video art, form of moving-image art that garnered many practitioners in the 1960s and ’70s with the widespread availability of inexpensive videotape recorders and the ease of its display through commercial television monitors. Video art became a major medium for artists who wished to exploit the

video card, integrated circuit that generates a video signal to be sent to a computer display. The card is usually located on the computer motherboard or operates as a separate circuit board, but it is sometimes built into the computer display unit. The card contains a graphics processing unit

technology of photography: Electronic photography: A still video camera resembling traditional photographic apparatus (the Sony Mavica single-lens reflex) was first demonstrated in 1981. It uses a fast-rotating magnetic disc, two inches in diameter, recording on it up to 50 separate video images formed in a solid-state device in the camera. The images…

endoscopy: …may require the use of wireless capsule endoscopy (video capsule endoscopy), which consists of a pill-sized camera that is swallowed. The camera transmits data to sensors that are attached to the abdomen with adhesive, and a data recorder that stores image information collected by the camera is attached to a…

video card, integrated circuit that generates a video signal to be sent to a computer display. The card is usually located on the computer motherboard or operates as a separate circuit board, but it is sometimes built into the computer display unit. The card contains a graphics processing unit

television: Magnetic tape: In home videocassettes, the recorded signal is not in the formats described in the section Compatible colour television. Instead, the wave forms are converted to a “colour-under” format. Here the chrominance signal, rather than modulating a colour subcarrier located several megahertz above the picture carrier, is used…

videocassette recorder, electromechanical device that records, stores, and plays back television programs on a television set by means of a cassette of magnetic tape. A videocassette recorder is commonly used to record television programs broadcast over the air or by cable and to play back

data compression: ) Video compression can achieve compression ratios approaching 20-to-1 with minimal distortion.

Douglas Engelbart: …the world’s first public computer video conference in another window. Engelbart continued his research, building increasingly sophisticated input and display devices and improving the graphical user interface, but because of budget cuts at SRI most of his research staff migrated to other institutions such as Xerox Corporation’s Palo Alto Research…

video card, integrated circuit that generates a video signal to be sent to a computer display. The card is usually located on the computer motherboard or operates as a separate circuit board, but it is sometimes built into the computer display unit. The card contains a graphics processing unit

television: Basic receiver circuits: …in the output of the video detector, and it is thereupon operated on in circuits that ultimately recover the primary-colour signals originally produced by the colour camera. Recovery of the primary-colour signals starts in the synchronous detector, where the synchronizing signals are passed through circuits that separate the horizontal and…

videodisc, rigid circular plate of either metal or plastic used to record video and audio signals for playback. It resembles a phonograph record and can be played on a disc machine attached to a conventional television receiver. There are two major classes of videodiscs: magnetic and nonmagnetic.

MTV: …format of Top 40 radio, video disc jockeys (or “veejays”) introduced videos and bantered about music news between clips. After an initial splash, the network struggled in its early years. The music video reservoir was then somewhat shallow, resulting in frequent repetition of clips, and cable television remained a luxury…

computerized typesetting: Some systems have a video display terminal (VDT), consisting of a keyboard and a CRT viewing screen, that enables the operator to see and correct the words as they are being typed. If a system has a line printer, it can produce printouts of “hard copy.”

electronic game, any interactive game operated by computer circuitry. The machines, or “platforms,” on which electronic games are played include general-purpose shared and personal computers, arcade consoles, video consoles connected to home television sets, handheld game machines, mobile devices

electronic fighting game: Home console games: Two reasons for the decline of arcades in the 1990s were the steep learning curve for newcomers to the fighting games and the increasing power of home video consoles. As the 16-bit home consoles, such as the Sega Genesis (1988) and the Super…

Although fewer people are playing video games compared to the surge in gaming during the covid pandemic (2020-22), with the gaming sector experiencing layoffs because of the post-pandemic contraction in the industry, the number of gamers is still impressive. According to Circana’s “2024 Gamer

