Malpighiales: Violaceae: Viola odorata has rhizomes and seeds that are poisonous and cause gastroenteritis, but it also has an essential oil much used in scents.

viola: Major species: …North American species are the common blue, or meadow, violet (Viola sororia) and the bird’s-foot violet (V. pedata). The common blue violet grows up to 20 cm (8 inches) tall and has heart-shaped leaves with finely toothed margins. The flowers range in colour from light to deep violet, or they…

viola: Major species: …violet (Viola sororia) and the bird’s-foot violet (V. pedata). The common blue violet grows up to 20 cm (8 inches) tall and has heart-shaped leaves with finely toothed margins. The flowers range in colour from light to deep violet, or they may be white. The bird’s-foot violet, a perennial named…

pansy: Major species: The garden pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana) is a hybrid, one of whose parents is V. tricolor, which is a weed of European grainfields, the other parents being V. lutea and V. altaica. The tufted pansy, or horned viola (V. cornuta), is the parent of numerous forms of…

Bill Viola was an American video, digital, and sound artist who was one of the pioneering figures of a generation of artists in the 1970s employing video art and sound technologies. Known for his room-sized environments (installations) that envelop viewers with sound and feature multiple screens of

Dirty War: Roberto Viola, who, with the Dirty War near its end, was quite unable to control his military allies. In December he was shouldered aside by Lieut. Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri. Galtieri faced a slumping economy and increased civil opposition to military rule. After he launched Argentina’s…

Bill Viola was an American video, digital, and sound artist who was one of the pioneering figures of a generation of artists in the 1970s employing video art and sound technologies. Known for his room-sized environments (installations) that envelop viewers with sound and feature multiple screens of

Malpighiales: Violaceae: Violaceae, or the violet family, contains 23 genera and 800 species of herbs to trees with a few vines. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are relatively few species in Malesia and Australia. Viola (400–600 species) is largely herbaceous and…

Poliziano: …particular merit are the elegies In violas (“In Violets”) and In Lalagen and the ode In puellam suam (“In Regard to One’s Daughters”). To the same period belong the strange and poetically experimental Sylva in scabiem (1475; “Trees with Mildew”), in which he describes realistically the symptoms of scabies.

crime: Classification of crimes: …a new category called “violations,” which corresponded broadly to the English category of summary offenses.

violence, an act of physical force that causes or is intended to cause harm. The damage inflicted by violence may be physical, psychological, or both. Violence may be distinguished from aggression, a more general type of hostile behaviour that may be physical, verbal, or passive in nature. Violence

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), U.S. federal legislation that expanded the juridical tools to combat violence against women and provide protection to women who had suffered violent abuses. It was initially signed into law in September 1994 by U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton. Besides changing statutes,

Violence Against Women Office, federal agency, part of the U.S. Department of Justice, that was established in March 1995 to help implement and coordinate some of the measures called for in the 1994 Violence Against Women Act. The act was a comprehensive piece of legislation designed to combat such

Western philosophy: Recent trends: …in an early essay, “Violence and Metaphysics” (1967):

Bruce Jay Friedman: …A Father’s Kisses (1996), and Violencia! A Musical Novel (2001). He also wrote such short-story collections as Far from the City of Class (1963), Black Angels (1966), Let’s Hear It for a Beautiful Guy (1984), The Collected Short Fiction of Bruce Jay Friedman (1995), and Three Balconies (2008), which also…

Colombia: La Violencia, dictatorship, and democratic restoration: Liberal hegemony continued through the 1930s and the World War II era, and Alfonso López Pumarejo was reelected in 1942; however, wartime conditions were not favourable to social change. In the elections of 1946, two Liberal candidates, Gabriel Turbay…

The Violent Bear It Away, Southern gothic novel by Flannery O’Connor, published in 1960. It is the story of a young man’s struggle to live with the burden of being a prophet and is representative of the author’s fierce, powerful, and original vision of Christianity. Young Francis Marion Tarwater

Neil Gaiman: Background and Black Orchid: …collaborated on the graphic novel Violent Cases (1987). The work established them as rising stars in the comic world, and soon the two were noticed by publishers on both sides of the Atlantic. They submitted story and art treatments to DC Comics, and the result was Black Orchid, a miniseries…

