Zaha Hadid: First built projects: …major built project was the Vitra Fire Station (1993) in Weil am Rhein, Germany. Composed of a series of sharply angled planes, the structure resembles a bird in flight. Her other built works from this period included a housing project for IBA Housing (1993) in Berlin, the Mind Zone exhibition…

vitrain, macroscopically distinguishable component, or lithotype, of coal characterized by a brilliant black, glossy lustre and composed primarily of the maceral group vitrinite, derived from the bark tissue of large plants. It occurs in narrow, sometimes markedly uniform bands that are rarely more

detached retina: …is derived from the aging vitreous gel that fills the central eyeball space. The retinal break can result from a number of different mechanisms, including trauma or degenerative changes in the peripheral retina.

porcelain enamelling, process of fusing a thin layer of glass to a metal object to prevent corrosion and enhance its beauty. Porcelain-enamelled iron is used extensively for such articles as kitchen pots and pans, bathtubs, refrigerators, chemical and food tanks, and equipment for meat markets. In

detached retina: …is derived from the aging vitreous gel that fills the central eyeball space. The retinal break can result from a number of different mechanisms, including trauma or degenerative changes in the peripheral retina.

detached retina: …is derived from the aging vitreous gel that fills the central eyeball space. The retinal break can result from a number of different mechanisms, including trauma or degenerative changes in the peripheral retina.

mineral: Lustre: …the lustre of nonmetallic minerals: vitreous, having the lustre of a piece of broken glass (this is commonly seen in quartz and many other nonmetallic minerals); resinous, having the lustre of a piece of resin (this is common in sphalerite [ZnS]); pearly, having the lustre of mother-of-pearl (i.e., an iridescent…

lechatelierite, a natural silica glass (silicon dioxide, SiO2) that has the same chemical composition as coesite, cristobalite, stishovite, quartz, and tridymite but has a different crystal structure. Two varieties are included: meteoritic silica glass, produced when terrestrial silica is fused in

amorphous solid: Distinction between crystalline and amorphous solids: …use include noncrystalline solid and vitreous solid. Amorphous solid and noncrystalline solid are more general terms, while glass and vitreous solid have historically been reserved for an amorphous solid prepared by rapid cooling (quenching) of a melt—as in scenario 2 of Figure 3.

Philippe de Vitry was a French prelate, music theorist, poet, and composer. Vitry studied at the Sorbonne and was ordained a deacon at an early age. His earliest-known employment was as secretary to Charles IV. Later he became adviser to Charles and to his successors at the royal court at Paris,

traditional ceramics: Vitrification: The ultimate purpose of firing is to achieve some measure of bonding of the particles (for strength) and consolidation or reduction in porosity (e.g., for impermeability to fluids). In silicate-based ceramics, bonding and consolidation are accomplished by partial vitrification. Vitrification is the formation of…

abrasive: Forming and firing: The so-called vitrified wheel is fired in high-temperature kilns at temperatures of 1,260° C (2,300° F). Electric-, oil-, and gas-fired kilns are used. The length of the “burn” varies with wheel size and can be as long as two weeks.

gastropod: Distribution and abundance: …the snow line; species of Vitrina crawl on snowbanks in Alpine meadows. Other species inhabit barren deserts where they must remain inactive for years between rains.

bituminous coal: …of coal) can be recognized: vitrinite, liptinite, and inertinite. The glassy material in most bituminous coal is vitrinite, composed of macerals derived primarily from woody plant tissue. Because of its relatively high heat value and low (less than 3 percent) moisture content, its ease of transportation and storage, and its…

vitriol, any of certain hydrated sulfates or sulfuric acid. Most of the vitriols have important and varied industrial uses. Blue, or roman, vitriol is cupric sulfate; green vitriol—also called copperas, a name formerly applied to all the vitriols—is ferrous sulfate. White vitriol is zinc sulfate;

sulfuric acid, dense, colourless, oily, corrosive liquid; one of the most commercially important of all chemicals. Sulfuric acid is prepared industrially by the reaction of water with sulfur trioxide (see sulfur oxide), which in turn is made by chemical combination of sulfur dioxide and oxygen

chondrichthyan: Distinguishing features: …of hard enamel-like substances called vitrodentine. The scales covering the skin do not grow throughout life, as they do in bony fishes, but have a limited size; new scales form between existing ones as the body grows. Certain other structures, such as the teeth edging the rostrum (beak) of sawfishes…

igneous rock: Fabric: …rock can be called a vitrophyre. Other porphyritic rocks may well reflect less drastic shifts in position and perhaps more subtle and complex changes in conditions of temperature, pressure, or crystallization rates. Many phenocrysts could have developed at the points where they now occur, and some may represent systems with…