VGA, computer chipset standard for displaying colour graphics. With the widespread availability of high-definition monitors, VGA was supplanted by HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface). Introduced by IBM in 1987 for its PS/2 line of PCs, the original VGA chipset, or graphics card, offered the

videocassette recorder: … format by Sony and the VHS format by the Matsushita Corporation in the 1970s, videocassette recorders became sufficiently inexpensive to be purchased by millions of families for use in the home. Both the VHS and Betamax systems use videotape that is 0.5 inch (13 mm) wide, but the two systems…

MTV: …with the broadcast of “Video Killed the Radio Star” by the Buggles. Following the format of Top 40 radio, video disc jockeys (or “veejays”) introduced videos and bantered about music news between clips. After an initial splash, the network struggled in its early years. The music video reservoir was…

computer: Main memory: …memory, computers generally have special video memory (VRAM) to hold graphical images, called bitmaps, for the computer display. This memory is often dual-ported—a new image can be stored in it at the same time that its current data is being read and displayed.

casino: …machines and (from the 1980s) video poker machines are the economic mainstay of American casinos, the income resulting from high volume, rapid play at sums ranging from five cents to a dollar, and the ability to adjust machines for any desired profit. Another very common game offered in most casinos…

computer: Main memory: …memory, computers generally have special video memory (VRAM) to hold graphical images, called bitmaps, for the computer display. This memory is often dual-ported—a new image can be stored in it at the same time that its current data is being read and displayed.

computer: Main memory: …memory, computers generally have special video memory (VRAM) to hold graphical images, called bitmaps, for the computer display. This memory is often dual-ported—a new image can be stored in it at the same time that its current data is being read and displayed.

videodisc, rigid circular plate of either metal or plastic used to record video and audio signals for playback. It resembles a phonograph record and can be played on a disc machine attached to a conventional television receiver. There are two major classes of videodiscs: magnetic and nonmagnetic.

video tape recorder, electromechanical device that records and reproduces an electronic signal containing audio and video information onto and from magnetic tape. It is commonly used for recording television productions that are intended for rebroadcasting to mass audiences. There are two types of

television: Video recording: The recording of video signals on magnetic tape was a major technological accomplishment, first implemented during the 1950s in professional machines for use in television studios and later (by the 1970s) in videocassette recorders (VCRs) for use in homes. The home…

The proliferation of streaming services has left many consumers scratching their heads, wondering just which ones are worth the monthly subscription. It can be equally puzzling for investors who are seeking to cash in on the consumer trend away from cable companies and toward streaming services.

closed-circuit television (CCTV), system that uses video cameras to send television signals to a specific limited viewership. Unlike broadcast television, closed-circuit television (CCTV) does not openly transmit its signal to the public but rather between set points that are decided by the

video tape recorder, electromechanical device that records and reproduces an electronic signal containing audio and video information onto and from magnetic tape. It is commonly used for recording television productions that are intended for rebroadcasting to mass audiences. There are two types of

videophone, device that simultaneously transmits and receives both audio and video signals over telephone lines. In addition to the two-way speech transmission traditionally associated with the telephone, for many years there has been an interest in transmitting two-way video signals over telephone

video-on-demand (VOD), technology for delivering video content, such as movies and television shows, directly to individual customers for immediate viewing. In a cable television VOD system, video content is stored on a centralized server in the form of compressed digital files. A customer

television: Magnetic tape: In home videocassettes, the recorded signal is not in the formats described in the section Compatible colour television. Instead, the wave forms are converted to a “colour-under” format. Here the chrominance signal, rather than modulating a colour subcarrier located several megahertz above the picture carrier, is used…

videocassette recorder, electromechanical device that records, stores, and plays back television programs on a television set by means of a cassette of magnetic tape. A videocassette recorder is commonly used to record television programs broadcast over the air or by cable and to play back

videoconferencing, refers to the transmission of pictures and imagery (via video) and sounds (via audio) between two or more physically separate locations. Once the sole province of the corporate boardroom, videoconferencing is used today in telemedicine, distance education, theatrical productions,

videodisc, rigid circular plate of either metal or plastic used to record video and audio signals for playback. It resembles a phonograph record and can be played on a disc machine attached to a conventional television receiver. There are two major classes of videodiscs: magnetic and nonmagnetic.

videodisc, rigid circular plate of either metal or plastic used to record video and audio signals for playback. It resembles a phonograph record and can be played on a disc machine attached to a conventional television receiver. There are two major classes of videodiscs: magnetic and nonmagnetic.