Kitano Takeshi: …otoko, kyōbō ni tsuki (Violent Cop), in which he also played the title role. The film, about a Tokyo detective trying to crack a yakuza (“gangster”)-run drug ring, drew comparisons to Clint Eastwood’s Dirty Harry (1971) and was the first in a series of crime epics that included 3–4x…

police: Criminal profiling: …the most elaborate is the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS), which is managed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. ViCLAS collects extensive data on all homicides and attempted homicides, sexual assaults, missing persons, unidentified bodies of persons known or thought to be homicide victims, and nonparental abductions and attempted…

police: Criminal profiling: …in such investigations; the FBI’s Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP), for example, is a database that contains information on violent crimes committed across the United States. The system compares all new cases with all previously entered cases; when two cases are similar enough to have been committed by the same…

Wisconsin: The arts: …Miller; and musical groups the Violent Femmes and Garbage.

Jorge Amado: …Terras do sem fim (1942; The Violent Land), about the struggle of rival planters, has the primitive grandeur of a folk saga.

Pier Paolo Pasolini: …and Una vita violenta (1959; A Violent Life). These brutally realistic depictions of the poverty and squalor of slum life in Rome were similar in character to his first film, Accattone (1961), and all three works dealt with the lives of thieves, prostitutes, and other denizens of the Roman underworld.

David Harbour: Career: … in the Christmas action-comedy film Violent Night in 2022. Additionally, he is expected to return to the role of Jim Hopper for the fifth and final season of Stranger Things. Harbour married singer Lily Allen in September 2020, and the couple live in Brooklyn.

Richard Fleischer: Middle years: …noir with the highly regarded Violent Saturday (1955), which set a bank robbery in a small town. The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955) was an account of the Evelyn Nesbit scandal; Joan Collins starred as the seductive showgirl whose affair with famed architect Stanford White (Ray Milland) leads…

violet, in physics, light in the wavelength range of 380–450 nanometres in the visible spectrum. The shortest wavelength of violet is the shortest of all wavelengths of light discernible to the human eye. In art, violet is a colour on the conventional colour wheel, located between red and blue and

Malpighiales: Violaceae: Violaceae, or the violet family, contains 23 genera and 800 species of herbs to trees with a few vines. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are relatively few species in Malesia and Australia. Viola (400–600 species) is largely herbaceous and…

Oxalis: …Canada, with yellow flowers; the violet wood sorrel (O. violacea), of the eastern United States, with rose-purple flowers; the redwood wood sorrel (O. oregana), of the coast redwood belt from California to Oregon, with pink to white flowers; and O. cernua, known as Bermuda buttercups, with showy yellow flowers, native…

hummingbird: In the violet-ears (Colibri) and a few others, pair bonds are formed, and both sexes assume parental duties. In the majority of other species, the male defends a territory, where he displays in flight to passing females with swoops, dashes, and sudden stops and starts. Often he…

Kevin Kline: Sophie’s Choice, A Fish Called Wanda, and The Ice Storm: …western Silverado (1985), the romance Violets Are Blue… (1986), and Richard Attenborough’s Cry Freedom (1987). Kline’s performance in the British-American heist comedy A Fish Called Wanda (1988; with John Cleese and Jamie Lee Curtis) netted him an Academy Award for best supporting actor.

Isabelle Huppert: Early career and acclaim: …festival for her performance in Violette Nozière (1978) as a teenager who casually murders her father; it was the first of seven films she made with director Claude Chabrol.

David Garrick: Reforms of Drury Lane Theatre of David Garrick: …June 22, 1749, Garrick married Eva Maria Veigel, a Viennese opera dancer who spoke little English and was a devout Roman Catholic. Under the stage name of La Violette, she had enchanted audiences at the Opera House in the Haymarket in 1746, and, although she had refused to dance for…

violin, bowed stringed musical instrument that evolved during the Renaissance from earlier bowed instruments: the medieval fiddle; its 16th-century Italian offshoot, the lira da braccio; and the rebec. The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the

Georges Braque: Cubism: For example, in Violin and Palette (1909), Braque painted a trompe l’oeil nail in the midst of the near-abstract planes. In 1911, he stenciled letters into The Portuguese.

