François Viète was a mathematician who introduced the first systematic algebraic notation and contributed to the theory of equations. Viète, a Huguenot sympathizer, solved a complex cipher of more than 500 characters used by King Philip II of Spain in his war to defend Roman Catholicism from the

François Viète was a mathematician who introduced the first systematic algebraic notation and contributed to the theory of equations. Viète, a Huguenot sympathizer, solved a complex cipher of more than 500 characters used by King Philip II of Spain in his war to defend Roman Catholicism from the

gerrymandering: In 2004, in Vieth v. Jubelirer, a plurality of the Court pointedly embraced what the Bandemer Court had declined to hold, on the grounds that “no judicially discernible and manageable standards for adjudicating political gerrymandering claims have emerged” since the Bandemer decision. Although siding with the plurality in…

Ludwig Renn was a German novelist, best known for Krieg (1928; War), a novel based on his World War I battle experiences, the narrator and principal character of which was named Ludwig Renn. The stark simplicity of the novel emphasizes the uncompromising brutality of combat. Born a Saxon nobleman,

human eye: Binocular vision: …be represented by the so-called Vieth-Müller circle. On this basis, the corresponding points are arranged with strict symmetry, and each pair projects to a single point in space on the horopter circle. Theoretically, then, all points on the circle passing through the fixation point, F, will be seen single, and…

Barbara Juliane, baroness von Krüdener was a mystic visionary who renounced a life of pleasure amid the Russian nobility and won as a convert Tsar Alexander I, through whom she influenced the making of the Holy Alliance of 1815. She was married to a Russian diplomat in 1782, but her life of amorous

Vietnam, country occupying the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia. Tribal Viets inhabiting the Red River delta entered written history when China’s southward expansion reached them in the 3rd century bce. From that time onward, a dominant theme of Vietnam’s history has been interaction with

David Rabe: …dramas were later collected in The Vietnam Plays (1993).

Ho Chi Minh: Early life: …organizing them into the Vietnam Thanh Nien Cach Menh Dong Chi Hoi (“Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association”), which became famous under the name Thanh Nien. Almost all of its members had been exiled from Indochina because of their political beliefs and had gathered together in order to participate in the struggle…

John Kerry: …and a spokesperson for the Vietnam Veterans Against the War. In this role he gained national attention in 1971 when he testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The following year he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House of Representatives and enlisted in the Naval Reserve. In 1976 he graduated…

Vietnam Veterans Memorial, national monument in Washington, D.C., honoring members of the U.S. armed forces who served and died in the Vietnam War. The memorial, located near the western end of the Mall, is a black granite V-shaped wall inscribed with the names of more than 58,000 men and women who

Vietnam Veterans Memorial: …nationwide competition sponsored by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, and her design was selected from the more than 1,400 submissions that were received. Lin’s minimal plan was in sharp contrast to the traditional format for a memorial, which usually included figurative heroic sculpture. The design aroused a great deal of…

International Campaign to Ban Landmines: …International, Mines Advisory Group, and Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation. The coalition addressed the failures of the 1980 Convention on Inhumane Weapons by seeking a total ban of land mines and increased funding for mine clearance and victim assistance. Their efforts led to the negotiation of the Mine Ban Treaty…

Vietnam War, (1954–75), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. Called the “American War” in Vietnam (or, in full, the “War

On January 27, 1973, the Paris Peace Accords were signed, officially bringing to an end the American war in Vietnam. One of the prerequisites for and provisions of the accords was the return of all U.S. prisoners of war (POWs). On February 12 the first of 591 U.S. military and civilian POWs were

Ken Burns: The Civil War, Baseball, and The Vietnam War: The 18-hour series The Vietnam War (2017) was epic in its scope, including discussions on the origins of the conflict and its polarizing effect on Americans as well as interviews with both U.S. and Viet Cong soldiers.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial: In 1993 the Vietnam Women’s Memorial was unveiled a short distance from the wall. The bronze sculpture, depicting three women caring for an injured soldier, recognized the work of the more than 10,000 women who served in Vietnam.

