all beginning under the title Vernünftige Gedanken (“Rational Ideas”) covered many subjects and expounded Leibniz’s theories in popular form. Wolff emphasized that every occurrence must have an adequate reason for happening or there arises the impossible alternative that something might come out of nothing. He applied the thought of the…

Johann Christoph Gottsched: …and 1726, Gottsched had published Die vernünftigen Tadlerinnen (“The Reasonable Female Critics”), a journal aimed at improving the intellectual and moral standards of women. A second journal, Der Biedermann (1727–29; “The Honest Man”), undertook the broader task of introducing the new rationalist creed to German letters. In 1730 he brought…

Almaty, city, southeastern Kazakhstan. It was formerly the capital of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1929–91) and of independent Kazakhstan (1991–97). Almaty lies in the northern foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau at an elevation of 2,300–3,000 feet (700–900 metres), where the Bolshaya and

Carlo Goldoni: …in commedia dell’arte style; and Il vero amico (“The True Friend”), an Italian comedy of manners.

Véroia, dímos (municipality) and commercial centre of Greek Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía), Central Macedonia (Kendrikí Makedonía) periféreia (region), northern Greece. It lies on a plateau at the western edge of the Thessaloníki (Salonika) plain, at the eastern foot of the Vérmio (also

history of publishing: Continental Europe and other countries: …prominent contemporary of Girardin was Louis-Désiré Véron, who founded the Revue de Paris (1829) and revived the liberal daily Le Constitutionnel (1835). Aspiring French authors could gain publicity for their literary talents in these papers, especially when the Tanguy Law (1850) made it compulsory for them to sign the articles…

Verona, city, episcopal see, Veneto regione, northern Italy. It lies at the foot of the Lessini Mountains, 65 miles (105 km) west of Venice, and is half-encircled by the Adige River. The city was founded by an ancient tribe (possibly the Euganei or Raeti) and was later occupied by the Gallic

Verona Arena, Roman amphitheater in Verona, Italy, that is the third-largest surviving amphitheater in Europe, after the Colosseum in Rome and the one at ancient Capua, near Naples. It is extraordinarily well-preserved and had an original seating capacity of about 30,000 people. The Romans built

Francesco Scipione, marchese di Maffei: …Verona illustrata, 4 volumes (1731–32; A Compleat History of the Ancient Amphitheatres and in particular that of Verona).

Congress of Verona, (Oct. 20–Dec. 14, 1822), the last of the meetings held by the European powers in accordance with the terms of the Quadruple Alliance (1815) between Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain. Held at Verona, the congress was also the last effective manifestation of the Holy

Fra Giovanni Giocondo was an Italian humanist, architect, and engineer, whose designs and written works signal the transition in architectural modes from early to high Renaissance. A learned Franciscan, Fra Giocondo is said to have received an extensive humanistic education. He made an important

Italy: Northern Italy: …Grado, who organized the anti-imperial League of Verona. When Victor IV died in 1164, Rainald of Dassel arranged for the election of the strongly imperial Paschal III (antipope 1164–68) as a rival to Alexander III. But Alexander also faced difficulties. The controversy between King Henry II of England and Archbishop…

Altichiero: …the effective founder of the Veronese school and perhaps the most significant northern Italian artist of the 14th century.

Paolo Veronese was one of the major painters of the 16th-century Venetian school. His works usually are huge, vastly peopled canvases depicting allegorical, biblical, or historical subjects in splendid colour and set in a framework of classicizing Renaissance architecture. A master of the use of

bullfighting: Act one: …usually performing the basic two-handed veronica (named after St. Veronica, who, according to Christian legend, wiped Christ’s brow with a cloth as he passed by on his way to Golgotha). The veronica is the basic pass from which nearly all other passes derive. A series of veronicas is usually ended…

speedwell, any plant of the genus Veronica (order Lamiales), especially the small, sometimes weedy, herbaceous types. There are about 450 species, which are found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. Speedwells are grown as ornamentals. Their small blossoms are usually white, blue, purple, or

Cate Blanchett: Films: Elizabeth and the Lord of the Rings series: …afoul of the mob in Veronica Guerin (2003). In 2004 she starred in Wes Anderson’s offbeat comedy The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou, playing a pregnant reporter in a bizarre love triangle with the ship’s captain (played by Bill Murray) and someone who may be his son (played by Owen…

Freaks and Geeks: Legacy: …characters, such as The Office, Veronica Mars (2004–19), and Stranger Things (2016– ).

