chemical analysis: Voltammetry: Voltammetry can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a wide variety of molecular and ionic materials. In this method, a set of two or three electrodes is dipped into the analyte solution, and a regularly varying potential is applied to the…

chemical analysis: Classic polarography: A voltammogram is a plot of the current as a function of the applied potential. The shape of a voltammogram depends on the type of indicator electrode and the potential ramp that are used. In nearly all cases, the voltammogram has a current wave as shown…

Volterra, town and episcopal see, Toscana (Tuscany) regione, central Italy, northwest of Siena. As the ancient Velathri it was one of the 12 cities of the Etruscan confederation. It supported Rome during the Second Punic War in 205 bc, acquired Roman citizenship after the civil wars between Gaius

Vito Volterra was an Italian mathematician who strongly influenced the modern development of calculus. Volterra’s later work in analysis and mathematical physics was influenced by Enrico Betti while the former attended the University of Pisa (1878–82). Volterra was appointed professor of rational

Baldassare Franceschini was an Italian painter of the Baroque era. At a very early age Franceschini started as an assistant to his father, a sculptor. From 1652 to 1660 he worked on paintings in the cupola of the Niccolini Chapel in Santa Croce, Florence. His work during these years was his most

circus: Equestrian acts: …divided into three main groups: voltige, in which a rider vaults onto and off a horse’s back; trick riding, in which the standing rider performs somersaults and pirouettes or forms human pyramids with other riders on one or more horses; and high school, a spectacular form of dressage in which…

voltmeter, instrument that measures voltages of either direct or alternating electric current on a scale usually graduated in volts, millivolts (0.001 volt), or kilovolts (1,000 volts). Many voltmeters are digital, giving readings as numerical displays. The instruments just described can also

otolaryngology: One of Czermak’s assistants, Friedrich Voltolini, improved laryngoscopic illumination and also adapted the instrument for use with the otoscope.

Volturno River, river, south-central Italy. It rises in the Abruzzese Apennines near Alfedena and flows southeast as far as its junction with the Calore River near Caiazzo. It then turns southwest, past Capua, to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea at Castel Volturno, northwest of Naples. The river is 109

Volturno River, river, south-central Italy. It rises in the Abruzzese Apennines near Alfedena and flows southeast as far as its junction with the Calore River near Caiazzo. It then turns southwest, past Capua, to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea at Castel Volturno, northwest of Naples. The river is 109

Voltzia, a genus of fossil cone-bearing plants dating to the Early Triassic epoch (beginning 251 million years ago). It belongs to the family Voltziaceae, order Coniferales (sometimes Voltziales). The genus showed interesting modifications of the seed-cone complex of earlier forms. The

conifer: Annotated classification: †Families Walchiaceae and Voltziaceae Paleozoic and Mesozoic; show many stages in the transformation of the seed-bearing dwarf shoots of cordaiteans into the unified, flattened seed scales of modern conifers; foliage resembled that of araucarians; include Walchia, Voltzia, and Voltziopsis. †Family Cheirolepidiaceae

Volubilis, North African archaeological site, located near Fès in the Jebel Zerhoun Plain of Morocco. Under the Mauretanian king Juba II in the 1st century bc and the 1st century ad, Volubilis became a flourishing centre of late Hellenistic culture. Annexed to Rome about ad 44, it was made a

loudness, in acoustics, attribute of sound that determines the intensity of auditory sensation produced. The loudness of sound as perceived by human ears is roughly proportional to the logarithm of sound intensity: when the intensity is very small, the sound is not audible; when it is too great, it

length, area, and volume: …region in a plane, and volume is the size of a solid. Formulas for area and volume are based on lengths. For example, the area of a circle equals π times the square of the length of its radius, and the volume of a rectangular box is the product of…

electricity: Deriving electric field from potential: …problems in regions where the volume charge density is ρ. Laplace’s equation states that the divergence of the gradient of the potential is zero in regions of space with no charge. In the example of Figure 7, the potential on the conductors remains constant. Arbitrary values of potential are initially…

bulk modulus, numerical constant that describes the elastic properties of a solid or fluid when it is under pressure on all surfaces. The applied pressure reduces the volume of a material, which returns to its original volume when the pressure is removed. Sometimes referred to as the

