German literature: Johann Gottfried von Herder: …manifested in works such as Von deutscher Art und Kunst, dealt with national history and national identity. Thus occurred a development and shift from morals to aesthetics and, finally, to national concerns.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Sturm und Drang (1770–76) of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: …and he started an essay, Von deutscher Baukunst (1773; “On German Architecture”), in praise of its architect. To cap it all, he fell in love again. In the little village of Sessenheim, not far from the Rhine River, and on the smallholding of its Lutheran pastor, Goethe found a rustic…

Thomas Mann: World War I and political crisis: … and “Von deutscher Republik” (“The German Republic”) show his somewhat hesitant espousal of democratic principles. His new position was clarified in the novel The Magic Mountain. Its theme grows out of an earlier motif: a young engineer, Hans Castorp, visiting a cousin in a sanatorium in Davos, abandons practical…

Heinrich Julius: His best-known tragedy, Von einem Ungeratnen Sohn (1594; “Of a Spoiled Son”), showed a predilection for the scenes of horror and crime that characterized the repertoire of the English actors working in Germany. Heinrich’s best work, the comedy Von Vincentio Ladislao (1594), showed his skill at characterization and…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Chris Von Erich (1969–91): The youngest member of the Von Erich clan was also physically the smallest. Although Chris sported the same chiseled physique as his elder brothers, he was just 5 feet 5 inches (1.67 meters) tall (his brothers were all over 6 feet…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: David Von Erich (1958–84): Perhaps the most promising wrestler of the Von Erich brothers, David—also known as “The Yellow Rose of Texas”—earned several state and regional titles in his young adulthood. He often fought in tandem with his brothers as a “tag team,” but his…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Kerry Von Erich (1960–93): Following David’s death in 1984, Kerry faced Ric Flair in a competition in tribute to his brother; Kerry won and became the NWA World Heavyweight Champion. He competed as a babyface wrestler in the NWA and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF;…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Kevin Von Erich (1957– ): At his best when he wrestled with his brothers, Kevin’s victories most often came while performing as a tag team with Kerry, David, and Mike. Kevin largely retired from wrestling after losing his brothers, leaving the ring as an individual…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Mike Von Erich (1964–87): Though he initially avoided a career in professional wrestling, Mike Von Erich joined the brothers’ tag team matches after David’s death. Though successful alongside his brothers, Mike was uncomfortable as a wrestler and unsuited for the physical demands of the sport.…

Who were the Von Erich wrestling family?: Fritz Von Erich (1929–97): …people say they were cursed? First, some context: this famous family’s legal surname wasn’t “Von Erich” at all. The name was adopted by Fritz (born Jack Adkisson) as part of his wrestling persona. Debuting under his given name in 1952 and assuming the character of a…

Diane von Furstenberg is a Belgian-born designer and businesswoman who made a lasting contribution to fashion design with her flattering but practical wrap dress. Von Furstenberg was born Diane Simone Michelle Halfin, the daughter of Leon Halfin, an electronics distributor, and Lily (née Nahmias),

Thomas Müntzer: Müntzer’s reform: …later wife, the former nun Ottilie von Gersen, with whom he had two children. Before Easter of 1523, Müntzer found employment as pastor of a Saxon community in Allstedt, near the Mansfeld mining area. His most important religious, liturgical, and theological writings originated here. They included German Church Office, German-Protestant…