Kirstie Alley: Cheers and Veronica’s Closet: …lingerie company in the sitcom Veronica’s Closet. She later reunited with Cheers alum Rhea Perlman on the sitcom Kirstie (2013–14), in which Alley played a Broadway star. She also made guest appearances on various shows, including The King of Queens, Hot in Cleveland, and The Goldbergs. In 2020 she starred…

St. Veronica ; feast day July 12) was a renowned legendary woman who, moved by the sight of Christ carrying his cross to Golgotha, gave him her kerchief to wipe his brow, after which he handed it back imprinted with the image of his face. In Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Lutheranism, and certain

St. Veronica ; feast day July 12) was a renowned legendary woman who, moved by the sight of Christ carrying his cross to Golgotha, gave him her kerchief to wipe his brow, after which he handed it back imprinted with the image of his face. In Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Lutheranism, and certain

Shroud of Turin: Description: …Turin is distinct from the Veil of Veronica, which is depicted in the Stations of the Cross as a piece of fabric that was imprinted with Christ’s face during his walk to Golgotha (see St. Veronica).

gastropod: Classification: …(Onchidiidae), terrestrial and herbivorous (Veronicellidae), or terrestrial and carnivorous (Rathouisiidae); about 200 species. Superorder Basommatophora Mantle cavity present; eyes at base of 1 pair of tentacles; male and female gonopore separate, usually on right side of body; shell conical to patelliform; mostly freshwater but a few land and marine…

Veronika Decides to Die, novel by Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. It was first published in Portuguese as Veronika decide morrer in 1998 and appeared in English in 1999. The novel is set in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where, with a steady stream of boyfriends, a secure job in a library, an apartment of her

Veronika Decides to Die, novel by Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. It was first published in Portuguese as Veronika decide morrer in 1998 and appeared in English in 1999. The novel is set in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where, with a steady stream of boyfriends, a secure job in a library, an apartment of her

Rainer Werner Fassbinder: …Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss (1982; Veronika Voss), based on the life of the German actress Sybille Schmitz—was well received. He also adapted Alfred Döblin’s novel Berlin Alexanderplatz for a 14-part television series in 1980 and later released all of the episodes as a feature film that ran nearly 16 hours.

cup fungus: The bell morel (Verpa), an edible mushroom with a bell-shaped cap, is found in woods and in old orchards in early spring. Most species of Gyromitra, a genus of false morels, are poisonous. G. brunnea is edible, however, and is found in sandy soils or woods.

Cesare Pavese: …to contain his best poetry, Verrà la morte e avrà i tuoi occhi (1951; “Death Will Stare at Me out of Your Eyes”); the story collection Notte di festa (1953; Festival Night and Other Stories, 1964); and the striking chronicle of his inner life, Il mestiere di vivere, diario 1935–1950…

Giovanni da Verrazzano was an Italian navigator and explorer for France who was the first European to sight New York and Narragansett bays. After his education in Florence, Verrazzano moved to Dieppe, France, and entered that nation’s maritime service. He made several voyages to the Levant, and in

Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, long-span suspension bridge spanning New York Harbor from Brooklyn to Staten Island, built by Othmar H. Ammann from 1959 to 1964. An exceptionally expensive engineering project largely because of the problem of land acquisition, its total cost was $325 million. It is the

Giovanni da Verrazzano was an Italian navigator and explorer for France who was the first European to sight New York and Narragansett bays. After his education in Florence, Verrazzano moved to Dieppe, France, and entered that nation’s maritime service. He made several voyages to the Levant, and in

Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, long-span suspension bridge spanning New York Harbor from Brooklyn to Staten Island, built by Othmar H. Ammann from 1959 to 1964. An exceptionally expensive engineering project largely because of the problem of land acquisition, its total cost was $325 million. It is the