blood transfusion: Blood substitutes: …types of blood substitutes are volume expanders, which include solutions such as saline that are used to replace lost plasma volume, and oxygen therapeutics, which are agents designed to replace oxygen normally carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells. Of these two types of blood substitutes, the development of oxygen…

liquid: Volume fraction: ) The composition of a nonelectrolyte solution containing very large molecules, known as polymers, is most conveniently expressed by the volume fraction (Φ)—i.e., the volume of polymer used to prepare the solution divided by the sum of that volume of polymer and the volume…

gas: Molecular sizes: …molecules present in this so-called collision volume. If molecules are located by their centres and each molecule has a diameter d, then the collision volume will be a long cylinder of cross-sectional area πd2. The cylinder must be sufficiently long to include enough molecules so that good statistics on the…

volumetric analysis, any method of quantitative chemical analysis in which the amount of a substance is determined by measuring the volume that it occupies or, in broader usage, the volume of a second substance that combines with the first in known proportions, more correctly called titrimetric

baking: Dividing: In the volumetric method, the dough is forced into pockets of a known volume. The pocket contents are cut off from the main dough mass and then ejected onto a conveyor leading to the rounder. When density is kept constant, weight and volume of the dough pieces…

Stanisław Konarski: …a collection of Polish laws, Volumina Legum (vol. 1–6, 1732–39; vol. 7–8, 1782), that is still a basic source. O skutecznym rad sposobie, 4 vol. (1760–63; “On the Means of Effective Counsels”), was aimed against the principle of the liberum veto, which, by empowering any single deputy to break up…

Coriolanus: …ultimately persuaded by his mother, Volumnia—who brings with her Coriolanus’s wife, Virgilia, and his son—to make peace with Rome, and in the end he is killed at the instigation of his Volscian ally.

Azorín: …wrote a trilogy of novels, La voluntad (1902; “Volition”), Antonio Azorín (1903), and Las confesiones de un pequeño filósofo (1904; “The Confessions of a Minor Philosopher”), which are actually little more than impressionistic essays written in dialogue. This trilogy operated with unifying force on the Generation of ’98, however. Animated…

Glen Tetley: Voluntaries (1973), staged for the Stuttgart Ballet in Germany to honour its deceased director, John Cranko, led to Tetley’s next position. From 1974 to 1976 he served as director of the company.

Samuel Gompers: …developed the principles of “voluntarism,” which called for unions to exert coercion by economic actions—that is, through strikes and boycotts. In 1886 Gompers fostered the separation of the cigar makers and other craft unions from the Knights of Labor to form the AFL, of which he was president from…

voluntarism, any metaphysical or psychological system that assigns to the will (Latin: voluntas) a more predominant role than that attributed to the intellect. Christian philosophers have sometimes described as voluntarist: the non-Aristotelian thought of St. Augustine because of its emphasis on

marketing: Voluntary chains and retailer cooperatives: These are associations of independent retailers, unlike corporate chains. Wholesaler-sponsored voluntary chains of retailers who engage in bulk buying and collective merchandising are prevalent in many countries. True Value hardware stores represent this type of arrangement in the United States.…

euthanasia: …Legalisation Society (later called the Euthanasia Society). The society’s bill was defeated in the House of Lords in 1936, as was a motion on the same subject in the House of Lords in 1950. In the United States the Euthanasia Society of America was founded in 1938.

international trade: Nontariff barriers: Another barrier is the voluntary export restraint (VER), noted for having a less-damaging effect on the political relations between countries. It is also relatively easy to remove. This approach was applied in the early 1980s when Japanese automakers, under pressure from U.S. competitors, “voluntarily” limited their exports of automobiles…

Italy: The rise of Mussolini: …were incorporated into an official Voluntary Militia for National Security. Ordinary middle-class job seekers flooded into the Fascist Party, making it more respectable and amenable; the nationalists also merged their organization into it, bringing with them much respectable backing in the south. In 1923 the electoral law was changed once…

health insurance: …a contract, is known as private, or voluntary, health insurance. Private health insurance is usually financed on a group basis, but most plans also provide for individual policies. Private group plans are usually financed by groups of employees whose payments may be subsidized by their employer, with the money going…

war finance: Voluntary loans, in which money is raised by selling government bonds, are of two types: those financed by the public from its savings and those financed by bankers and others from credit created by expansion of the monetary supply. The first type of loan is…