Fanny Lewald: (1888; “The Darner Family”), and Von Geschlecht zu Geschlecht, 8 vol. (1863–65; “From Generation to Generation”), are realistic novels about the lives of family members over several generations. Diogena (1847) is a parody of Gräfin Faustine, a sentimental novel by Lewald’s rival, Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn. In the historical novel…

von Gierke’s disease, most common of a group of hereditary glycogen-storage diseases. It is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. In von Gierke’s disease, the body’s metabolism of glycogen is blocked by the absence of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which regulates the release of the simple

von Gierke’s disease, most common of a group of hereditary glycogen-storage diseases. It is inherited as an autosomal-recessive trait. In von Gierke’s disease, the body’s metabolism of glycogen is blocked by the absence of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which regulates the release of the simple

opera: Later opera in Germany and Austria: Schoenberg’s only comedy, the one-act Von Heute auf Morgen (1930; “From Today to Tomorrow”), is according to his 12-tone method, or the serialist technique of composition; as a result, the music is in separate numbers—each built on its own row—rather than continuous. Schoenberg’s largest opera—with monumental choral and orchestral passages—was…

nervous system disease: Neurocutaneous syndromes: Von Hippel-Lindau disease results in tumours of blood vessels in the brain, especially in the cerebellum and retina, and in other organs.

hypoxia: …oxygen conditions, a protein called von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) undergoes chemical modification enabling it to bind to HIF, thereby marking HIF for degradation. However, when oxygen levels are low, VHL is not modified and therefore cannot attach to HIF; as a result, HIF persists. Elevated HIF levels enable cells to survive…

Friedrich von Hügel was a Roman Catholic philosopher and author who was the forerunner of the realist revival in philosophy and the theological study of religious feeling. Of Austrian descent, von Hügel inherited his father’s baronial title in 1870 but lived most of his life (1876–1925) in England,

Friedrich von Hügel was a Roman Catholic philosopher and author who was the forerunner of the realist revival in philosophy and the theological study of religious feeling. Of Austrian descent, von Hügel inherited his father’s baronial title in 1870 but lived most of his life (1876–1925) in England,

Chang’e: It landed in the Von Kármán crater in the South Pole–Aitken basin. Because Chang’e 4 was on the far side, it communicated with Earth through the Queqiao relay satellite, which had been launched in May 2018 and placed into orbit around L2.

Kármán line, boundary separating Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. The line is neither sharp nor well defined but is often taken to encircle Earth at an altitude between 80 to 100 km (50 to 62 miles) above mean sea level. The line originated with Hungarian American engineer and physicist Theodore

number game: Pathological curves: Von Koch’s snowflake curve, for example, is the figure obtained by trisecting each side of an equilateral triangle and replacing the centre segment by two sides of a smaller equilateral triangle projecting outward, then treating the resulting figure the same way, and so on. The…

Der Kürenberger was the earliest of the German poet-musicians called minnesingers known by name. Probably an Austrian nobleman from near Linz, Kürenberger wrote proud and imperious love songs that lack the homage to women expressed by later minnesingers and their French or Provençal models. His

A Farewell to Arms: Autobiographical elements: …love with a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky. At age 26, von Kurowsky was seven years his senior. Although she did not fully reciprocate his love, von Kurowsky was fond of Hemingway and enjoyed his company. In a diary entry on August 25, 1918, she wrote that Hemingway “has a…

historiography: World history: …of modernization was highlighted by Theodore H. Von Laue (1987) in The World Revolution of Westernization. Von Laue focused on the stresses imposed on the rest of the world by Westernization, which he saw as the root cause of communism, Nazism, dictatorships in developing countries, and terrorism. He declined to…

John von Neumann: Princeton, 1930–42: …of operators, now known as von Neumann algebras (1929 through the 1940s). Other achievements include a proof of the quasi-ergodic hypothesis (1932) and important work in lattice theory (1935–37). It was not only the new physics that commanded von Neumann’s attention. A 1932 Princeton lecture, “On Certain Equations of Economics…

von Neumann machine, the basic design of the modern, or classical, computer. The concept was fully articulated by three of the principal scientists involved in the construction of ENIAC during World War II—Arthur Burks, Herman Goldstine, and John von Neumann—in “Preliminary Discussion of the

foundations of mathematics: Boolean local topoi: …Boolean local topos the so-called von Neumann universe. This is defined as the union of a class of sets containing the empty set (the initial object in the category of sets) and closed under the power-set operation and under transfinite unions—thus, as a subcategory of the category of sets. But…

