viscosity, resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change in shape, or movement of neighbouring portions relative to one another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the viscosity is called the fluidity, a measure of the ease of flow. Molasses, for example, has a greater

petroleum refining: Visbreaking, thermal cracking, and coking: Since World War II the demand for light products (e.g., gasoline, jet, and diesel fuels) has grown, while the requirement for heavy industrial fuel oils has declined. Furthermore, many of the new sources of crude petroleum (California, Alaska, Venezuela, and…

lubrication: Viscosity.: …are rated in terms of viscosity index. The less the viscosity is changed by temperature, the higher the viscosity index.

fluid mechanics: Stresses in laminar motion: …for the coefficient η is shear viscosity to distinguish it from the bulk viscosity, b, which is defined below. The word shear, however, is frequently omitted in this context.

history of flight: The airlines reequip: …of these was the Vickers Viscount, which was built in larger numbers (444) than any other British airliner. The Viscount could carry from 40 to 65 passengers at a cruising speed of 355 to 365 miles (570 to 590 km) per hour, depending on configuration. It was employed most extensively…

viscount, a European title of nobility, ranking immediately below a count, or earl. It is one of the five ranks of British nobility and peerage, which, in descending order, are duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron. In the Carolingian period of European history, the vicecomites, or missi

Viscount Melville Sound, arm of the Arctic Ocean, Kitikmeot and Baffin regions, Northwest Territories, northern Canada. It is 250 miles (400 km) long and 100 miles (160 km) wide. The discovery of this body of water, reached from the east by Sir William Edward Parry (1819–20) and from the west

Henry Wilmot Richmond, 1st Earl of Richmond was a leading Royalist during the English Civil Wars, a principal adviser to the Prince of Wales, later Charles II. Wilmot was the son of Charles Wilmot (c. 1570–1644), the 1st earl of Athlone in the Irish peerage. Having fought against the Scots at

viscount, a European title of nobility, ranking immediately below a count, or earl. It is one of the five ranks of British nobility and peerage, which, in descending order, are duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron. In the Carolingian period of European history, the vicecomites, or missi

damping: Viscous damping is caused by such energy losses as occur in liquid lubrication between moving parts or in a fluid forced through a small opening by a piston, as in automobile shock absorbers. The viscous-damping force is directly proportional to the relative velocity between the…

rock: Stress-strain relationships: For viscous material, there is laminar (slow, smooth, parallel) flow; one must exert a force to maintain motion because of internal frictional resistance to flow, called the viscosity. Viscosity varies with the applied stress, strain rate, and temperature. In plastic behaviour, the material strains continuously (but…

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …erroneously describe glasses as undercooled viscous liquids, but this is actually incorrect. Along the section of route 2 labeled liquid in Figure 3, it is the portion lying between Tf and Tg that is correctly associated with the description of the material as an undercooled liquid (undercooled meaning that its…

geomagnetic field: The magnetotail current: Viscous interaction involves the transfer of momentum from the solar wind to a closed field line of Earth’s magnetic field just inside the boundary. Because of the transfer, a field line inside the boundary moves in the same direction as the solar wind. (An example…

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …erroneously describe glasses as undercooled viscous liquids, but this is actually incorrect. Along the section of route 2 labeled liquid in Figure 3, it is the portion lying between Tf and Tg that is correctly associated with the description of the material as an undercooled liquid (undercooled meaning that its…

remanent magnetism: …magnetism by a process called viscous magnetization. The difference between these several types of remanent magnetism can be determined, and the magnetic history of a particular rock can therefore be interpreted.

rock: Types of remanent magnetization: VRM (viscous remanent magnetization) results from thermal agitation. It is acquired slowly over time at low temperatures and in the Earth’s magnetic field. The effect is weak and unstable but is present in most rocks.

mistletoe: …especially those of the genera Viscum, Phoradendron, and Arceuthobium (all of which are members of the family Santalaceae). Most mistletoes parasitize a variety of hosts, and some species even parasitize other mistletoes, which in turn are parasitic on a host. They are pests of many ornamental, timber, and crop trees…

Viscaceae: The European mistletoe (Viscum album) and the North American oak mistletoe (Phoradendron) and dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium) are well-known members of the family.