clef: The treble, or G, clef fixes the position of the G above middle C. In modern notation this is invariably the second line from the bottom of the staff:

Fritz Kreisler: …performance of Sir Edward Elgar’s Violin Concerto, dedicated to him. After 1915 he lived mainly in the United States but continued to tour widely in Europe. His concert programs frequently included many short pieces by him, among them “Caprice Viennois” (“Viennese Caprice”) and “Schön Rosmarin” (“Pretty Rosemary”). His Classical Manuscripts,…

musical criticism: Economy: …for four harpsichords of Vivaldi’s Violin Concerto in B Minor, for example, is more than an adaptation from one medium to another. It is an act of musical criticism par excellence. Vivaldi created the idea. But it was left to Bach to give it complete utterance.

Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 61, concerto for solo violin and orchestra by Ludwig van Beethoven that is one of the earliest and most frequently performed of violin concerti on such a grand scale. It premiered in Vienna on December 23, 1806. It was Beethoven’s only concerto for violin, and it is

Violin Concerto in D Major, Op. 77, three-movement concerto for violin and orchestra by Johannes Brahms that showcased the virtuosic talents of a longtime friend, the Hungarian violinist Joseph Joachim. Both men participated in its premiere (Brahms as conductor) in Leipzig on January 1, 1879. The

Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64, concerto for violin and orchestra by Felix Mendelssohn, one of the most lyrical and flowing works of its type and one of the most frequently performed of all violin concerti. It premiered in Leipzig on March 13, 1845. Mendelssohn, then conductor of the Leipzig

Hans Werner Henze: …of Henze’s early works, the Violin Concerto No. 1 (1947), demonstrated his mastery of 12-tone technique, which dominated his writing until 1956. Henze considered his early works, up to his Symphony No. 2 (1949), to be simple, or even primitive, as they depended greatly upon the effectiveness of his melodies.

Violin Concerto No. 1 in G Minor, Op. 26, concerto for violin by German composer Max Bruch. It is admired especially for its lyrical melodies, which span nearly the entire range of the instrument. The work premiered in Bremen, Germany, on January 7, 1868, with the virtuoso violinist Joseph Joachim

Violin Concerto No. 2, concerto in four movements for solo violin, strings, and synthesizer by Philip Glass that premiered in Toronto on December 9, 2009. The work was written for American violinist Robert McDuffie, who so enjoyed playing Glass’s first violin concerto that he requested another, one

Violin Concerto No. 2, concerto in four movements for solo violin, strings, and synthesizer by Philip Glass that premiered in Toronto on December 9, 2009. The work was written for American violinist Robert McDuffie, who so enjoyed playing Glass’s first violin concerto that he requested another, one

stringed instrument: The violin family: The violin family comprises the violin, the viola, the cello (violoncello), and the double bass; it forms the backbone of the modern symphony orchestra. In addition, the violin and the viola are widely used in the music of South India and North Africa,…

Violin Sonata in A Major, sonata for violin and piano by Belgian composer César Franck, known for its deftly balanced violin and piano parts and for its cyclic form (possessing a theme or motif that recurs across multiple movements of the work). The piece was written for the Belgian violinist

The Devil’s Trill, sonata for violin and basso continuo by Italian composer Giuseppe Tartini, dating from about 1713 or, more likely, according to scholars of Tartini’s style, after 1740. About a dozen years younger than his compatriot Antonio Vivaldi, Tartini was a gifted violinist who wrote

Ludwig van Beethoven: Approaching deafness: … or the andante of the Kreutzer Sonata can be seen emerging from trivial and characterless beginnings into their final forms. It seems, too, that Beethoven worked on more than one composition at a time and that he was rarely in a hurry to finish anything that he had on hand.…

brown recluse, (Loxosceles reclusa), species of venomous light tan or yellow spider most common in the western and southern United States. One of the most dangerous spiders in North America, the brown recluse is considered a medically significant spider and produces a cytotoxin that can cause

stringed instrument: Other violins: …high-pitched instrument known as the violino piccolo; now and then his works also require the viola d’amore (a fretless hybrid shaped like a viol but sized and played like a viola with sympathetic strings) or the elusive violoncello piccolo (a small cello). These instruments have been in disuse for many…