Vitruvian Man, drawing in metalpoint, pen and ink, and watercolour on paper (c. 1490) by the Renaissance artist, architect, and engineer Leonardo da Vinci. It depicts a nude male figure with the arms and legs in two superimposed positions so that the hands and feet touch the perimeters of both a

running-dog pattern, in classical architecture, decorative motif consisting of a repeated stylized convoluted form, something like the profile of a breaking wave. This pattern, which may be raised above, incised into, or painted upon a surface, frequently appears on a frieze, the middle element of

Vitruvius was a Roman architect, engineer, and author of the celebrated treatise De architectura (On Architecture), a handbook for Roman architects. Little is known of Vitruvius’ life, except what can be gathered from his writings, which are somewhat obscure on the subject. Although he nowhere

Palladianism: …first volume of Colen Campbell’s Vitruvius Britannicus (1715), a folio of 100 engravings of contemporary “classical” buildings in Britain (two more volumes followed in 1717 and 1725), the designs of which had enormous influence in England. William Benson, a Whig member of Parliament, had already built the first English Palladian…

Innocent III: Later pontificate of Innocent III: A medieval chronicler, Jacques de Vitry, has left us a vivid account of Innocent’s death. He saw Innocent’s body in Perugia as it lay almost naked on his tomb. The body smelled, and looters had plundered the rich garments in which the pope was to be buried. Brevis…

Philippe de Vitry was a French prelate, music theorist, poet, and composer. Vitry studied at the Sorbonne and was ordained a deacon at an early age. His earliest-known employment was as secretary to Charles IV. Later he became adviser to Charles and to his successors at the royal court at Paris,

Vitry-sur-Seine, city, Val-de-Marne département, Paris région, France. Vitry-sur-Seine is a southeastern industrial and residential suburb of Paris and is separated from the city limits of the capital by the suburb of Ivry-sur-Seine. It is connected to Paris by rail (6 miles [10 km]). The Seine

Roma: Bands are made up of vitsas, which are name groups of extended families with common descent either patrilineal or matrilineal, as many as 200 strong. A large vitsa may have its own chief and council. Vitsa membership can be claimed if offspring result through marriage into the vitsa. Loyalty and…

Vitsyebsk, city and administrative centre of Vitsyebsk oblast (region), northeastern Belarus. It lies along the Western Dvina River at the latter’s confluence with the Luchesa River. Vitsyebsk, first mentioned in 1021, was a major fortress and trading centre and had a stormy history. It passed to

Vitsyebsk, voblasts (province), northeastern Belarus. It lies mostly in the broad, shallow basin of the Western Dvina River. To the east and south the land rises in a series of gently undulating uplands. Swamps are extensive in the Western Dvina basin, but most of the province is in mixed forest of

Vitsyebsk, voblasts (province), northeastern Belarus. It lies mostly in the broad, shallow basin of the Western Dvina River. To the east and south the land rises in a series of gently undulating uplands. Swamps are extensive in the Western Dvina basin, but most of the province is in mixed forest of

Hymenophyllaceae: …a second unrelated species, the Appalachian shoestring fern (Vittaria appalachiana; family Pteridaceae), which occupies similar habitats in roughly the same range and is also apparently incapable of completing its sexual life cycle in the wild to form new sporophytes. The closest living relatives of these species grow in Asia and…

Pteridaceae: Adiantoid clade: …botanists consider the former family Vittariaceae to be closely related to the maidenhair ferns and have reassigned it to the Adiantoid clade of Pteridaceae, though the plants are somewhat dissimilar in appearance from members of Adiantum. This group contains some 140 species classified into 5–11 genera, the largest being Vittaria…

David Vitter is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2004 and represented Louisiana from 2005 to 2017. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2005). Vitter was born in New Orleans and grew up in the area. He received a bachelor’s

David Vitter is an American politician who was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 2004 and represented Louisiana from 2005 to 2017. He previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1999–2005). Vitter was born in New Orleans and grew up in the area. He received a bachelor’s

Vallabhacharya: …birth anniversaries of Vallabha and Vitthala. Participation in the highest form of bhakti (devotion) is attainable only through divine grace (pushti, literally “nourishment”); personal efforts such as good deeds or religious observances are not essential.