poultry processing: Evisceration and inspection: …is opened so that the viscera (internal organs) can be removed. Evisceration can be done either by hand (with knives) or by using complex, fully automated mechanical devices. Automated evisceration lines can operate at a rate of about 70 birds per minute. The equipment is cleaned (with relatively high levels…

Western painting: Mannerist painters in Florence and Rome: In Pontormo’s Visdomini altarpiece (1518), the tension approaches the breaking point; the composition is vertical and lacking in a sense of space; and a host of similar but clashing centres of action create an impression of agitation. Pontormo persisted with this expressive style, becoming increasingly influenced by…

vise, device consisting of two parallel jaws for holding a workpiece; one of the jaws is fixed and the other movable by a screw, a lever, or a cam. When used for holding a workpiece during hand operations, such as filing, hammering, or sawing, the vise may be permanently bolted to a bench. In vises

Viséan Stage, second of three internationally defined stages of the Mississippian Subsystem of the Carboniferous System, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Viséan Age (346.7 million to 330.9 million years ago). The name is derived from the town of Visé in eastern Belgium on its border with

Pest: Visegrád boasts a partly renovated medieval fortress and the ruins of a Renaissance castle, a memorial museum of the world-famous traveler and hunter Kálmán Kittenberger is in Nagymaros, and Zebegény is home to a memorial museum of painter István Szonyi. Hot-water spas are in Szentendre,…

Danube River: Physiography: …Komárno the Danube enters the Visegrád Gorge, squeezed between the foothills of the Western Carpathian and the Hungarian Transdanubian Mountains. The steep right bank is crowned with fortresses, castles, and cathedrals of the Hungarian Árpád dynasty of the 10th to 15th century.

Hungary: Economic and social change: …in 1999 in reviving the Visegrad Group, first established in 1991 by the leaders of Hungary (József Antall), Poland (Lech Wałęsa), and Czechoslovakia (Václav Havel). Having lapsed in 1994 because of a lack of interest by the Czech political leadership, the Visegrád Forum was revived with the inclusion of both…

ballad: …are called, and the Danish viser are alike in using assonance instead of rhyme, the Spanish ballads are generally unstrophic while the Danish are strophic, parcelled into either quatrains or couplets.

Lao literature: Modern Lao literature: The works of Viset Savaengseuksa, who served as a member of the Lao parliament, are noteworthy for the imaginative and often humorous approach with which they portray the life of ordinary people in Lao society. One of his short stories, “Khon yang lung Dam” (1995; “A Man Like…

Visakhapatnam, city and port, northeastern Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies on a small embayment of the Bay of Bengal, about 380 miles (610 km) northeast of Chennai in Tamil Nadu state. Visakhapatnam is a major commercial and administrative centre with road, rail, and air connections.

Vaisheshika: To these six was later added abhava, nonexistence or absence. Though negative in content, the impression it makes is positive; one has a perception of an…

Andrey Vyshinsky was a Soviet statesman, diplomat, and lawyer who was the chief prosecutor during the Great Purge trials in Moscow in the 1930s. Vyshinsky, a member of the Menshevik branch of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party since 1903, became a lawyer in 1913 and joined the Communist

Vishishtadvaita, one of the principal branches of Vedanta, a system (darshan) of Indian philosophy. This school grew out of the Vaishnava (worship of the god Vishnu) movement prominent in South India from the 7th ce century on. One of the early Brahmans (members of the priestly class) who began to

Diana Vishneva is a Russian ballerina who dazzles audiences worldwide with the musicality, flamboyance, and technical brilliance of her performances and brings a modern physicality and energy to her expansive repertoire. Vishneva applied unsuccessfully at age nine to the Vaganova Ballet Academy in

Vishnu, one of the principal Hindu deities. Vishnu combines many lesser divine figures and local heroes, chiefly through his avatars, particularly Rama and Krishna; the ten primary avatars of Vishnu are called the Dashavatara. His appearances are innumerable; he is often said to have 10 avatars—but

Grand Canyon Series: …the strongly deformed and contorted Vishnu Schist, the angularity of which stands in bold contrast to the almost horizontal bedding of the Grand Canyon Series. The Grand Canyon Series actually dips slightly eastward and is separated from the overlying Cambrian sandstones by a major erosion surface unconformity. A conglomerate was…

Pallava dynasty: …records, which tell of King Vishnugopa, who was defeated and then liberated by Samudra Gupta, the emperor of Magadha, about the middle of the 4th century ce. A later Pallava king, Simhavarman, is mentioned in the Sanskrit Lokavibhaga as reigning from 436 ce.