Carlo Caproli was an Italian composer, violinist, and organist, considered by Angelo Berardi and others to be one of the best composers of cantatas of his time. Caproli wrote his earliest datable cantata about the time that he was working as an organist at the German College in Rome (1643–45). He

Jules Violle was a French physicist who at Mont Blanc in the French-Swiss Alps made the first high-altitude determination of the solar constant (1875). A graduate of the École Normale Supérieure at Paris, he taught at the University of Lyon (1883), then at the École and, from 1891, at the

Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc was a French Gothic Revival architect, restorer of French medieval buildings, and writer whose theories of rational architectural design linked the revivalism of the Romantic period to 20th-century Functionalism. Viollet-le-Duc was a pupil of Achille Leclère but was

Man Ray: …pairs of eyes, and in Le Violon d’Ingres (1924) he photographically superimposed sound holes, or f holes, onto the photograph of the back of a female nude, making the woman’s body resemble that of a violin. He also continued to produce ready-mades. One, a metronome with a photograph of an…

The Red Violin: …Corigliano for the 1998 Canadian film of the same name. In 1999 Corigliano’s music for the film—which follows a particular violin from its creation in the late 1600s through the centuries of its history to the late 20th century—won him an Academy Award for best original score.

cello, bass musical instrument of the violin group, with four strings, pitched C–G–D–A upward from two octaves below middle C. The cello, about 27.5 inches (70 cm) long (47 inches [119 cm] with the neck), has proportionally deeper ribs and a shorter neck than the violin. The earliest cellos were

cello, bass musical instrument of the violin group, with four strings, pitched C–G–D–A upward from two octaves below middle C. The cello, about 27.5 inches (70 cm) long (47 inches [119 cm] with the neck), has proportionally deeper ribs and a shorter neck than the violin. The earliest cellos were

stringed instrument: Other violins: …sympathetic strings) or the elusive violoncello piccolo (a small cello). These instruments have been in disuse for many years, except for historical reconstructions of earlier music.

viol: …sizes was later added the violone, a double bass viol often tuned an octave below the bass.

Zorba the Greek, novel by Nikos Kazantzákis, published in Greek in 1946 as Víos kai politía tou Aléxi Zormpá. The unnamed narrator is a scholarly, introspective writer who opens a coal mine on the fertile island of Crete. He is gradually drawn out of his ascetic shell by an ebullient villager named

Giovanni Battista Viotti was an Italian violinist and composer, and the principal founder of the 19th-century school of violin playing. In 1766 Viotti went to Turin, where he studied with the virtuoso Gaetano Pugnani after 1770. He travelled with Pugnani in Germany, Poland, and Russia and made his

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28-amino-acid polypeptide secreted by cells throughout the intestinal tract. It stimulates the secretion of electrolytes and water by the intestinal mucosa. Some pancreatic islet-cell tumours secrete excessive amounts of VIP (a condition called

Beas River, river in Himachal Pradesh and Punjab states, northwestern India. It is one of the five rivers that give the Punjab (“Five Rivers”) its name. The Beas rises at an elevation of 14,308 feet (4,361 metres) at Rohtang Pass in the western (Punjab) Himalayas (a section of the vast Himalayas

Buddhism: Meditation: …of Theravada meditation is called vipassana (Pali: “inner vision” or “insight meditation”). This practice requires intense concentration, which is thought to lead to a one-pointedness of mind that allows the meditator to gain insight into the saving truth that all reality is impermanent, permeated by suffering, and devoid of self.…

Khmer literature: French influence: One such “survival novel,” Vipatti knun samarabhumi sneha (1990; “Disaster in the Battlefield of Love”), written in the United States by Duong Ratha, is unusual for its portrayal of life in the Khmer Rouge “liberation zones” before the fall of Phnom Penh in 1975. Within Cambodia itself, a revival…

viper, (family Viperidae), any of more than 200 species of venomous snakes belonging to two groups: pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) and Old World vipers (subfamily Viperinae), which are considered separate families by some authorities. They eat small animals and hunt by striking and envenomating

Susan Sarandon: …taken hostage in Syria in Viper Club (2018). Her later movie credits included The Jesus Rolls (2019), a comedy centring on a character from the cult classic The Big Lebowski (1998); the animated Fearless (2020); and Ride the Eagle (2021), a dramedy in which she was cast as a mother…