Vietnam War: The Diem regime and the Viet Cong: …American training and weapons, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, usually called the ARVN, was in many ways ill-adapted to meet the insurgency of the Viet Cong. Higher-ranking officers, appointed on the basis of their family connections and political reliability, were often apathetic, incompetent, or corrupt—and sometimes all three.…

Vietnam: The First Indochina War: …Vietnam in 1949, proclaiming the Associated State of Vietnam, and appointed the former emperor Bao Dai as chief of state. Most nationalists, however, denounced these maneuvers, and leadership in the struggle for independence from the French remained with the Viet Minh.

national flag consisting of a red field (background) with a large yellow star in the centre. The width-to-length ratio of the flag is 2 to 3.Vietnam has long utilized ceremonies and symbols that originated in China, its northern neighbour. In recent centuries the emperors of Vietnam had banners of

history of Vietnam, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Vietnam. Located in the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia, Vietnam is bordered by China to the north, the South China Sea to the east and south, the Gulf of Thailand (Gulf of Siam) to the southwest, and Cambodia

Viet Minh, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. Although led primarily by communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions.

Vietnam, country occupying the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia. Tribal Viets inhabiting the Red River delta entered written history when China’s southward expansion reached them in the 3rd century bce. From that time onward, a dominant theme of Vietnam’s history has been interaction with

Cambodia: Ethnic groups: The Vietnamese minority occupied a somewhat lower status than the Chinese, and most of them fled or were repatriated to Vietnam after 1970. In the 1980s, however, a large number of Vietnamese migrants, many of them former residents of Cambodia, settled in the country. Centuries of…

cinnamon: Saigon, cinnamon (C. loureiroi), Indonesian cinnamon (C. burmannii), and Malabar cinnamon (C. citriodorum).

Vietnam: Political process: …and 1992 constitutions institutionalized the Vietnamese Communist Party as the sole source of leadership for the state and society. The 1992 document, however, delegated much more authority to the president and to the cabinet; they were given the task of running the government, while the party became responsible for overall…

Viet Cong (VC), the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s–1975) and the United States (early 1960s–1973). The name is said to have first been used by South Vietnamese Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem to belittle the rebels. Though beginning

Vietnamese language, official language of Vietnam, spoken in the early 21st century by more than 70 million people. It belongs to the Viet-Muong subbranch of the Vietic branch of the Mon-Khmer family, which is itself a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Except for a group of divergent rural dialects

Vietnamese literature, body of literature produced by Vietnamese-speaking people, primarily in Vietnam. Like the river basins that have nourished Vietnam’s agricultural civilization for thousands of years, Vietnamese literature has been fed by two great tributaries: the indigenous oral literature

Tết, celebration of the Lunar New Year in Vietnam. The holiday likely has its origins in the observance of the Chinese New Year but has taken on its own unique meanings and observances in Vietnam. The festival follows a lunar-solar calendar and occurs at the end of January or in early February. For

Viet Minh: …by a new organization, the Lien Viet, or Vietnamese National Popular Front. In 1951 the majority of the Viet Minh leadership was absorbed into the Lao Dong, or Vietnamese Workers’ Party (later Vietnamese Communist Party), which remained the dominant force in North Vietnam.

Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD), the first large-scale revolutionary nationalist organization in Vietnam. Founded officially in 1927, the VNQDD was modeled after the revolutionary Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) of China. Its aim, like that of the Nationalist Party, was the establishment of a

Ho Chi Minh: Early life: …organizing them into the Vietnam Thanh Nien Cach Menh Dong Chi Hoi (“Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth Association”), which became famous under the name Thanh Nien. Almost all of its members had been exiled from Indochina because of their political beliefs and had gathered together in order to participate in the struggle…

Ho Chi Minh: The Geneva Accords and the Second Indochina War: …committee of Ho Chi Minh’s Lao Dong (Worker’s Party), it was decided that the establishment of socialism in the North was linked with the unification with the South. This policy was confirmed by the third congress of the Lao Dong, held shortly thereafter in Hanoi. During the congress, Ho Chi…

20th-century international relations: Scaling back U.S. commitments: …he outlined a policy of Vietnamization, comprising a phased withdrawal of American ground troops and additional material and advisory support to make the ARVN self-sufficient. Nixon also hoped to enlist the Soviets in the cause of peace, but Moscow had less influence over Hanoi than he imagined and could not…