Chanakya was a Hindu statesman and philosopher who wrote a classic treatise on polity, Artha-shastra (“The Science of Material Gain”), a compilation of almost everything that had been written in India up to his time regarding artha (property, economics, or material success). He was born into a

Vaishnavism, one of the major forms of modern Hinduism, characterized by devotion to the god Vishnu and his incarnations (avatars). A devotee of Vishnu is called a Vaishnava. The devotional Vaishnava literature that emerged in Sanskrit and in vernacular writings from the 10th through the 16th

Bishnupur, historic town, central West Bengal state, northeastern India. It lies just south of the Dhaleshwari (Dhalkisor) River (a tributary of the Damodar River), about 18 miles (29 km) southeast of Bankura. Bishnupur was the capital of the Hindu Mallabhum kingdom, which was founded in the 8th

Vishnusvamin, in Hinduism, a Vaishnavite sampradaya (spiritual tradition tracing its lineage to a mythic or divine figure) founded probably in the early 15th century by Vishnusvamin, a South Indian religious figure who taught chiefly in Gujarat state. His system, also called Rudra-sampradaya

The Cherry Orchard, drama in four acts written by Anton Chekhov as Vishnyovy sad. Chekhov’s final play, it was first performed and published in 1904. Though Chekhov insisted that the play was “a comedy, in places even a farce,” playgoers and readers often find a touch of tragedy in the decline of

Hystaspes was the son of Arsames, king of Parsa, and father of the Achaemenid king Darius I of Persia. According to the 5th-century-bc Greek historian Herodotus, Hystaspes was governor of Persis under Cyrus II the Great and Cambyses II and accompanied Cyrus on his last campaign against the

Hystaspes was a protector and follower of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. Son of Aurvataspa (Lohrasp) of the Naotara family, Hystaspes was a local ruler (kavi) in a country called in the Avesta (the Zoroastrian scripture) Aryana Vaejah, which may have been a Greater Chorasmian state abolished by the

Vishu, spring festival observed by Malayali Hindus in Kerala and in adjacent areas of Tamil Nadu, India. Vishu (Sanskrit: “equal”) celebrates the vernal equinox, when day and night are roughly equal length. Although the astronomical equinox falls in late March, the Vishu festival falls on the first

Vishvakarman, in Hindu mythology, the architect of the gods. The name was originally used as an epithet of any powerful god but later came to personify creative power. Vishvakarman is the divine carpenter and master craftsman who fashioned the weapons of the gods and built their cities and

India: Early Vedic period: …southern Punjab, replaced his priest Vishvamitra with Vasishtha, Vishvamitra organized a confederacy of 10 tribes, including the Puru, Yadu, Turvashas, Anu, and Druhyu, which went to war against Sudas. The Bharatas survived and continued to play an important role in historical tradition. In the Rigveda the head of a clan…

Indian philosophy: The old school: 1623; “Compendium of Logic”), and Vishvanatha’s Bhashapariccheda (1634; “Determination of the Meaning of the Verses”).

Shekhar Kapur: …Jaganaathan in the action thriller Vishwaroopam. He later appeared in such movies as Teraa Surroor (2016).

weather modification: Fog dissipation: …base above the ground) and visibility be above certain minimum values. It has been estimated that, in the United States alone, airport shutdowns by fog were costing the airlines many millions of dollars annually. The vital effect of low ceilings and visibilities on military aircraft operation was forcefully emphasized during…

visible trade, in economics, exchange of physically tangible goods between countries, involving the export, import, and re-export of goods at various stages of production. It is distinguished from invisible trade, which involves the export and import of physically intangible items such as services.

dactyloscopy: Visible prints may be left behind by substances that stick to the fingers—such as dirt or blood—or they may take the form of an impression made in a soft substance, such as clay. Latent fingerprints are traces of sweat, oil, or other natural secretions on…