Hervé Bazin: …novel Vipère au poing (Viper in the Fist). In this book he portrays his unhappy childhood as an unrelenting battle with his mother, a monstrous figure who assumes near-mythic proportions through the concentrated energy of her own virulence. Bazin’s relentless attacks upon the institutions of family, church, and motherhood…

bugloss: Viper’s bugloss (Echium vulgare), also known as blue devil or blue weed, has bright-blue flowers and grows to a height of about 90 cm (35 inches). It is a bristly European plant that has become naturalized in North America. Purple viper’s bugloss (E. plantagineum) is…

asp: European aspic vipers (Vipera aspis) of France, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy are often referred to as asps. Adult aspic vipers may reach 50 cm (20 inches) in total length, although most are smaller. They live in a variety of habitats ranging from sea level to…

adder: The European common adder, or European viper (V. berus), a serpent often mentioned in works of literature, is a stout-bodied snake that is widely distributed across Europe and Asia. It even ranges north of the Arctic Circle in Norway. It grows to a maximum length of approximately 85 cm (33…

Hervé Bazin: …novel Vipère au poing (Viper in the Fist). In this book he portrays his unhappy childhood as an unrelenting battle with his mother, a monstrous figure who assumes near-mythic proportions through the concentrated energy of her own virulence. Bazin’s relentless attacks upon the institutions of family, church, and motherhood…

viperfish, any of nine species of marine fishes belonging to the genus Chauliodus (order Stomiiformes). They are found in tropical regions of the major oceans. The viperfishes are deep-sea dwellers and have luminescent organs along the sides; the lights sometimes function in the attraction of other

viper, (family Viperidae), any of more than 200 species of venomous snakes belonging to two groups: pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) and Old World vipers (subfamily Viperinae), which are considered separate families by some authorities. They eat small animals and hunt by striking and envenomating

viper: …pit vipers (subfamily Crotalinae) and Old World vipers (subfamily Viperinae), which are considered separate families by some authorities. They eat small animals and hunt by striking and envenomating their prey. Vipers are characterized by a pair of long, hollow, venom-injecting fangs attached to movable bones of the upper jaw (the…

François Mauriac: Le Noeud de vipères (1932; Vipers’ Tangle) is often considered Mauriac’s masterpiece. It is a marital drama, depicting an old lawyer’s rancour toward his family, his passion for money, and his final conversion. In this, as in other Mauriac novels, the love that his characters seek vainly in human contacts…

Viphya Mountains, highlands in north-central Malawi. They comprise two main blocks, divided by a 15-mile- (24-km-) wide saddle (pass), and extend 130 miles (209 km) from Mount Champhila (5,971 feet [1,820 metres]) in the south to Mount Uzumara (6,375 feet [1,943 metres]) in the north-northeast.

Transportation Security Administration: …a public presence with its VIPR teams (Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response teams), members of which are easily identifiable as security officers and who patrol railways and mass transit systems. Other modes of transportation that are also under the purview of the TSA include freight carriers moving across the nation’s…

Viphya Mountains, highlands in north-central Malawi. They comprise two main blocks, divided by a 15-mile- (24-km-) wide saddle (pass), and extend 130 miles (209 km) from Mount Champhila (5,971 feet [1,820 metres]) in the south to Mount Uzumara (6,375 feet [1,943 metres]) in the north-northeast.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was a Hindu and Indian nationalist and leading figure in the Hindu Mahasabha (“Great Society of Hindus”), a Hindu nationalist organization and political party. His definition of Hindutva launched the modern Hindu nationalist movement. While a student of law in London

Bhai Vir Singh was a Sikh writer and theologian who was chiefly responsible for raising the Punjabi language to a literary level never before attained. He wrote at a time when Sikh religion and politics and the Punjabi language were under such strong attack by the English and Hindus that the Sikhs

India: Reconsolidation: …and successor, best known as Vira Narasimha (reigned 1503–09), ended the sham of regency. After ordering the by-then grown Immadi Narasimha’s murder in 1505, he ascended the throne and inaugurated the Tuluva dynasty, the third dynasty of Vijayanagar. The usurpation again provoked opposition, which the new king spent most of…