Tennessee Williams: They include Vieux Carré (1977), about down-and-outs in New Orleans; A Lovely Sunday for Crève Coeur (1978–79), about a fading belle in St. Louis during the Great Depression; and Clothes for a Summer Hotel (1980), centring on Zelda Fitzgerald, wife of novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, and on…

New Orleans: Cultural life: …the Spanish-French architecture in its Vieux Carré (French: “Old Square”), the reckless abandon of its Carnival and Mardi Gras, and its reputation as the birthplace, between the 1880s and World War I, of jazz.

Camille Desmoulins: …issues of his new paper, Le Vieux Cordelier (“The Old Cordelier,” December 5–30, 1793), Desmoulins attacked the Hébertists for instigating the dechristianizing movement that sought to destroy all Roman Catholic institutions. His friend Robespierre, by now the chief spokesman of the all-powerful Committee of Public Safety, supported this anti-Hébertist campaign,…

Vieux Fort, town and former capital of St. Lucia island in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies 19 miles (30 km) south of the harbor of Castries and is situated near the island’s extreme southeastern tip on fertile flat ground overlooking Vieux Fort Bay. Named for the 17th-century fort (Old Fort)

old maid, simple card game popular with young children. It takes its name from a 19th-century specially illustrated deck of cards showing colourful characters in matching pairs, plus a single old maid card. In Germany the equivalent game is called schwarzer Peter (“black Peter”) and in France vieux

Theatre of the Vieux-Colombier, French theatre founded in Paris in 1913 by the writer and critic Jacques Copeau to present alternatives to both the realistic “well-made” plays of the time and the star system of actor-celebrities. Copeau sought to renovate French theatre by focusing attention on the

Theatre of the Vieux-Colombier, French theatre founded in Paris in 1913 by the writer and critic Jacques Copeau to present alternatives to both the realistic “well-made” plays of the time and the star system of actor-celebrities. Copeau sought to renovate French theatre by focusing attention on the

Theatre of the Vieux-Colombier, French theatre founded in Paris in 1913 by the writer and critic Jacques Copeau to present alternatives to both the realistic “well-made” plays of the time and the star system of actor-celebrities. Copeau sought to renovate French theatre by focusing attention on the

Montreal: Character of the city: …the historic centre known as Old Montreal (Vieux-Montréal), which provides a window into the city’s rich history with its cobblestone streets and architectural styles ranging from the 16th century to the present.

Marseille: The city site: The Old Port is a natural harbor and one of the most westerly of the inlets along the rocky coastline characteristic of the northeastern Mediterranean; farther west, beyond a large tidal lake called the Berre Lagoon (Étang de Berre), the shoreline flattens out. There the sandy…

Henry Vieuxtemps was a Belgian violinist and composer who was one of the most influential figures in the development of violin playing. As a prodigy, Vieuxtemps was taken by his father on a number of European tours, during which he studied violin with Charles de Bériot in Brussels (1829–31),

technology of photography: The view, or technical, camera: For studio and commercial photography the view, or technical, camera takes single exposures on sheet films (formerly plates) usually between 4 × 5 inches and 8 × 10 inches. A front standard carries interchangeable lenses and shutters; a rear standard takes…

Canadian literature: Fiction: …the Happy Shades (1968) to The View from Castle Rock (2006)—depict the domestic lives and relationships of women in Toronto, small-town Ontario, and British Columbia in an increasingly enigmatic style. Leonard Cohen’s Beautiful Losers (1966) probes the relationship between sainthood, violence, eroticism, and artistic creativity. Mavis Gallant

Peter Abrahams: 1971) in the Caribbean, and The View from Coyaba (1985) chronicles four generations of a Jamaican family and their experiences with racism. He also wrote the memoirs Tell Freedom: Memories of Africa (1954; new ed. 1970) and The Coyaba Chronicles: Reflections on the Black Experience in the 20th Century (2000).

Shiba Kōkan: …entitled “Mimeguri Keizu” (1783; “The View from Mimeguri”).