Transportation Security Administration: …a public presence with its VIPR teams (Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response teams), members of which are easily identifiable as security officers and who patrol railways and mass transit systems. Other modes of transportation that are also under the purview of the TSA include freight carriers moving across the nation’s…

light, electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths less than about 1 × 10−11 metre to radio waves measured in metres. Within that broad spectrum the wavelengths

spectroscopy: Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy: Colours as perceived by the sense of vision are simply a human observation of the inverse of a visible absorption spectrum. The underlying phenomenon is that of an electron being raised from

light, electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths less than about 1 × 10−11 metre to radio waves measured in metres. Within that broad spectrum the wavelengths

Sarah Fuller: …1870 she learned of “visible speech,” the system of Alexander Melville Bell for teaching the deaf, and it was at her invitation that his son, Alexander Graham Bell, traveled to the United States the next year to teach the system to the school’s faculty.

visible trade, in economics, exchange of physically tangible goods between countries, involving the export, import, and re-export of goods at various stages of production. It is distinguished from invisible trade, which involves the export and import of physically intangible items such as services.

John Amos Comenius: Social reform of John Amos Comenius: …book, Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658; The Visible World in Pictures), was popular in Europe for two centuries and was the forerunner of the illustrated schoolbook of later times. It consisted of pictures illustrating Latin sentences, accompanied by vernacular translations. For example, the chapter “The Head and the Hand” began with…

spreadsheet: The first spreadsheet program was VisiCalc, written for the Apple II computer in 1979. For many users, this application most vividly showed the utility of personal computers for small businesses—in some cases turning a 20-hour-per-week bookkeeping chore into a few minutes of data entry. For example, a simple spreadsheet might…

Visigoth, member of a division of the Goths (see Goth). One of the most important of the Germanic peoples, the Visigoths separated from the Ostrogoths in the 4th century ad, raided Roman territories repeatedly, and established great kingdoms in Gaul and Spain. The Visigoths were settled

East Germanic languages: History: …information is the Gothic—more specifically, Visigothic—that was spoken along the western shore of the Black Sea about the middle of the 4th century ce.

Visigothic art, works of art produced in southern France and Spain under the Visigoths, who ruled the region between the 5th and the 8th centuries ad. The art produced during this period is largely the result of local Roman traditions combined with Byzantine influences. The effect of Germanic

Mozarabic chant, Latin liturgical chant of the Christian church on the Iberian Peninsula from its beginnings about the 5th century until its suppression at the end of the 11th century in favour of the liturgy and Gregorian chant of the Roman Catholic Church. The term Mozarabic was applied to

calligraphy: The Anglo-Celtic and other national styles (5th to 13th century): The Merovingian (France) and the Visigothic (Spain) are two more varieties of minuscular script that grew out of Latin cursive after the withdrawal of the Roman authority. In the Luxeuil monastery, in Burgundy, the minuscule attained in the 7th century the characteristics of a fine book hand. In the Iberian…

Lake Vätter: …there are few harbours, and Vising Island (Visingsö), with an area of 9.5 square miles (24.5 square km), is one of the few islands. The region around the lake developed after 1832 with the opening of the Göta Canal, which uses the lake and continues on to Stockholm at Motala,…

Lake Vätter: …there are few harbours, and Vising Island (Visingsö), with an area of 9.5 square miles (24.5 square km), is one of the few islands. The region around the lake developed after 1832 with the opening of the Göta Canal, which uses the lake and continues on to Stockholm at Motala,…

encyclopaedia: Content arrangement: …de la Torre began his Visiõ delectable in almost that exact order, and only when he had laid these foundations did he proceed to the problems of science, philosophy, theology, law, and politics. Thus, the seven liberal arts were regarded by the early encyclopaedists as the very mathematics of human…

Walafrid Strabo: …826, Walafrid set to verse Visio Wettini (“The Vision of Wettin”), recording a mystical experience described by his first tutor. With its poetic images of hell, purgatory, and paradise, Visio Wettini anticipated Dante’s Divine Comedy. Later Walafrid wrote his most important poem, Liber de cultura hortorum (“Book on the Art…