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-born American mathematician. As an adult, he appended von to his surname; the hereditary title had been granted his father in 1913. Von Neumann grew from child prodigy to one of the world’s foremost mathematicians by his mid-twenties. Important work in set theory

game theory: The von Neumann–Morgenstern theory: Von Neumann and Morgenstern were the first to construct a cooperative theory of n-person games. They assumed that various groups of players might join together to form coalitions, each of which has an associated value defined as the minimum amount that the…

von Neumann–Morgenstern utility function, an extension of the theory of consumer preferences that incorporates a theory of behaviour toward risk variance. It was put forth by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944) and arises from the expected utility

Clever Hans: …and led by his trainer, Wilhelm von Osten, Hans would demonstrate almost “human” intelligence by responding to questions with a variety of hoof taps or other actions. Using this method, Hans amazed both the general public and leading psychologists of the day with his apparent ability to perform arithmetic functions,…

Anne Sofie von Otter is a Swedish mezzo-soprano known especially for her effective singing of young male operatic roles and for her performance of German lieder. Von Otter was the daughter of a diplomat and grew up in Stockholm, Bonn (then the capital of West Germany), and London. She studied at

history of the blind: Education and the blind: …a talented blind Austrian pianist, Maria Theresia von Paradis. Von Paradis showed Haüy the tactile alphabet she had developed, which she used to read and write. Von Paradis had been corresponding with a blind German man, Johann-Ludwig Weissenburg, who in turn had taught other blind students the finger alphabet that…

neurofibromatosis: Neurofibromatosis type 1, also known as von Recklinghausen’s disease, is much the more common of the two disorders and is present in about one of every 3,000 live births. This type is characterized by the presence of café-au-lait (pale brown) spots on the skin and…

Albert Schweitzer: …Von Reimarus zu Wrede (1906; The Quest of the Historical Jesus) established him as a world figure in theological studies. In this and other works he stressed the eschatological views (concerned with the consummation of history) of Jesus and St. Paul, asserting that their attitudes were formed by expectation of…

attention: Memory and habituation: One example, known as the Von Restorff effect, is that, in any given number of items to be learned, an item that is notably different from the rest in size, colour, or other basic characteristics will be more readily recalled than the others. Unfortunately there is a price to be…

D.H. Lawrence: Youth and early career: …in love and eloped with Frieda Weekley (née von Richthofen), the aristocratic German wife of a professor at Nottingham. The couple went first to Germany and then to Italy, where Lawrence completed Sons and Lovers. They were married in England in 1914 after Weekley’s divorce.

Von Ryan’s Express, American war film, released in 1965, that featured Frank Sinatra in an exciting tale of an Allied POW escape from occupied Italy during World War II. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) The film opens in a POW camp in Italy in 1943. Italy’s defeat may

Max von Sydow was a Swedish actor who was perhaps best known for his dour brooding characterizations in the films of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman. Interested in the theatre from childhood, von Sydow studied at the Royal Dramatic Theatre School in Stockholm (1948–51). He established his

Max von Sydow was a Swedish actor who was perhaps best known for his dour brooding characterizations in the films of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman. Interested in the theatre from childhood, von Sydow studied at the Royal Dramatic Theatre School in Stockholm (1948–51). He established his

Frank Tashlin was an American cartoonist, writer, animator, and film director who specialized in broad satirical comedies. Tashlin directed his animated cartoons like live-action films—employing a wide range of cinematic techniques—and transposed the elastic composition, loud colour, boisterous

Lars von Trier is a Danish film director and cofounder of the Dogme 95 movement, whose films are known for their bleak worldview and controversial subject matter. Von Trier attended the National Film School of Denmark, graduating in 1983. He was born Lars Trier, but while in school he added the

Volker Schlöndorff: …had appeared in the film, Margarethe von Trotta, with whom he collaborated professionally through the mid-1970s and who later directed films of her own. Notable among their collaborative works was Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (1975; The Lost Honor of Katharina Blum), adapted from the Heinrich Böll novel.