David Cronenberg: Rabid, The Fly, and Crash: For his next film, Videodrome (1983), Cronenberg imagined a television channel that transmits content so sexually and violently graphic that it causes hallucinations and even physical mutations in those subjected to it.

videophone, device that simultaneously transmits and receives both audio and video signals over telephone lines. In addition to the two-way speech transmission traditionally associated with the telephone, for many years there has been an interest in transmitting two-way video signals over telephone

videophone: Digital videophone systems: In 1992 AT&T introduced the VideoPhone 2500, the world’s first colour videophone that could transmit over analog telephone lines. Unlike the earlier Picturephones, the VideoPhone 2500 employed digital compression methods to enable a significant reduction of the bandwidth required for full-motion video transmission. A V.34 modem was employed to transmit…

virtual reality: Entertainment: …of Krueger’s work, especially his VIDEOPLACE system, processed interactions between a participant’s digitized image and computer-generated graphical objects. VIDEOPLACE could analyze and process the user’s actions in the real world and translate them into interactions with the system’s virtual objects in various preprogrammed ways. Different modes of interaction with names…

videotape, Magnetic tape used to record visual images and sound, or the recording itself. There are two types of videotape recorders, the transverse (or quad) and the helical. The transverse unit uses four heads rotating on an axis perpendicular to the direction in which the tape is fed. The

videophone, device that simultaneously transmits and receives both audio and video signals over telephone lines. In addition to the two-way speech transmission traditionally associated with the telephone, for many years there has been an interest in transmitting two-way video signals over telephone

videotex, an electronic data-retrieval system in which usually textual information was transmitted via telephone or cable television lines and displayed on a television set or video display terminal. Videotex was originally designed in the early 1970s. It was an information-delivery system for the

magus: …sections of the Vidēvdāt (Vendidad), probably derive from them. From the 1st century ad onward the word in its Syriac form (magusai) was applied to magicians and soothsayers, chiefly from Babylonia, with a reputation for the most varied forms of wisdom. As long as the Persian empire lasted there…

Dilip Kumar: Later career: …key roles in Subhash Ghai’s Vidhaata (1982; “Creator”), Karma (1986), and Saudagar (1991; “Merchant”). He was also noted for his performance in Ramesh Sippy’s Shakti (1982; “Strength”). Kumar’s last film was the family drama Qila (1998; “Fort”).

India: State and local governments: …house, the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council), roughly comparable to the Rajya Sabha, with memberships that may not be more than one-third the size of the assemblies. In these councils, one-sixth of the members are nominated by the governor, and the remainder are elected by various categories of specially qualified…

India: State and local governments: …have a Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly), popularly elected for terms of up to five years, while a small (and declining) number of states also have an upper house, the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council), roughly comparable to the Rajya Sabha, with memberships that may not be more than one-third the…

Bengaluru: The contemporary city: …buildings include the legislative building Vidhana Soudha (1956) and the High Court building Attara Kacheri (1867), which are situated across from one another. Also of note are the maharaja of Mysore’s palace, the Mysore Government Museum (1866), and Tipu Sultan’s fort and palace. Notable local scenic spots are the Lalbagh…

Indian philosophy: The linguistic philosophies: Bhartrihari and Mandana-Mishra: … (“Establishment of Word Essence”), and Vidhiviveka (“Inquiry into the Nature of Injunctions”).

television: Electron tubes: …the Image Orthicon, and the Vidicon. The operation of the camera tube is based on the photoconductive properties of certain materials and on electron beam scanning. These principles can be illustrated by a description of the Vidicon, one of the most enduring and versatile camera tubes. (See the diagram.)