Italy: The rise of Mussolini: …were incorporated into an official Voluntary Militia for National Security. Ordinary middle-class job seekers flooded into the Fascist Party, making it more respectable and amenable; the nationalists also merged their organization into it, bringing with them much respectable backing in the south. In 1923 the electoral law was changed once…

skeletal muscle, in vertebrates, most common of the three types of muscle in the body. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons, and they produce all the movements of body parts in relation to each other. Unlike smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle is under voluntary control.

renal system: The bladder: (3) The somatic nerves cause contraction of the external sphincter; their sensory fibres relay information as to the state of distension of the posterior urethra.

ancient Greek civilization: Formal relationships: …hears of “voluntary proxenoi” (etheloproxenoi). The antiquity of the basic institution is not in doubt, however much the 5th-century Athenian empire may have exploited and reshaped it for its own political convenience; a 7th-century inscription from the island of Corcyra mentioning a proxenos from Locris is the earliest attestation…

automotive industry: The industry in the United States: Called the Voluntary Restraint Agreement (VRA), it spelled out how many cars each Japanese producer could ship to the United States in a single year. The VRA took effect in 1981 and was renewed annually through the early 1990s. A similar agreement was in effect in Canada…

seppuku: Voluntary seppuku evolved during the wars of the 12th century as a method of suicide used frequently by warriors who, defeated in battle, chose to avoid the dishonour of falling into the hands of the enemy. Occasionally, a samurai performed seppuku to demonstrate loyalty to…

defense economics: Conscript or volunteer: Volunteer armies cost more per head because their wages must be comparable in some degree to civilian wages. While a national emergency can induce people to volunteer, a peacetime recruit is influenced by the alternative incomes that can be earned as a civilian. Some people…

Soviet Union: The Civil War and the creation of the U.S.S.R.: …White force, known as the Volunteer Army, formed in the winter of 1917–18 in the southern areas inhabited by the Cossacks. Organized by Generals Mikhail Alekseyev and Kornilov, after their death it was taken over by General Anton Denikin. Another army was created in western Siberia; in November 1918 Admiral…

Starbuck Island, coral atoll in the Central and Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 2,000 miles (3,200 km) south of Hawaii. A barren formation rising only to 26 feet (8 metres), it has a land area of 8 square miles (21 square km) and a lagoon 5.5 miles by 2

Jarvis Island, coral atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States in the Northern Line Islands, west-central Pacific Ocean, about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southwest of Honolulu. The atoll has an area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 square km). It was sighted in 1821 by Capt. Brown of the British

Tennessee, constituent state of the United States of America. It is located in the upper South of the eastern United States and became the 16th state of the union in 1796. The geography of Tennessee is unique. Its extreme breadth of 432 miles (695 km) stretches from the Appalachian Mountain

Tom Hanks: …comedies, including Bachelor Party (1984), Volunteers (1985), and The Money Pit (1986). He successfully mixed comedy with drama in Nothing in Common (1986) and Punchline (1988), and his portrayal of a boy in an adult body in Big (1988) earned him an Academy Award nomination and launched him on the…

Grace Slick: Jefferson Airplane: ) Volunteers followed in 1969, and, though it created some controversy with its antiwar lyrics, the album sold well and is today considered a classic. Jefferson Airplane performed at the Woodstock festival on the morning of August 17, 1969, a set that featured a memorable performance…

Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), American governmental organization (created 1964) that placed volunteers throughout the United States to help fight poverty through work on community projects with various organizations, communities, and individuals. Among the related issues addressed by

Volunteers of America, religious social-welfare organization in the United States that offers spiritual and material aid to those in need. It was founded in New York City in 1896 by Ballington and Maud Booth as a result of a schism in the Salvation Army and is organized along quasi-military lines.

Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: Early critical and historical writings: …publication of Sainte-Beuve’s autobiographical novel Volupté in 1834. In this book the hero Amaury’s hopeless love for the saintly and unapproachable Madame de Couaën reflects its author’s passion for Adèle Hugo. Volupté is an intensely introspective and troubling study of Amaury’s frustration, guilt, religious striving, and final renunciation of the…

Brassaï: His next book, Voluptés de Paris (1935; “Pleasures of Paris”), made him internationally famous.

Völuspá, poem consisting of about 65 short stanzas on Norse cosmogony, the history of the world of gods, men, and monsters from its beginning until the Ragnarök (“Doom of the Gods”). In spite of its clearly pagan theme, the poem reveals Christian influence in its imagery. The scenery described is

gastropod: Classification: Superfamily Volutacea Harp shells (Harpidae), olive shells (Olividae), mitre shells (Mitridae), volute shells (Volutidae), nutmeg shells (Cancellariidae), and marginellas (Marginellidae) generally have operculum reduced or lacking; most are tropical ocean dwellers, active

volute, any marine snail of the family Volutidae (subclass Prosobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Most species have large, colourful shells, typically with an elongated aperture in the first whorl of the shell and a number of deep folds on the inner lip. Volutes are most common in warm, shallow

capital: Volute capitals were known in Hittite architecture in Anatolia and in Mesopotamia as early as 870 bc. Very elaborate capitals were created in Achaemenian Persia.

pump: Kinetic pumps.: Volute centrifugal pumps are robust and relatively inexpensive, quiet, and dependable, and their performance is relatively unaffected by corrosion and erosion. They are compact, simple in construction, and do not require inlet and outlet check valves.

krater: …and a disk foot; the volute krater, with an egg-shaped body and handles that rise from the shoulder and curl in a volute (scroll-shaped form) well above the rim; the calyx krater, the shape of which spreads out like the cup or calyx of a flower; and the column krater,…

volute, any marine snail of the family Volutidae (subclass Prosobranchia of the class Gastropoda). Most species have large, colourful shells, typically with an elongated aperture in the first whorl of the shell and a number of deep folds on the inner lip. Volutes are most common in warm, shallow

bacteria: Cytoplasmic structures: Volutin, or metachromatic granules, contains polymerized phosphate and represents a storage form for inorganic phosphate and energy. Many bacteria possess lipid droplets that contain polymeric esters of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid or related compounds. This is in contrast to eukaryotes, which use lipid droplets to store triglycerides.…

death cap: Toxins and poisoning: …campestris) or for the edible paddy straw mushrooms (Volvariella volvacea) that are ubiquitous in Asia. Because death caps continue to spread to new areas, people in a given region may not be aware yet that the poisonous mushrooms could be present. Symptoms of death cap poisoning include nausea, abdominal pain,…

Pedro Almodóvar: All About My Mother and Talk to Her: …Catholic Church; the family drama Volver (2006; “To Return”); and Los abrazos rotos (2009; Broken Embraces), a stylish exercise in film noir. The latter two films starred Cruz.

Juan Benet Goitia: …first novel—Volverás a Región (1967; Return to Región)—Benet recounts the attitudes of different characters living in an area he calls Región, somewhat resembling León. The novel caused considerable interest in Spain because of its tantalizing effects. There are frequent changes in viewpoint, and many of the passages are open to…

Volvo Aktiebolaget, major Swedish brand and manufacturer of buses, trucks, construction equipment, and related products. Headquarters are in Gothenburg. Volvo was created in 1926 as a wholly owned subsidiary of AB Svenska Kullagerfabriken and became an independent corporation in 1935. Its original

volvocid, any of a group of green algae (division Chlorophyta) that are common in fresh water. Colonies vary from loosely associated flat disks of similar organisms (Gonium) to the complex spherical arrangement of Volvox. Each cell has a central nucleus and two or four flagella protruding from an

Volvox, genus of some 20 species of freshwater green algae (division Chlorophyta) found worldwide. Volvox form spherical or oval hollow colonies that contain some 500 to 60,000 cells embedded in a gelatinous wall and that are often just visible with the naked eye. Volvox colonies were first

Volvox: One of the most-common species, V. aureus, can form harmful algal blooms in warm waters with a high nitrogen content.

volvulus, twisting of a portion of the digestive tract on its mesentery (the fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall), resulting in intestinal obstruction, severe pain, distension of the involved segment, and interference with circulation to the affected area.