South Asian arts: Rajasthani: …the Vamsa Bhaskara and the Vira satsaī. The Vamsa Bhaskara contains accounts of the Rājput princes who ruled in what was then Rājputāna (at present the state of Rājasthān), during the lifetime of the poet (1872–1952). The Vira satsaī is a collection of couplets dealing with historical heroes. Two other…

Viracocha, creator deity originally worshiped by the pre-Inca inhabitants of Peru and later assimilated into the Inca pantheon. He was believed to have created the sun and moon on Lake Titicaca. According to tradition, after forming the rest of the heavens and the earth, Viracocha wandered through

Aymara: About 1430 the Inca emperor Viracocha began conquests southward from his capital at Cuzco. Aymara territories ultimately formed a major part of the Inca empire, against which the Aymara continually revolted.

pre-Columbian civilizations: Temples and shrines: The ruins of the Temple of Viracocha at San Pedro Cacha (Peru), however, had a ground plan that measured 330 by 87 feet, which indicates that it was designed for use other than the storage of priestly regalia.

Hungarian literature: The period of the Enlightenment: …eminently suited) were followed by Benedek Virág, who imbued with poetic inspiration verse forms that for his predecessors were merely formal exercises. It fell to Dániel Berzsenyi, who published a single volume of poetry, in 1813, to show what use a great poet could make of classical metre. His ode…

dress: Colonial America: It often had the virago sleeve—full at elbow and shoulder and drawn in at intervals by strings of narrow ribbon—that appears in most 17th-century portraits of American women and children.

Mauritius: The arts and cultural institutions: …the best-known local writer is Dev Virahsawmy, a poet and playwright. Though he writes easily in both French and English, Virahsawmy is most renowned for his efforts to popularize the use of Creole. In addition to his own plays and poetry, he has also translated several of Shakespeare’s plays into…

bird flu: Detection of bird flu: Other methods include viral antigen detection, which detects the reaction of antibodies to viral antigens in samples of skin cells or mucus, and viral culture, which is used to confirm the identity of specific subtypes of influenza based on the results of PCR or antigen detection and requires…

bird flu: Detection of bird flu: …skin cells or mucus, and viral culture, which is used to confirm the identity of specific subtypes of influenza based on the results of PCR or antigen detection and requires growth of the virus in cells in a laboratory. Tests based on lab-on-a-chip technology that take less than an hour…

gastroenteritis: Viral gastroenteritis, or viral diarrhea, is perhaps the most common type of diarrhea worldwide; rotaviruses, caliciviruses, Norwalk viruses, and adenoviruses are the most common causes. Other forms of gastroenteritis include food poisoning, cholera

viral disease, disease caused by viruses. Long-term immunity usually follows viral childhood diseases (see chickenpox). The common cold recurs into adulthood because many different viruses cause its symptoms, and immunity against one does not protect against others. Some viruses mutate fast enough

gastroenteritis: Viral gastroenteritis, or viral diarrhea, is perhaps the most common type of diarrhea worldwide; rotaviruses, caliciviruses, Norwalk viruses, and adenoviruses are the most common causes. Other forms of gastroenteritis include food poisoning, cholera

genetics: Microbial genetics: Viral genetics is another key part of microbial genetics. The genetics of viruses that attack bacteria were the first to be elucidated. Since then, studies and findings of viral genetics have been applied to viruses pathogenic on plants and animals, including humans. Viruses are also…

nucleic acid: Viral genomes: Many viruses use RNA for their genetic material. This is most prevalent among eukaryotic viruses, but a few prokaryotic RNA viruses are also known. Some common examples include polio, HIV, and influenza A H1N1, all of which affect humans, and tobacco mosaic virus,…

viral hemorrhagic fever, any of a variety of highly fatal viral diseases that are characterized by massive external or internal bleeding or bleeding into the skin. Other symptoms vary by the type of viral hemorrhagic fever but often include fever, malaise, muscle aches, vomiting, and shock. Most

AIDS: Life cycle of HIV: , the viral load—which provides an indication of how fast the virus is replicating and destroying helper T cells.

lumbar puncture: Viral meningitis can be differentiated from bacterial meningitis by the type of white blood cells identified in the CSF. In addition, culturing a sample of the fluid to determine whether bacteria are present is an effective way to distinguish between different causes of meningitis. Fluctuations…