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese navigator whose voyages to India (1497–99, 1502–03, 1524) opened up the sea route from western Europe to the East by way of the Cape of Good Hope. The famed bridge named in his honor in Lisbon, the Vasco da Gama Bridge that crosses over the Tagus River estuary, spans

Vidin, port town, extreme northwestern Bulgaria, on the Danube River. An agricultural and trade centre, Vidin has a fertile hinterland renowned for its wines and is the site of an annual fair. A regular ferry service connects it with Calafat, across the Danube in Romania. Vidin occupies the site of

Vidisha, city, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just east of the Betwa River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhopal. The city, originally called Besnagar and later dubbed Bhilsa (or Bhelsa), was renamed Vidisha in 1956. Vidisha is of great antiquity, being mentioned in

Vidisha, city, west-central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. It lies just east of the Betwa River, about 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Bhopal. The city, originally called Besnagar and later dubbed Bhilsa (or Bhelsa), was renamed Vidisha in 1956. Vidisha is of great antiquity, being mentioned in

François Vidocq was an adventurer and detective who helped create the police de sûreté (“security police”) in France. A venturesome, sometimes rash youth, Vidocq had bright beginnings in the army, fighting in the Battles of Valmy and Jemappes in 1792. After having spent several periods in prison,

Vitale da Bologna was an Italian painter of the Bolognese school whose early 14th-century paintings in the International Gothic style show a marked Sienese influence. The first official record of Vitale was in Bologna, where he painted the Odofredi Chapel in the Church of San Francesco. During this

Vitale da Bologna was an Italian painter of the Bolognese school whose early 14th-century paintings in the International Gothic style show a marked Sienese influence. The first official record of Vitale was in Bologna, where he painted the Odofredi Chapel in the Church of San Francesco. During this

Charles Vidor was a Hungarian-born American film director who primarily made comedies and musicals but was best known for the film noir classic Gilda (1946). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) During World War I, Vidor served in the Austro-Hungarian army, rising to the

King Vidor: Silent films: …a scriptwriter while his wife, Florence Vidor (divorced 1925), became a well-known silent-film actress. In 1918 Vidor returned to directing and made 16 short films. The following year he helmed his first feature, The Turn in the Road, a drama that he also wrote. He subsequently directed a number of…

Charles Vidor was a Hungarian-born American film director who primarily made comedies and musicals but was best known for the film noir classic Gilda (1946). (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) During World War I, Vidor served in the Austro-Hungarian army, rising to the

King Vidor was an American motion-picture director whose films of the 1920s and ’30s in both content and theme were among the most creative of those produced in Hollywood; they deal in relatively uncompromising terms with such themes as idealism and disillusionment in contemporary life. Among his

King Vidor was an American motion-picture director whose films of the 1920s and ’30s in both content and theme were among the most creative of those produced in Hollywood; they deal in relatively uncompromising terms with such themes as idealism and disillusionment in contemporary life. Among his

Brač: …(780 m), is reached at Vidova Mountain, the highest point in the Adriatic islands. The main occupations of the inhabitants are fishing and agriculture; crops include figs, olives, almonds, and wine grapes. With insufficient fresh water, the island must be supplied from the mainland in summer. Mechanized quarrying of marble…

Croatian literature: …writers of that time include Vladimir Vidrić and Vladimir Nazor. The leading figure of the early Modernist phase until World War I was Antun Gustav Matoš. He edited the anthology Mlada hrvatska lirika (1914; “The Young Croatian Lyric”), which marked the zenith of such verse. Between the wars, avant-garde poetry…

weaver: ) Whydahs (Vidua) are social parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of other species of weavers, which then raise the whydahs’ young.

South Asian arts: Classical theatre: The vidushaka (clown) is a noble, good-hearted, blundering fool, the trusted friend of the hero. A bald-headed glutton, comic in speech and manners, he is the darling of the spectators. With the decline of Sanskrit drama the folk theatre in various regional languages inherited the conventions…

India: The Rajputs of India: Dhanga’s grandson Vidyadhara (reigned 1017–29), often described as the most powerful of the Candella kings, extended the kingdom as far as the Chambal and Narmada rivers. There he came into direct conflict with the Turkic conqueror Maḥmūd of Ghazna when the latter swept down from Afghanistan in…