Celtic literature: Prose: …work was the aisling (vision), exemplified in Fís Adamnáín (The Vision of Adamnan), whose soul is represented as leaving his body for a time to visit heaven and hell under the guidance of an angel. Both the saints’ lives and the visions tended to border on the extravagant, so…

Christianity: Western Catholic Christianity: …introduced a triple classification of visions—corporeal, spiritual (i.e., imaginative), and intellectual—that influenced later mystics for centuries. Although he was influenced by Neoplatonist philosophers such as Plotinus, Augustine did not speak of personal union with God in this life. His teaching, like that of the Eastern Fathers, emphasized the ecclesial context…

vision, physiological process of distinguishing, usually by means of an organ such as the eye, the shapes and colours of objects. See eye;

art criticism: Critical response to early avant-garde art: …which, as he wrote in Vision and Design (1920), “plasticity has become all-important” and in which “all is reduced to the purest terms of structural design.” (It should be noted that Fry organized the first extensive exhibition of Post-Impressionist art in England, making it clear that curatorial courage can be…

Voltaire: Life with Mme du Châtelet: Vision de Babouc (1748) and Memnon (1749) dispute the philosophic optimism of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Alexander Pope. Zadig (1747) is a kind of allegorical autobiography: like Voltaire, the Babylonian sage Zadig suffers persecution, is pursued by ill fortune, and ends by doubting the tender…

It’s time for your employer’s annual open enrollment for benefits. That means you can add or change your benefit coverage without having a major life event (such as marriage, divorce, the birth of a child, or an emptying of the nest). If your employer offers medical insurance, you probably already

The Vision of Adamnán, in the Gaelic literature of Ireland, one of the earliest and most outstanding medieval Irish visions. This graceful prose work dates from the 10th century and is preserved in the later The Book of the Dun Cow (c. 1100). Patterned after pagan voyages (immrama) to the

Lord Byron: Life and career: …on the poet Robert Southey, The Vision of Judgment, which contains a devastating parody of that poet laureate’s fulsome eulogy of King George III.

Celtic literature: Prose: …Aislinge Meic Con Glinne (The Vision of MacConglinne).

Piers Plowman, Middle English alliterative poem presumed to have been written by William Langland. Three versions of Piers Plowman are extant: A, the poem’s short early form, dating from the 1360s; B, a major revision and extension of A made in the late 1370s; and C, a less “literary” version of B

Emily Dickinson: Development as a poet: …of Barrett Browning’s works, “A Vision of Poets,” describing the pantheon of poets, and Aurora Leigh, on the development of a female poet, seem to have played a formative role for Dickinson, validating the idea of female greatness and stimulating her ambition. Though she also corresponded with Josiah G.…

Perugino: Mature work: …during this time are the Vision of St. Bernard, the Madonna and Saints, the Pietà, and the fresco of the Crucifixion for the Florentine convent of Sta. Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi. These works are characterized by ample sculptural figures gracefully posed in simple Renaissance architectural settings, which act as a…

Maud Allan: Her most famous piece was Vision of Salomé, which brought her international acclaim in the years before World War I. As the exotic biblical character Salome, Allan danced barefoot in a halter of beads and a long, flowing translucent skirt, all of which unsettled some audience members. Allan toured frequently,…

The Vision of Sir Launfal, long verse parable by James Russell Lowell, published in 1848. Lowell, who was influenced by the works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and Thomas Malory, offers his version of the Grail story in this tale of a knight who decides not to take a journey in search of the Holy Grail

Bartolomé Esteban Murillo: The Vision of St. Anthony (1656), one of Murillo’s most celebrated pictures, is an early example of his so-called “vaporous” style, which was derived from Venetian painting. In 1660 Murillo was one of the founders and first president of the Academy of Painting in Sevilla. During…

Fra Bartolommeo: His Vision of St. Bernard (completed 1507) shows him achieving the transition from the subtle grace of late Quattrocento painting to the monumentality of the High Renaissance style.