Michelangelo Antonioni: Life: …the career of the actress Monica Vitti, whose exquisite, mysterious presence provided the warming touch of human interest that assured L’avventura, despite its puzzling narrative structure and obscurity of motive, its breakthrough to a large international audience. Some mediation of this sort is necessary in Antonioni’s films since without it…

Bernardo Antonio Vittone was one of the most original and creative of late Baroque church architects in all Europe and a primary figure in the brief flowering of Piedmontese architecture. Vittone studied painting in Rome. Returning to Turin in 1733, he observed the late works of Filippo Juvarra

Vittorino da Feltre was an Italian educator who is frequently considered the greatest humanist schoolmaster of the Renaissance. After 20 years as a student and teacher at the University of Padua, Vittorino was asked, in 1423, to become tutor to the children of the Gonzaga family, the rulers of

Vittoria, town, southeastern Sicily, Italy. Vittoria is situated on a plain overlooking the Ippari River, west of Ragusa city. The town, which is gracefully laid out on a chessboard pattern, was founded (1607) by and named after Vittoria Colonna, daughter of the viceroy Marco Antonio Colonna and

European exploration: The sea route west to Cathay: The remaining ship, the Vittoria, laden with spices, under the command of the Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián del Cano, sailed alone across the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at Sevilla on September 9, 1522, with a crew of four Indians and only 17 survivors…

Ludwig Tieck: Vittoria Accorombona (1840; The Roman Matron) was a historical novel. In 1842 he accepted the invitation of Frederick William IV of Prussia to go to Berlin, where he remained the rest of his years, and where, as in Dresden, he became the centre of literary society.

Western architecture: Italian Mannerism or Late Renaissance (1520–1600): In the work of Alessandro Vittoria, the influence of central Italy was pronounced. His heavy ceiling moldings are composed of Classical motifs and bold strapwork. The north’s taste for bizarre fancies—such as Vittoria’s fireplace for the Palazzo Thiene—was often in advance of that in Rome and Florence.

Naples: Layout and architecture: Piazza della Vittoria—whose titular church commemorates the Battle of Lepanto (1571)—closes the sweep of Villa Comunale and leads inland to the fashionable shops of Piazza dei Martiri, Via Chiaia, and Via dei Mille. The waterfront road, becoming Via Partenope, passes along the ancient quarter of…

Victor Emmanuel II Monument, massive structure at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy, that was designed by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1885 and inaugurated in 1911. The monument celebrates the unification of Italy and honors Victor Emmanuel II, who was for many years a leader of the movement

Elio Vittorini was a novelist, translator, and literary critic, the author of outstanding novels of Italian Neorealism mirroring his country’s experience of fascism and the social, political, and spiritual agonies of 20th-century man. With Cesare Pavese, he was also a pioneer in the translation

Vittorino da Feltre was an Italian educator who is frequently considered the greatest humanist schoolmaster of the Renaissance. After 20 years as a student and teacher at the University of Padua, Vittorino was asked, in 1423, to become tutor to the children of the Gonzaga family, the rulers of

Anne Rice: Erotic novels and the Mayfair witches: …which featured Pandora (1998) and Vittorio the Vampire (1999), the latter of which Rice described as her vampire answer to Romeo and Juliet.

World War II: Central Europe and the Balkans, 1940–41: …naval forces, including the battleship Vittorio Veneto, with several cruisers and destroyers, set out to threaten British convoys to Greece; and British forces, including the battleships Warspite, Valiant, and Barham and the aircraft carrier Formidable, likewise with cruisers and destroyers, were sent to intercept them. When the forces

Vittorio Veneto, town, Veneto regione, northeastern Italy, located north of Treviso. Formed in 1866 by the union of Serravalle, now the town’s residential northern section, and Ceneda, the industrial southern part, it was named for Victor Emmanuel II. It was the scene in 1918 of the Italians’

Battle of Vittorio Veneto, decisive Italian victory and the final offensive launched on the Italian Front during World War I. This Italian assault, which lasted from October 24 to November 4, 1918, coincided with the internal political breakup of Austria-Hungary. The defeat of the Austro-Hungarian

Rome: Via Vittorio Veneto: A bit farther east, both Romans and visitors alike continue to congregate at the café tables ranged on the plane-tree-shaded sidewalks of the Via Vittorio Veneto (Via Veneto), a street of grand hotels, offices, and government buildings. Laid out in 1887 between…