Heinrich Julius: Heinrich’s best work, the comedy Von Vincentio Ladislao (1594), showed his skill at characterization and used elements of the much-imitated style of the English actors, the exaggerated language and the pretensions of the braggart, as objects of satire. In 1607 he lost interest in the duchy and moved to Prague,…

von Willebrand disease, inherited blood disorder characterized by a prolonged bleeding time and a deficiency of factor VIII, an important blood-clotting agent. Von Willebrand disease is caused by deficiencies in von Willebrand factor (vWF), a molecule that facilitates platelet adhesion and is a

von Willebrand factor (vWF, or VWF), glycoprotein that plays an important role in stopping the escape of blood from vessels (hemostasis) following vascular injury. Von Willebrand factor (VWF) works by mediating the adherence of platelets to one another and to sites of vascular damage. VWF binds to

Jean-François Vonck was a lawyer who led the democratic faction, the Vonckists, in the Brabant Revolution, the southern Netherlands’ revolt against Austrian rule in 1789. Vonck worked as a lawyer in Brussels and in 1781 began to organize against the far-reaching administrative and religious reforms

Jean-François Vonck: …led the democratic faction, the Vonckists, in the Brabant Revolution, the southern Netherlands’ revolt against Austrian rule in 1789.

Joost van den Vondel was a Dutch poet and dramatist who produced some of the greatest works of Dutch literature. Van den Vondel’s Mennonite parents had fled from Antwerp to Cologne and ended up in Amsterdam. The young van den Vondel was largely self-educated. He taught himself French, and he also

Nikon: …led by the tsar’s confessor, Stefan Vonifatyev, and the priests Ivan Neronov and Avvakum Petrovich (all, like him, natives of the Nizhny Novgorod region). This group of priests strove to revitalize the church by bringing about closer contact with the mass of the faithful, and they also sought to purify…

palm: Characteristic morphological features: Nannorrhops, Nypa, Vonitra) appear to involve equal or subequal division at the apex that results in a forking habit. The two newly formed branches may continue equally, or one may be overtopped by the other (Nannorrhops). When thickening occurs, as in the royal palms (Roystonea) or in…

Lindsey Vonn is an American Alpine skier who has won four women’s World Cup overall championships (2008–10 and 2012) and became, in 2019, the first woman to win 82 World Cup races. She also claimed three Olympic Winter Games medals and eight world championships medals during her international

Kurt Vonnegut was an American writer noted for his wryly satirical novels that frequently used postmodern techniques as well as elements of fantasy and science fiction to highlight the horrors and ironies of 20th-century civilization. Much of Vonnegut’s work is marked by an essentially fatalistic

Kurt Vonnegut was an American writer noted for his wryly satirical novels that frequently used postmodern techniques as well as elements of fantasy and science fiction to highlight the horrors and ironies of 20th-century civilization. Much of Vonnegut’s work is marked by an essentially fatalistic

Bessie Potter Vonnoh was an American sculptor known for her delicate portrayals in bronze of mothers and children and young women. Her Impressionistic style and intimate designs set her apart from other sculptors of her generation. After the death of her father, the Potter family moved from St.

Vonones I was the king of Parthia (reigned ad 7/8–11). Vonones was the eldest son of Phraates IV (q.v.) and was in Rome as a hostage when the Parthian king Orodes III died in about ad 7. The Parthians requested the return of one of the sons of Phraates IV, and the Roman emperor Tiberius sent

ancient Iran: Dissolution of the Parthian state: After the short reign of Vonones II (51), the throne passed to Vologeses I (reigned 51–80), an ardent anti-Roman. One of his brothers, Vonones, was made king of Media. Vologeses I wanted his second brother, Tiridates, to be king of Armenia—putting him in position to break with Rome, which opposed…

canon law: Independent churches of Eastern Christianity: …of the Middle East by Arthur Vööbus, an Estonian-American church historian. These manuscripts cover the period from the 3rd to the 14th century and deal with ecclesiastical regulations of the Syrian churches. Included among these manuscripts are the following: “The Canons of the Godly Monastery of St. Mār Mattai” (630),…