Alain Mabanckou: Novels: With Verre cassé (2005; Broken Glass), a comic reflection on French and Congolese cultures and Mabanckou’s second novel to be translated into English, he found a considerable English-language audience. His next fictional offering, Mémoires de porc-épic (2006; Memoirs of a Porcupine), won the Prix Renaudot. It puts a new…

verre églomisé, (French: “Glomyized glass”), glass engraved on the back that has been covered by unfired painting or, usually, gold or silver leaf. The method owes its name to Jean-Baptiste Glomy (d. 1786), a French picture framer who used the process in glass mounts. The technique derives from

eagle: Verreaux’s eagle (Aquila verreauxii) is an uncommon bird of eastern and southern Africa. It is black with white rump and wing patches. It reaches about 80 cm (31 inches) in length, and it subsists mainly on hyraxes.Seebateleur; golden eagle.

sifaka: Verreaux’s sifaka (P. verreauxi) is white with dark shoulders and sides, sometimes with a dark crown cap. Coquerel’s sifaka (P. coquereli) is somewhat similar; it lives in the thorny forests of Madagascar’s southern desert. Two other species live in the dry forests of western Madagascar.…

Gaius Verres was a Roman magistrate notorious for his misgovernment of Sicily. His trial exposed the extent of official corruption in the Roman provinces during the late republic. Verres was the son of an undistinguished senator. He became quaestor (financial administrator) to the consul Gnaeus

Pietro Verri was a political economist, journalist, government official, leader of a Milanese academy, and author of literary, historical, and economic works. Verri studied in Monza, Milan, Rome, and Parma, then served as a captain in the Austrian army during the Seven Years’ War. After his return

Neptune: The ring system: …five known rings of Neptune—Galle, Le Verrier, Lassell, Arago, and Galatea, in order of increasing distance from the planet—lack the nonuniformity in density exhibited by Adams. Le Verrier, which is about 110 km (70 miles) in radial width, closely resembles the nonarc regions of Adams. Similar to the relationship between…

Urbain-Jean-Joseph Le Verrier was a French astronomer who predicted by mathematical means the existence of the planet Neptune. Appointed a teacher of astronomy at the École Polytechnique (“Polytechnic School”), Paris, in 1837, Le Verrier first undertook an extensive study of the theory of the

Addison Emery Verrill was a zoologist and naturalist who, as curator of zoology at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University, developed one of the largest, most valuable zoological collections in the United States. From 1871 to 1887, while he was in charge of scientific explorations

Gaius Verres: ) The complete Verrines drove home the evidence for senatorial corruption and are modern historians’ best source for studying the workings of Roman provincial administration in the late republic. (They were also the model for Edmund Burke’s prosecution of Warren Hastings in 1788–95 for maladministration in British India.)…

Marcus Verrius Flaccus was a Roman freedman who became a learned scholar and grammarian and the most famous teacher of his day. Verrius Flaccus introduced the principle of competition among his pupils and awarded old books, beautiful or rare, as prizes. Augustus entrusted the education of his two

Andrea del Verrocchio was a 15th-century Florentine sculptor and painter and the teacher of Leonardo da Vinci. His equestrian statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni, erected in Venice in 1496, is particularly important. Little accurate biographical information is known about Verrocchio. He was the son of

football: Strategy and tactics: The complex Swiss verrou system, perfected by Karl Rappan, saw players switch positions and duties depending on the game’s pattern. It was the first system to play four players in defense and to use one of them as a “security bolt” behind the other three. Counterattacking football was…

wart, a well-defined growth of varying shape and size on the skin surface caused by a virus, most commonly one belonging to the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. Essentially an infectious benign skin tumour, a wart is composed of an abnormal proliferation of cells of the epidermis; the

Verrucaria, genus of lichens of the family Verrucariaceae, often found as a black crust covering seashore rocks. Along with the effects of weathering, Verrucaria helps break down limestone rocks by secreting acids that dissolve the cement holding together the rock particles. This produces an

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Verrucariales Forms lichens on rocks and other substrates; perithecia (closed ascocarps with a pore in the top) have small depression-like spots on the surface; included in subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae; example genera include Agonimia, Dermatocarpon, Polyblastia, and Verrucaria. Order Coryneliales Forms lichens; asci in