Sidney Lumet: The 1960s: Fail Safe, The Pawnbroker, and The Hill: …production Vu du pont (1962; A View from the Bridge) was a well-realized version of Arthur Miller’s drama set on the Brooklyn docks, with Raf Vallone and Maureen Stapleton as an unhappily married couple.

Allison Janney: Theater: …praised revival of Arthur Miller’s A View from the Bridge (1997–98), for which she earned her first Tony Award nomination. She also received a Tony nod for her performance in the musical 9 to 5 (2009), which was based on the popular 1980 film. Janney portrayed Violet Newstead, a character…

Carel Fabritius: …decorations with illusionistic perspective effects; A View in Delft, with a Musical Instrument Seller’s Stall (1652) may possibly reflect this type of work, for it is thought to once have been part of a peep show or a perspective box. The Goldfinch (1654) is one of his best-known works and…

Pieter Saenredam: …Saenredam’s later church portraits include View in the Nieuwe Kerk at Haarlem (1652) and Interior of the St. Cunera Church at Rhenen (1655), which convey a majestic spaciousness and serene atmosphere characteristic of Saenredam’s paintings.

Sesshū: Mature years and works of Sesshū: …of landscape painting is the View of Amanohashidate scroll (c. 1501–07), in the Kyōto National Museum. Much more detailed and realistic, it is almost like a topographic view of a particular place.

Frederic Edwin Church: …Ecuador (1855), Niagara (1857), and Cotopaxi (1862). In his lifetime, Church received great praise for his work and sold his paintings for high prices. He traveled widely in Europe and the Middle East, but after 1877 he was compelled to abandon painting because of crippling rheumatism in his hands. He…

Johannes Vermeer: Themes: …emotional power of Vermeer’s magnificent View of Delft (c. 1660–61) similarly results from his ability to transform an image of the physical world into a harmonious, timeless visual expression. In this masterpiece Vermeer depicted Delft from across its harbor, where transport boats would unload after navigating inland waterways. Beyond the…

Jonathan Boucher: He nevertheless dedicated to Washington A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution (1797), consisting of 13 of the eloquent sermons that he had preached in America urging loyalty to England, and he received a friendly acknowledgment.

James Monroe: Minister to France: …pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive, in the Foreign Affairs of the United States. Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this stratagem, though Monroe’s opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a change in his later years. In 1799 Monroe was chosen…

Edmund Spenser: Career in Ireland: Spenser’s A View of the Present State of Ireland (written 1595–96, published 1633), a later tract, argues lucidly for a typically 16th-century theory of rule: firm measures, ruthlessly applied, with gentleness only for completely submissive subject populations.

Deism: The English Deists: …critical compendium of Deist thought, A View of the Principal Deistical Writers that Have Appeared in England in the Last and Present Century; with Observations upon Them, and Some Account of the Answers that Have Been Published Against Them. This work, which began with Lord Herbert of Cherbury and moved…

El Greco: Later life and works of El Greco: The View of Toledo (c. 1595) renders a city stormy, sinister, and impassioned with the same dark, foreboding clouds that appear in the background of his earlier Crucifixion with Donors. Painting in his studio, he rearranged the buildings depicted in the picture to suit his compositional…

Homer Dodge Martin: His best work, including View on the Seine: Harp of the Winds (1895), in which he borrowed the broken colour of the Impressionists but not their high-keyed palette, was done after his return to the United States. Martin’s painting is generally characterized by its spacious design, brilliant colour, and…

Philips Koninck: , View over a Flat Landscape (1664) and An Extensive Landscape with a Hawking Party (c. 1670). Contrasting areas of cloud shadow and sunlit landscape give life and variety to the simple compositions. Though sufficiently similar to Rembrandt in style and handling to have often passed…

virtual reality: Entertainment: …as founding director of the Virtual Environment Workstation (VIEW) project. The VIEW project put together a package of objectives that summarized previous work on artificial environments, ranging from creation of multisensory and immersive “virtual environment workstations” to telepresence and teleoperation applications. Influenced by a range of prior projects that included…