Volhynia, area of northwestern Ukraine that was a principality (10th–14th century) and then an autonomous component of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was ruled largely by its own aristocracy (after the late 14th century). The region became prominent during the 12th century, when many emigrants

Volyn-Podilsk Upland, plateau extending between the Dniester and upper Bug river valleys in the west and the Dnieper River in the east in western Ukraine. In the north, where it is bordered by an escarpment, the plateau reaches to a line between the cities of Zhytomyr, Kremenets, and Lviv, while in

Volyn-Podilsk Upland, plateau extending between the Dniester and upper Bug river valleys in the west and the Dnieper River in the east in western Ukraine. In the north, where it is bordered by an escarpment, the plateau reaches to a line between the cities of Zhytomyr, Kremenets, and Lviv, while in

Volhynia, area of northwestern Ukraine that was a principality (10th–14th century) and then an autonomous component of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was ruled largely by its own aristocracy (after the late 14th century). The region became prominent during the 12th century, when many emigrants

Volzhsky, city, Volgograd oblast (region), southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. Volzhsky was founded in 1951 to house persons working on the large hydroelectric station on the Volga. On completion of the project in 1961, industry was brought in and the population increased rapidly. There is a

Volzhsky, city, Volgograd oblast (region), southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. Volzhsky was founded in 1951 to house persons working on the large hydroelectric station on the Volga. On completion of the project in 1961, industry was brought in and the population increased rapidly. There is a

Vom, town, Plateau state, central Nigeria, situated on the Jos Plateau near the source of the Kaduna River, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Jos town. It is the site of the National Veterinary Research Institute (1924) and of western Africa’s first veterinary school (1942). Vom also has a government

Friedrich Karl von Savigny: Legal philosophy: …Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft” (1814; “Of the Vocation of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence”), that started juristic thought along a new path. To Savigny, a hasty legal codification was something to be avoided, since the one essential prerequisite for such a codification was a deep and far-reaching appreciation of…

Otto Erich Hartleben: …as seen in the tales Vom gastfreien Pastor (1895; “From the Hospitable Pastor”). He also wrote graceful, though superficial, poetry in an impressionistic style, collected in Meine Verse (1905; “My Verses”).

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling: Early life and career: It was followed by Vom Ich als Prinzip der Philosophie (Of the Ego as Principle of Philosophy). One basic theme governs both of these works—the Absolute. This Absolute cannot be defined, however, as God; each person is the Absolute as the Absolute ego. This ego, eternal and timeless, is…

Carl von Clausewitz: …whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has become one of the most respected classics on military strategy.

aesthetics: Post-Hegelian aesthetics: … in his Vom musikalisch-Schönen (1854; On the Beautiful in Music). With this work modern musical aesthetics was born, and all the assumptions made by Batteux and Hegel concerning the unity (or unity in diversity) of the arts were thrown in doubt.

Heinrich Von Melk: Another poem, Vom Priesterleben (“About Priestly Life”), is an ironic picture of the behaviour of worldly priests.

Karl Jaspers: Postwar development of thought: …und Ziel der Geschichte (1949; The Origin and Goal of History, 1953). At the centre of history is the axial period (from 800 to 200 bc), during which time all the fundamental creations that underlie man’s current civilization came into being. Following from the insights that came to him in…

wombat, (family Vombatidae), any of three large terrestrial species of Australian marsupials. Like woodchucks, wombats are heavily built and virtually tailless burrowers with small eyes and short ears. Wombats, however, are larger, measuring 80 to 120 cm (31 to 47 inches) long. Chiefly nocturnal

wombat: The common wombat has coarse dark hair and a bald, granular nose pad. It is common in woodlands of hilly country along the Dividing Range in southeastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia, and in Tasmania. In historic times…

wombat: The common wombat has coarse dark hair and a bald, granular nose pad. It is common in woodlands of hilly country along the Dividing Range in southeastern Australia, from southeastern Queensland through New South Wales and Victoria into South Australia, and in Tasmania. In historic times…

skull: …cavity is formed by the vomer and the nasal, lachrymal, and turbinate bones. In infants the sutures (joints) between the various skull elements are loose, but with age they fuse together. Many mammals, such as the dog, have a sagittal crest down the centre of the skull; this provides an…