Vidyapati was a Maithili Brahman writer and poet, known for his many erudite Sanskrit works and also for his erotic poetry written in the Maithili language. He was the first writer to use Maithili as a literary language. Little detail is known of Vidyapati’s early life, though his status as a

Prithviraj Kapoor: …popular New Theatres film was Vidyapati (1937), Bose’s impressively mounted chronicle of the life of the court poet of the kingdom of Mithila (the area of ancient Videha, now Tirhut). In the late 1930s Kapoor was back in Bombay, where he starred in several successful melodramas produced by Chandulal Shah’s…

Vidyapati was a Maithili Brahman writer and poet, known for his many erudite Sanskrit works and also for his erotic poetry written in the Maithili language. He was the first writer to use Maithili as a literary language. Little detail is known of Vidyapati’s early life, though his status as a

Myō-ō, in the Buddhist mythology of Japan, fierce protective deities, corresponding to the Sanskrit Vidyaraja (“King of Knowledge”), worshiped mainly by the Shingon sect. They take on a ferocious appearance in order to frighten away evil spirits and to destroy ignorance and ugly passions. They are

Madhavacharya was a Hindu statesman and philosopher. He lived at the court of Vijayanagar, a southern Indian kingdom. Madhavacharya became an ascetic in 1377 and was thereafter known as Vidyaranya. He was part author of Jivan-muktiviveka and Panchadashi, works of Vedanta philosophy; Dhatuvritti, a

Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar was an Indian educator and social reformer considered the father of Bengali prose. He was a brilliant student at Sanskrit College, Calcutta (now Kolkata), where he received the title Vidyasagar (“Ocean of Learning”), and in 1850 he was appointed head pandit

Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte: The University of Sri Jayewardenepura, one of Sri Lanka’s premier institutions of higher learning, is located in the city. The university was originally founded in 1873 as Vidyodaya Pirivena, a Buddhist centre of learning, and attained university status in 1958; it took its current name in…

Vidzeme, plateau region of central Latvia, roughly corresponding to the historic state of Livonia. It is a hilly, irregular, partially terraced morainic area, dotted with many small morainal lakes. It reaches an elevation of 1,020 feet (311 m) at Mount Gaiziņš and is drained to the west by the

Amédée Ozenfant: …in the Purist style entitled Life.

Léa Seydoux: International acclaim: Blue Is the Warmest Color: …attention for their performances in Blue Is the Warmest Color. Directed by Abdellatif Kechiche, the three-hour coming-of-age film follows the relationship and breakup between the wide-eyed Adèle (Exarchopoulos) and the charismatic, more-experienced Emma (Seydoux). At Cannes, Kechiche, Seydoux, and Exarchopoulos were all awarded the Palme d’Or in recognition of their…

The Life of Henry Brulard, unfinished autobiography by Stendhal, which he began writing in November 1835 and abandoned in March 1836. The scribbled manuscript, including the author’s sketches and diagrams, was deciphered and published as Vie de Henry Brulard in 1890, 48 years after its author’s

rationalism: Four waves of religious rationalism: Renan’s Vie de Jésus (1863; Life of Jesus) did for France what Strauss’s book had done for Germany, though the two differed greatly in character. Whereas Strauss’s work had been an intellectual exercise in destructive criticism, Renan’s was an attempt to reconstruct the mind of Jesus as a wholly human…

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet: Condorcet published his Vie de M. Turgot in 1786 and his Vie de Voltaire in 1789. Those biographies of his friends reveal his sympathy with Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot’s economic theories about mitigating the suffering of the French populace before the French Revolution and with Voltaire’s opposition to the church.…

Pierre Marivaux: La Vie de Marianne (1731–41), which preceded Samuel Richardson’s Pamela (1740), anticipates the novel of sensibility in its glorification of a woman’s feelings and intuition. Le Paysan parvenu (1734–35; “The Fortunate Peasant”) is the story of a handsome opportunistic young peasant who uses his attractiveness…

Guernes de Pont-Sainte-Maxence: Guernes wrote his Vie de saint Thomas Becket (composed in verse c. 1174) from Latin sources; in order to check some conflicting facts, he visited Canterbury, where, it was said, he would often read his work to the companies of pilgrims visiting the martyr’s tomb.