Vittoriosa, town, eastern Malta, one of the Three Cities (the others being Cospicua and Senglea). It is situated on a small peninsula, just south of Valletta across Grand Harbour. Originally known as Il Borgo, and then Birgu, it was one of the most important towns in medieval Malta. In 1530, when

Witu Islands, volcanic island group of the Bismarck Archipelago, eastern Papua New Guinea, southwestern Pacific Ocean. The islands lie 40 miles (65 km) north of New Britain Island in the Bismarck Sea. The group, with a total land area of 45 square miles (117 square km), includes the main islands of

Mariana Trench: …Year, the Soviet research ship Vityaz sounded a new world record depth of 36,056 feet (10,990 metres) in Challenger Deep. That value was later increased to 36,201 feet (11,034 metres). Since then several measurements of the Challenger Deep have been made, using increasingly sophisticated electronic equipment. Notable among these is…

the Smiths: …career started promisingly with 1988’s Viva Hate (on which guitar virtuoso Vini Reilly proved a capable Marr surrogate); however, on subsequent singles and Kill Uncle (1991), Morrissey, backed by an undistinguished rockabilly band, dwindled into tuneless self-parody. His muse rallied with the glam-rock-influenced Your Arsenal (1992) and the delicate Vauxhall…

Coldplay: The band’s 2008 release, Viva la Vida, produced in part by Brian Eno, topped the charts in the United States and the United Kingdom, and the album’s title track, arguably Coldplay’s most radio-friendly effort yet, was the number one single on both sides of the Atlantic. That popularity was…

George Sidney: Later work: Ann-Margret also appeared in Viva Las Vegas (1964), a hugely popular Presley musical; the singer played a cash-strapped race-car driver who takes a job in a casino to earn money. In 1967 Sidney directed his last feature film, the musical Half a Sixpence, a British production.

Elvis Presley: Military service, movies, and mainstreaming: …Sender” (both 1962), and “Viva Las Vegas” (1964). Presley was no longer a controversial figure: he had become one more predictable mass entertainer, a personage of virtually no interest to the rock audience that had expanded so much with the advent of the new sounds of the Beatles, the…

Italy: Collapse of the republics: …a violent peasant uprising, the Viva Maria (“Long Live the Virgin Mary”). This movement developed into a march on urban centers, assaults on Jewish residents, and a hunt for real or alleged local Jacobins; it also reestablished the power of the landowning aristocracy and of the clergy. The Roman Republic…

Brigitte Bardot: …Affair), Le Mépris (1963; Contempt), Viva Maria! (1965), Dear Brigitte (1965), and Masculin-Féminin (1966; Masculine Feminine). With her career waning, Bardot appeared in her final films in 1973 and subsequently retired.

Jonathan Winters: …The Russians Are Coming! (1966), Viva Max! (1969), Moon Over Parador (1988), The Flintstones (1994), and The Smurfs (2011). A collection of his short stories, Winters’ Tales, made the best-seller list in 1987. The following year he published a book of his paintings, Hang-Ups. For many years Winters served as…

Jack Conway: Heyday of the 1930s: His success continued with Viva Villa! (1934), starring Wallace Beery as the legendary revolutionary Pancho Villa. Conway inherited the biopic after Howard Hawks was fired, and both the film and Ben Hecht’s screenplay were nominated for Academy Awards. The Gay Bride (1934) was a disappointment, despite the presence

Elia Kazan: Films and stage work of the 1950s of Elia Kazan: …Brando teamed up again for Viva Zapata! (1952), the story of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata (Brando), which featured a script by novelist John Steinbeck. Far less accomplished was the movie that followed, Man on a Tightrope (1953), an account of a circus troupe’s escape from communist-ruled Czechoslovakia.