Christopher Walken: … (1983), the James Bond movie A View to a Kill (1985), Robert Redford’s The Milagro Beanfield War (1988), the film version of the Neil Simon play Biloxi Blues (1988), and the crime thriller King of New York (1990). Walken received an Emmy Award nomination for his portrayal of a widower…

point of view, in literature, the vantage point from which a story is presented. A common point of view is the omniscient, in which, in the third person grammatically, the author presents a panoramic view of both the actions and the inner feelings of the characters; the author’s own comments on

The View, American daytime television talk show that has aired weekdays on ABC since 1997. It was created by journalist Barbara Walters and her longtime producing partner, Bill Geddie. The View features an all-women panel of hosts, and it is a venue for lively, informed debates on current events,

viewfinder, camera component that shows the photographer the area of the subject that will be included in a photograph. In modern cameras it usually is part of a direct visual- or range-finder focusing system and may also be used to display exposure settings or meter information. Modern viewfinders

At the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th centuries, when William Shakespeare was becoming an academic institution, so to speak—a subject for serious scholarly study—a revolutionary search began in the world outside the universities for the means to present his great dramas in the new medium

Drake: If You’re Reading This It’s Too Late, Views, and other releases: …did Drake’s fourth studio album, Views (2016), which features the memorable singles “One Dance” and “Hotline Bling.”

Bayard Taylor: …compiled in the extremely popular Views Afoot (1846). In 1847 he began a career in journalism in New York. Eldorado (1850) recounted his trials as a newspaper correspondent in the 1849 California gold rush. He continued his trips to remote parts of the world—to the Orient, to Africa, to Russia—and…

Philaret: …1905 with the title “Views and Comments.”

alternative rock: In 1991 Nirvana and producer Butch Vig released “Smells Like Teen Spirit,” from their epochal 1991 album, Nevermind. The sheer immediacy of its expert guitar distortions and layered orchestrations—influenced by the organized noise of British pop groups such as the Cure and My Bloody Valentine—assured that “grunge,”

saga: Sagas of Icelanders: …son’s killer, the local chieftain; Víga-Glúms saga tells of a ruthless chieftain who commits several killings and swears an ambiguous oath in order to cover his guilt; while Vatnsdæla saga is the story of a noble chieftain whose last act is to help his killer escape.

Carlo Maria Viganò is a Roman Catholic archbishop and a former papal nuncio (ambassador) to the United States whose frequent public criticism of Pope Francis (2013– ) and rejection of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) led to his being charged by the Holy See with the canonical crime of schism in

Salvatore Viganò was an Italian dancer and choreographer whose innovations included the synthesis of dance and pantomime, which he called “coreodramma,” in highly dramatic ballets based on historical and mythological themes and Shakespearean plays. Viganò was born of a family of dancers and was the

Giacomo Torelli: His successor at the Petit-Bourbon, Gaspare Vigarani, destroyed his sets, apparently out of jealousy, but the designs for them were reproduced in the Encyclopédie (1751–72) of French philosopher Denis Diderot.

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun was a French painter, one of the most successful women artists (unusually so for her time), particularly noted for her portraits of women. Her father and first teacher, Louis Vigée, was a noted portraitist who worked chiefly in pastels. In 1776 she married an art dealer,

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun was a French painter, one of the most successful women artists (unusually so for her time), particularly noted for her portraits of women. Her father and first teacher, Louis Vigée, was a noted portraitist who worked chiefly in pastels. In 1776 she married an art dealer,

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun was a French painter, one of the most successful women artists (unusually so for her time), particularly noted for her portraits of women. Her father and first teacher, Louis Vigée, was a noted portraitist who worked chiefly in pastels. In 1776 she married an art dealer,

Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun was a French painter, one of the most successful women artists (unusually so for her time), particularly noted for her portraits of women. Her father and first teacher, Louis Vigée, was a noted portraitist who worked chiefly in pastels. In 1776 she married an art dealer,

Gustav Vigeland was a Norwegian sculptor who was best known for creating an outdoor sculpture complex in Frogner Park, Oslo. Vigeland, whose father was a carpenter, was apprenticed to a wood-carver in 1884. He attended art schools in Oslo and Copenhagen and then spent several months in Paris in

Gustav Vigeland was a Norwegian sculptor who was best known for creating an outdoor sculpture complex in Frogner Park, Oslo. Vigeland, whose father was a carpenter, was apprenticed to a wood-carver in 1884. He attended art schools in Oslo and Copenhagen and then spent several months in Paris in

Vigenère cipher, type of substitution cipher used for data encryption in which the original plaintext structure is somewhat concealed in the ciphertext by using several different monoalphabetic substitution ciphers rather than just one; the code key specifies which particular substitution is to be

numerals and numeral systems: Number bases: …with the decimal or the vigesimal system, where the base is 20. Similarly, the pure base six scale seems to occur only sparsely in northwest Africa and is otherwise combined with the duodecimal, or base 12, system.