Naples: Layout and architecture: Higher still, the prosperous Vomero district is served, like other upper areas of the city, by spiraling roads and a funicular railway. Among the modern blocks of the Vomero, the early 19th-century Villa Floridiana—housing the national museum Duca di Martina, with a fine collection of European and Oriental porcelain…

Jacobson’s organ, an organ of chemoreception that is part of the olfactory system of amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, although it does not occur in all tetrapod groups. It is a patch of sensory cells within the main nasal chamber that detects heavy moisture-borne odour particles. Airborne odours,

vomiting, the forcible ejection of stomach contents from the mouth. Like nausea, vomiting may have a wide range of causes, including motion sickness, the use of certain drugs, intestinal obstruction, disease or disorder of the inner ear, injury to the head, and appendicitis. It may even occur

vomiting: …by two distinct brain centres—the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone—both located in the medulla oblongata. The vomiting centre initiates and controls the act of emesis, which involves a series of contractions of the smooth muscles lining the digestive tract. These contractions begin at the small intestine and move…

theatre: Stage design: …bank at regular intervals with vomitoria (exit corridors). The raised stage was at a single, much lower level than in the Hellenistic theatre. It was roofed, and the number of entrances to it was increased to five: three, as before, in the wall at the rear of the stage and…

Andreas Karlstadt: …because of his iconoclastic tract Von Abtuhung der Bylder (1522; “On the Rejection of Images”), Karlstadt was called in February by the elector Frederick the Wise to account for his part in the prevailing ferment. Luther, who during the turmoil had been at Wartburg Castle, came out of hiding to…

Ida, countess von Hahn-Hahn: Her Von Babylon nach Jerusalem (1851; “From Babylon to Jerusalem”) was a justification of her conversion.

Swedish literature: Political writing: …in the nation’s capital, was Heidi von Born. She approached her characters with empathy and psychological acumen. Agneta Pleijel, also an accomplished poet, found many of her subjects in history. The primary concerns in her novels are ethics, love, the role of art, and individual responsibility (as in Lord Nevermore…

Alan Dershowitz: …new trial for wealthy socialite Claus von Bülow, arguing the inadmissibility of evidence used against him when he was convicted in 1982 of the attempted murder of his wife, Sunny von Bülow. In 1991 Dershowitz secured a reduced sentence for disgraced televangelist Jim Bakker, and the following year he represented…

Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle: In his paper “Von den Miasmen und Contagien und von den miasmatisch-contagiösen Krankheiten” (1840; “On Miasmas and Contagions and on the Miasmatic-Contagious Diseases”), he embraced the unpopular microorganism theory of contagion put forth by the Renaissance forerunner of modern epidemiology, Girolamo Fracastoro, stating, “The material of contagions is…

Jakob Böhme: His Von der Gnadenwahl (On the Election of Grace), written the same year, examines the problem of freedom, made acute at the time by the spread of Calvinism.

Ursula von der Leyen is a Belgian-born German politician who is the first woman to serve as Germany’s minister of defense (2013–19). In July 2019 she became the first woman to be elected president of the European Commission. Ursula was the daughter of German politician Ernst Albrecht, who had

Karl Jaspers: Conflict with the Nazi authorities: …completed his work on logic, Von der Wahrheit (“Of Truth”), the first part of which was intended to throw the light of reason on the irrational teachings of the times. These works appeared in print in 1946 and 1947.

Heinrich Von Melk: …he composed a vivid poem Von des Tôdes gehügede (c. 1150–60; “Remembrance of Death” or “Memento Mori”). The monkish theme is traditional, but the poem’s satiric edge and unflattering description of the contemporary emerging feudal and courtly culture is new. Heinrich portrays the knights as adulterous and bloodthirsty, the noble…