South Asian arts: Qualities of the scales: …the Western consonant (concordant; reposeful); vivadi, comparable to dissonant (discordant; lacking repose); and anuvadi, comparable to assonant (neither consonant nor dissonant). As in the ancient Greek Pythagorean system, which influenced Western music, only fourths and fifths (intervals of four or five tones in a Western scale) were considered consonant. In…

Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian composer and violinist who left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music. Vivaldi’s main teacher was probably his father, Giovanni Battista, who in 1685 was admitted as a violinist to the orchestra of the San Marco

Antonio Vivaldi was an Italian composer and violinist who left a decisive mark on the form of the concerto and the style of late Baroque instrumental music. Vivaldi’s main teacher was probably his father, Giovanni Battista, who in 1685 was admitted as a violinist to the orchestra of the San Marco

History of film: Introduction of sound: … in France and Cecil Hepworth’s Vivaphone system in England employed a similar technology, and each was used to produce hundreds of synchronized shorts between 1902 and 1912. In Germany producer-director Oskar Messter began to release all of his films with recorded musical scores as early as 1908. By the time…

El Cid was a Castilian military leader and national hero. His popular name, El Cid (from Spanish Arabic al-sīd, “lord”), dates from his lifetime. Rodrigo Díaz’s father, Diego Laínez, was a member of the minor nobility (infanzones) of Castile. But the Cid’s social background was less unprivileged

El Cid was a Castilian military leader and national hero. His popular name, El Cid (from Spanish Arabic al-sīd, “lord”), dates from his lifetime. Rodrigo Díaz’s father, Diego Laínez, was a member of the minor nobility (infanzones) of Castile. But the Cid’s social background was less unprivileged

Vivarais, ancient mountainous province of France, centred on the town of Viviers (Viviers-sur-Rhône) and corresponding approximately to the modern département of Ardèche. The ancient Roman site, Vivarium, later became the episcopate seat of Viviers; and the bishop of Viviers was virtual master of

Auvergne: Geography: The Vivarais Mountains top out at Mount Mézenc, 5,751 feet (1,753 metres) above Haute-Loire, while in Cantal, an area of high plateaus, volcanic peaks rise to the Plomb du Cantal, at 6,096 feet (1,858 metres). In the north the Paris Basin extends into Allier. Important rivers…

Indian philosophy: Shankara’s theory of error and religious and ethical concerns: The Vivarana school regarded both the locus and the object of ignorance to be brahman and sought to avoid the contradiction (arising from the fact that brahman is said to be of the nature of knowledge) by distinguishing between pure consciousness and valid knowledge (pramajnana). The…

Alvise Vivarini was a painter in the late Gothic style whose father, Antonio, was the founder of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists. Vivarini’s earliest work is an altarpiece at Monte Fiorentino (c. 1475). Between 1483 and 1485 he was at work in southern Italy, producing

Antonio Vivarini was a painter who was one of the most important and prolific Venetian artists of the first half of the 15th century and founder of the studio of the influential Vivarini family of painters. He was one of the first Venetian painters to utilize Renaissance style. Vivarini’s first

Bartolomeo Vivarini was a painter and member of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists. Vivarini was probably a pupil of his brother Antonio, with whom he collaborated after 1450; but, unlike him, Bartolomeo was profoundly influenced by Paduan painting of the circle of Francesco

Alvise Vivarini was a painter in the late Gothic style whose father, Antonio, was the founder of the influential Vivarini family of Venetian artists. Vivarini’s earliest work is an altarpiece at Monte Fiorentino (c. 1475). Between 1483 and 1485 he was at work in southern Italy, producing

terrarium, enclosure with glass sides, and sometimes a glass top, arranged for keeping plants or terrestrial or semi-terrestrial animals indoors. The purpose may be decoration, scientific observation, or plant or animal propagation. Plants commonly grown in terraria at cool temperatures include

Cassiodorus: …and founded a monastery named Vivarium, to perpetuate the culture of Rome. Cassiodorus was neither a great writer nor a great scholar, but his importance in the history of Western culture can hardly be overestimated. He collected manuscripts and enjoined his monks to copy the works of pagan as well…

Robert Bolt: …of Bolt’s later plays was Vivat! Vivat Regina! (1970).

malaria: The course of the disease: …of 48 hours (in so-called tertian malaria) or 72 hours (quartan malaria), coincide with the synchronized release of each new generation of merozoites into the bloodstream. Often, however, a victim may be infected with different species of parasites at the same time or may have different generations of the same…

History of film: Taiwan: …Neon God), Aiqing wansui (1994; Vive l’amour), and Ni nei pien chi tien (2001; What Time Is It There?).