Filippino Lippi: …picture, the beautiful altarpiece of The Vision of St. Bernard, has been variously assigned to the years 1480 and 1486. In Rome Filippino decorated the Carafa Chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Nothing in Filippino’s earlier works prepares for the vein of inspiration that he struck in the Carafa Chapel,…

Parmigianino: …in Rome is the large Vision of St. Jerome (1527). Although this work shows the influence of Michelangelo, it was Raphael’s ideal beauty of form and feature that influenced his entire oeuvre. While at work on the Vision of St. Jerome in 1527, he was interrupted by soldiers of the…

El Greco: Later life and works of El Greco: In the unfinished Vision of St. John, El Greco’s imagination led him to disregard the laws of nature even more. The gigantic swaying figure of St. John the Evangelist, in abstractly painted icy-blue garments, reveals the souls of the martyrs who cry out for deliverance. In like manner,…

William Blake: Visions of eternity: ” In his essay “A Vision of the Last Judgment,” Blake wrote:

Synthetism: …new decorative style is Gauguin’s Vision of the Sermon (1888). This large work includes peasant women leaving the church in the lower part of the canvas; above them is the vision of Jacob wrestling with the angel, which was the sermon of the day. Gauguin attempts to combine in one…

Vision of the Sermon, an oil-on-canvas painting created by French artist Paul Gauguin in 1888 during the year he worked closely with the younger artist Émile Bernard in Pont-Aven in the Brittany region of France. The painting is an example of the new decorative style Gauguin developed during this

Piers Plowman, Middle English alliterative poem presumed to have been written by William Langland. Three versions of Piers Plowman are extant: A, the poem’s short early form, dating from the 1360s; B, a major revision and extension of A made in the late 1370s; and C, a less “literary” version of B

vision quest, supernatural experience in which an individual seeks to interact with a guardian spirit, usually an anthropomorphized animal, to obtain advice or protection. Vision quests were most typically found among the native peoples of North and South America. The specific techniques for

William Butler Yeats: …philosophy in the prose work A Vision (1925, revised version 1937); this meditation upon the relation between imagination, history, and the occult remains indispensable to serious students of Yeats despite its obscurities.

animation: Early history: …entertainment, discovered the principle of persistence of vision. If drawings of the stages of an action were shown in fast succession, the human eye would perceive them as a continuous movement. One of the first commercially successful devices, invented by the Belgian Joseph Plateau in 1832, was the phenakistoscope, a…

Harold Bloom: …early books, Shelley’s Mythmaking (1959), The Visionary Company: A Reading of English Romantic Poetry (1961, rev. and enlarged ed., 1971), and The Ringers in the Tower: Studies in Romantic Tradition (1971), were creative studies of the Romantic poets and their work, then out of fashion. He examined the Romantic tradition…

Jonas Lie: …eller billeder fra Nordland (1870; The Visionary or Pictures from Nordland, 1894). The first Norwegian story of the sea and of business life, Tremasteren “Fremtiden” eller liv nordpå (1872; The Barque “Future,” 1879), followed. Two novels from his Naturalistic period are Livsslaven (1883; “The Life Convict,” Eng. trans.One of Life’s…

Jack Kerouac: Sketching, poetry, and Buddhism: Visions of Cody (written in 1951–52 and published posthumously in 1972), an in-depth, more poetic variation of On the Road describing a buddy trip and including transcripts of his conversation with Cassady (now fictionalized as Cody), was the most successful realization of the sketching technique.

John Schlesinger: Films of the late 1960s and ’70s: …segment on the marathon in Visions of Eight (1973), a documentary on the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Schlesinger returned to the United States to film Day of the Locust (1975), based on Nathanael West’s novel about the savagery lurking behind the facade of the Hollywood dream machine. Despite a…

Murray Krieger: …were later published together as Visions of Extremity in Modern Literature (1973). Krieger was among the earliest literary critics to insist on the importance of literary theory; he also stated, in The Play and Place of Criticism (1967), that language provides order and meaning to human experience. Among his later…

Jack Kerouac: Later work: …was published as the spiritual Visions of Gerard. Another important autobiographical book, Vanity of Duluoz (1968), recounts stories of his childhood, his schooling, and the dramatic scandals that defined early Beat legend.

William Blake: …and difficult “prophecies,” such as Visions of the Daughters of Albion (1793), The First Book of Urizen (1794), Milton (1804[–?11]), and Jerusalem (1804[–?20]). The dating of Blake’s texts is explained in the Researcher’s Note: Blake publication dates. These works he etched, printed, coloured, stitched, and sold, with the assistance of…