Louis II was an eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid

cirripede: Diversity and distribution: …sessile barnacles, the Verrucomorpha, or wart barnacles, differs from the first two suborders in having the plates of the wall and operculum asymmetrically arranged. With the exception of a primitive genus, Neoverruca, found to be associated with abyssal hydrothermal springs at 3,600 metres in the western Pacific, the simple, asymmetrical…

Carrión disease: …high mortality if untreated; and verruga peruana, a more benign skin eruption characterized by reddish papules and nodules, which usually follows the Oroya fever (within weeks or months) but may also occur in individuals who have not exhibited previous symptoms. The skin lesions are thought to be an expression of…

vers de société, (French: “society verse”), light poetry written with particular wit and polish and intended for a limited, sophisticated audience. It has flourished in cultured societies, particularly in court circles and literary salons, from the time of the Greek poet Anacreon (6th century bc).

Paul Fort: …founded and edited the review Vers et Prose (1905–14), which published the work of Paul Valéry and other important Symbolist writers. Between 1897 and 1924 Fort produced 30 volumes of ballads. His ballad stanzas were printed in the form of prose paragraphs to emphasize the importance of rhythm and assonance…

vers libre, (French: “free verse”), 19th-century poetic innovation that liberated French poetry from its traditional prosodic rules. In vers libre, the basic metrical unit is the phrase rather than a line of a fixed number of syllables, as was traditional in French versification since the Middle

musique mesurée: It was associated with vers mesurés à l’antique, poetry written to classical quantitative metres (based on long and short syllables).

alexandrine: …a three-part line known as vers romantique, or trimètre. Vers libre (“free verse”) soon replaced the alexandrine as the leading verse form of French poetry.

alexandrine: …a three-part line known as vers romantique, or trimètre. Vers libre (“free verse”) soon replaced the alexandrine as the leading verse form of French poetry.

Le Corbusier: Education and early years: …were collected and published as Vers une architecture. Later translated as Toward a New Architecture (1923), the book is written in a telling style that was to be characteristic of Le Corbusier in his long career as a polemicist. “A house is a machine for living in” and “a curved…

Donatella Versace is an Italian fashion designer who became creative director of the luxury brand Versace in 1997, following the death of her brother and founder, Gianni Versace. Her contributions—business and artistic—furthered the company’s bold and glamorous image. In March 2025 it was announced

Donatella Versace is an Italian fashion designer who became creative director of the luxury brand Versace in 1997, following the death of her brother and founder, Gianni Versace. Her contributions—business and artistic—furthered the company’s bold and glamorous image. In March 2025 it was announced

Gianni Versace was an Italian fashion designer known for his daring fashions and glamorous lifestyle. Gianni grew up watching his mother, who was a dressmaker, work on designs in her boutique. After graduating from high school, he spent a short time at her shop before moving in 1972 to Milan, where

Versailles, town and capital of Yvelines département, Île-de-France région, north-central France, 14 miles (22 km) southwest of Paris. The town developed around the 17th-century Palace of Versailles, built by Louis XIV, the principal residence of the kings of France and the seat of the government

advanced ceramics: …been supplied by the 1993 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS), which described an advanced ceramic as “an inorganic, nonmetallic (ceramic), basically crystalline material of rigorously controlled composition and manufactured with detailed regulation from highly refined and/or characterized raw materials giving precisely specified attributes.” A number of distinguishing…

Palace of Versailles: The gardens: The gardens of Versailles were planned by André Le Nôtre, perhaps the most famous and influential landscape architect in French history. Behind the palace, the ground falls away on every side from a terrace adorned with ornamental basins, statues, and bronze groups. Directly…

Palace of Versailles, former French royal residence and center of government, now a national landmark. It is located in the city of Versailles, Yvelines département, Île-de-France région, northern France, 10 miles (16 km) west-southwest of Paris. As the center of the French court, Versailles was

Grenada: French settlement: …was restored to Britain in 1783.

François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis: …resulted in the first (defensive) treaty of Versailles between France and Austria (May 1, 1756) and then to the second (offensive) treaty of Versailles (May 1, 1757). This alliance with France’s old enemy and the abandonment of the former alliance with Prussia formed the diplomatic prelude to the Seven Years’…