Vigevano, town, Lombardia (Lombardy) region, northern Italy, on the right bank of the Ticino River, southwest of Milan. An old silk-manufacturing town, it was the site during the Renaissance of a hunting villa of the Sforza family, who built the arcaded Piazza Ducale (1494) and enlarged the former

Gudbrandur Vigfússon was one of the 19th century’s foremost scholars of Old Norse, who completed the Richard Cleasby Icelandic–English Dictionary (1874; 2nd ed., 1957) and published editions of a number of Icelandic sagas as well as the collection Corpus poeticum boreale (1883; “Body of Northern

wake, watch or vigil held over the body of a dead person before burial and sometimes accompanied by festivity; also, in England, a vigil kept in commemoration of the dedication of the parish church. The latter type of wake consisted of an all-night service of prayer and meditation in the church.

dietary law: Christianity: Vigils are single fast days that have been observed before certain feast days and other festivals. Rogation Days are the three days before Ascension Day and are marked by a fast preparatory to that festival; they seem to have been introduced after an earthquake that…

George Stevens: Swing Time, Gunga Din, and Woman of the Year: Vigil in the Night (1940), from an A.J. Cronin novel, featured Carole Lombard as a nurse who dedicates her life to the poor denizens of a remote hospital ward after her sister (Anne Shirley), who is also a nurse, accidentally causes a patient’s death. The…

Drum-Taps: …of the wounded informs “Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night.”

Feast of the Seven Fishes, Italian American Christmas Eve meal involving the serving of a meatless dinner composed of seven different dishes of fish. Although Feast of the Seven Fishes is the most common name for this meal, it is also referred to as Christmas Eve Fish Dinner or the Vigil, and many

attention: Sustained attention: vigilance: Sustained attention, or vigilance, as it is more often called, refers to the state in which attention must be maintained over time. Often this is to be found in some form of “watchkeeping” activity when an observer, or listener, must continuously monitor a situation…

police: Early police in the United States: …Saxon tradition of frankpledge: the vigilante. In areas where a formal justice system had yet to be established or the rudimentary policing apparatus had proved inadequate in the face of rampant crime, it was not uncommon for citizens (called “regulators”) to band together in “committees of vigilance” to combat crime…

LaFayette Curry Baker: In 1856 he joined the San Francisco Vigilance Command (known as the Vigilantes), a group of self-appointed police whose operations were characterized by arbitrariness and lack of due process. In the next four years he was often employed in an undercover capacity and became adept at techniques of deception and…

police: Ancient policing: …brigade into a corps of vigiles (firefighters and watchmen), consisting of seven squads, or cohorts, of 1,000 freedmen each. Each cohort was responsible for fire and, especially at night, police protection in two regiones. As a further measure to impose order on the often violent streets of Rome—a city of…

wake, watch or vigil held over the body of a dead person before burial and sometimes accompanied by festivity; also, in England, a vigil kept in commemoration of the dedication of the parish church. The latter type of wake consisted of an all-night service of prayer and meditation in the church.

Bisceglie, town and episcopal see, Puglia (Apulia) regione, southeastern Italy. It lies along the Adriatic Sea and is about 120 miles (190 km) east-northeast of Naples. The Romans called the place Vigiliae, from the watchtowers that were used there in guarding the coast. The town was conquered by

Vigilius was the pope from 537 to 555, known for his major role in what later was called the “Three Chapters Controversy,” a complex theological dispute between the Eastern and Western churches. Vigilius, of noble birth, became a Roman deacon and was with Pope St. Agapetus I during the latter’s