Paul Sabatier: Sabatier’s Vie de St. François d’Assise (1893), which showed little regard for historical objectivity, enjoyed an immediate success and ran through more than 40 editions during its author’s lifetime.

French language: History: …Passion du Christ and the Vie de St. Léger) seem to mingle northern and southern dialect features, while another (the “Jonas fragment”) is obviously from the far north. In the 12th century the “gem” of the epic poems known as chansons de geste, La Chanson de Roland, was written. One…

Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet: Turgot in 1786 and his Vie de Voltaire in 1789. Those biographies of his friends reveal his sympathy with Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot’s economic theories about mitigating the suffering of the French populace before the French Revolution and with Voltaire’s opposition to the church. Both works were widely and eagerly read and…

Maurice Maeterlinck: …La Vie des abeilles (1901; The Life of the Bee) and L’Intelligence des fleurs (1907; The Intelligence of Flowers), in which Maeterlinck sets out his philosophy of the human condition. Maeterlinck was made a count by the Belgian king in 1932.

Alice Guy-Blaché: …Hunchback of Notre Dame, and La Vie du Christ (1906; “The Life of Christ”). She experimented with cinematic tricks and learned through experience to mask off parts of the film picture, use double exposures, and run film backward to achieve certain desired effects. From 1906 to 1907 she directed about…

Marion Cotillard: …Môme (2007; also released as La Vie en rose) propelled her to international fame.

Marlene Dietrich: …Love Again,” “Lili Marleen,” “La Vie en rose,” and “Give Me the Man” made them classics of an era. Her many affairs with both men and women were open secrets, but rather than destroying her career they seemed to enhance it. Her adoption of trousers and other mannish clothes…

Jean Renoir: Early years: …codirected the communist propaganda film La Vie est à nous (The People of France). The same year, he recaptured the flavour of his early works with a short film, Une Partie de campagne (released 1946; A Day in the Country), which he finished with great difficulty. A masterpiece of impressionist…

Georges Duhamel: The Salavin cycle describes the frustrations and perplexities of a “little man” of the 20th century trying to work out his own salvation with no religious faith to sustain him. In the Pasquier cycle, Duhamel relates the history of a French middle-class family from the 1880s…

Marie Gevers: …novels Madame Orpha (1933) and Vie et mort d’un étang (1961; “Life and Death of a Pond”).

Canadian literature: Contemporary trends: …moment in Quebec theatre with La Vie et mort du roi boiteux (1981; “The Life and Death of the Lame King”), a six-play cycle whose performance in 1982 lasted more than 10 hours and treated its spectators to a parodic look at the works of Shakespeare and other great authors…

François Rabelais: La vie inestimable du grand Gargantua: La vie inestimable du grand Gargantua (“The Inestimable Life of the Great Gargantua”)—the second novel considered part of Gargantua and Pantagruel—belongs to this period. The second edition is dated 1535; the first edition was probably published in 1534, though it lacks the title page in…

Édouard Manet: Later life and works of Édouard Manet: …the offices of the periodical La Vie moderne (Modern Life), but his legs were already affected by a malady that was to prove fatal. In 1881 he rented a villa at Versailles, and, by the following year, with his illness progressing at an alarming pace, he went to stay in…

Brigitte Bardot: …privée (1962; “The Private Life,” A Very Private Affair), Le Mépris (1963; Contempt), Viva Maria! (1965), Dear Brigitte (1965), and Masculin-Féminin (1966; Masculine Feminine). With her career waning, Bardot appeared in her final films in 1973 and subsequently retired.

William Makepeace Thackeray: Early writings: …fantasy of soldiering in India; Catherine (1839–40), a burlesque of the popular “Newgate novels” of romanticized crime and low life, and itself a good realistic crime story; The History of Samuel Titmarsh and the Great Hoggarty Diamond (1841), which was an earlier version of the young married life described in…

Maryse Condé: …where La Vie scélérate (1987; Tree of Life) is set.