Vivekananda was a Hindu monk, spiritual leader, preacher, and reformer in India and an activating force in the propagation of Vedanta philosophy in the United States and Britain. Vivekananda, who first gained national and global attention with his historic final speech at the World’s Parliament of

Jean-Marie Messier: …global media and communications conglomerate Vivendi Universal in the late 20th century.

viverrid: Viverrid diversity: …secretions and those of the Oriental civets (genera Viverricula and Viverra) are used in the perfume industry, and captured civets are kept specifically for the production of “civet musk.” For this reason the African civet is probably the most economically important viverrid.

civet: …otter civet (Cynogale bennetti), the African civet (Civettictis civetta), and the rare Congo water civet (Genetta piscivora) are semiaquatic. Civets feed on small animals and on vegetable matter. Their litters usually consist of two or three young.

civet: …extinction; among these are the Malabar civet (Viverra civettina), which lives in the Western Ghats of India, and the Sunda otter civet, which is native to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo.

rasse, small Asiatic mammal, a species of civet

viverrid, (family Viverridae), any of 35 species of small Old World mammals including civets, genets, and linsangs. Viverrids are among the most poorly known carnivores. They are rarely encountered, being small and secretive inhabitants of forests and dense vegetation. In addition, many species

viverrid, (family Viverridae), any of 35 species of small Old World mammals including civets, genets, and linsangs. Viverrids are among the most poorly known carnivores. They are rarely encountered, being small and secretive inhabitants of forests and dense vegetation. In addition, many species

Amadeo Vives was a Spanish composer noted for his nearly 100 light operas. After study in Barcelona, Vives founded (1891), with Luis Millet, the choral society Orfeó Catalá. His first opera, Artus, produced in Barcelona in 1895, made use of Catalan folk songs, and Euda d’Uriach (Barcelona, 1900)

Juan Luis Vives was a Spanish humanist and student of Erasmus, eminent in education, philosophy, and psychology, who strongly opposed Scholasticism and emphasized induction as a method of inquiry. Vives left Spain at the age of 17 to avoid the Inquisition. After studies at Paris (1509–12), he was

Benjamin Disraeli: Early life: Moreover, in his novel Vivian Grey (1826–27), published anonymously, he lampooned Murray while telling the story of the failure. Disraeli was unmasked as the author, and he was widely criticized.

Italian literature: Poetry after World War II: Trained as a psychoanalyst, Cesare Viviani made a Dadaist debut, but he went on to express in his later work an almost mystical impulse toward the transcendent. Patrizia Cavalli’s work suggests the self-deprecating irony of Crepuscolarismo. Maurizio Cucchi was another Milanese poet and critic assimilable to the linea lombarda;…

René Viviani was a Socialist politician and premier of France during the first year of World War I. A member of an Italian family that had settled in Algeria, Viviani began his career as a lawyer, first in Algiers, then in Paris; he pleaded in many political actions in behalf of workers and

Galileo: Early life and career: …according to his first biographer, Vincenzo Viviani (1622–1703), Galileo demonstrated, by dropping bodies of different weights from the top of the famous Leaning Tower, that the speed of fall of a heavy object is not proportional to its weight, as Aristotle had claimed. The manuscript tract De motu (On Motion),…

Geraniales: The closely related Vivianiaceae and Ledocarpaceae are native to South America, especially the Andes. Vivianiaceae, with six species in either one (Viviania) or four genera, are herbs or small shrubs covered with glandular hairs; the undersides of the leaves typically are covered in white hairs. Ledocarpaceae, with 12…

vivianite, phosphate mineral, hydrated iron phosphate [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O], that occurs as colourless when freshly exposed. After exposure to air, the iron oxidizes and the mineral’s colour becomes light green, light blue, blue-green, dark green, dark blue, or black, depending on the length of

Renée Vivien was a French poet whose poetry encloses ardent passion within rigid verse forms. She was an exacting writer, known for her mastery of the sonnet and of the rarely found 11-syllable line (hendecasyllable). Of Scottish and American ancestry, she was educated in England, but she lived

Cristina Peri Rossi: Peri Rossi’s first book, Viviendo (“Living”), was published in 1963, but it had been written much earlier. It is a collection of narratives with female protagonists. She won several literary prizes early in her career for her poetry and short stories. Her award-winning Los museos abandonados (1969; “Abandoned Museums”)…

Christian Louboutin: …with the master shoe designer Roger Vivier—who became Louboutin’s mentor—and as a designer for the fashion houses formed by Coco Chanel, Maud Frizon, and Yves Saint Laurent.

gastropod: Reproduction and life cycles: …some species of the freshwater Vivipara living 20 years in captivity. Some Sonoran Desert snails from California have been revived after eight years in estivation. Such desert species may live 20 to 50 years.