Vodou, a traditional Afro-Haitian religion. Vodou represents a syncretism of the West African Vodun religion and Roman Catholicism by the descendants of the Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other ethnic groups who had been enslaved and transported to colonial Saint-Domingue (as Haiti was known then)

Alfred Métraux: Le Vaudon haïtien (1958; Voodoo in Haiti), one of his two books on that island’s culture, presented voodoo as a structured, complex religious system, examined its African origins, and showed its relation to Roman Catholicism in Haiti.

William Plomer: …he founded a magazine called Voorslag (“Whiplash”) with which he intended to excoriate South African racist society. Public outrage silenced the journal, and Plomer and Campbell left the country.

Voortrekker, any of the Boers (Dutch settlers or their descendants), or, as they came to be called in the 20th century, Afrikaners, who left the British Cape Colony in Southern Africa after 1834 and migrated into the interior Highveld north of the Orange River. During the next 20 years, they

Marxism: Stalin: His work Voprosy leninizma (1926; Problems of Leninism), which appeared in 11 editions during his lifetime, sets forth an ideology of power and activism that rides roughshod over the more nuanced approach of Lenin.

Mikhail Bakhtin: …Voprosy literatury i estetiki (1975; The Dialogic Imagination), in which he postulated that, rather than being static, language evolves dynamically and is affected by and affects the culture that produces and uses it. Bakhtin also wrote Tvorchestvo Fransua Rable i narodnaya kultura srednevekovya i Renessansa (1965; Rabelais and His World).

Leonid Maksimovich Leonov: …he followed with Vor (1927; The Thief), a pessimistic tale set in the Moscow criminal underworld.

radio range: (VOR) has been developed in various forms since about 1930. It transmits two signals simultaneously in all directions. Operating in the very high frequency (VHF) range, it is less subject than the lower-frequency radio range to disturbances by day-night alternation, weather, and other causes. The…

vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), eye movement that functions to stabilize gaze by countering movement of the head. In VOR the semicircular canals of the inner ear measure rotation of the head and provide a signal for the oculomotor nuclei of the brainstem, which innervate the eye muscles. The muscles

Theodor Fontane: …56, Vor dem Sturm (1878; Before the Storm), considered to be a masterpiece in the genre of the historical novel. He portrayed the Prussian nobility both critically and sympathetically. His aim was, as he said, “the undistorted reflection of the life we lead.” In several of his novels Fontane also…

Fritz von Unruh: …expressed in the dramatic poem Vor der Entscheidung (1914; “Before the Decision”) are early variations on the two themes basic to his entire work: the nature of the social order into which the individual has to be integrated and the necessity to ground this order not in authority but in…

Johan Bojer: …immigrants, Vor egen stamme (1924; The Emigrants). Bojer’s international popularity survived into the 1940s.

Gerhart Hauptmann: …social drama Vor Sonnenaufgang (Before Dawn) made him famous overnight, though it shocked the theatregoing public. This starkly realistic tragedy, dealing with contemporary social problems, signaled the end of the rhetorical and highly stylized German drama of the 19th century. Encouraged by the controversy, Hauptmann wrote in rapid succession…

José Eustasio Rivera: …whose novel La vorágine (1924; The Vortex), a powerful denunciation of the exploitation of the rubber gatherers in the upper Amazon jungle, is considered by many critics to be the best of many South American novels with jungle settings.

Vorarlberg, Bundesland (federal state), far western Austria. It is bounded on the north by Bavaria (Germany) and Lake Constance (Bodensee), on the west by Switzerland (across the Rhine River) and Liechtenstein, on the south by Switzerland, and on the east (over the Arlberg Pass) by Tirol. With an

socialism: Revisionism and revolution: …to socialism, he argued in Evolutionary Socialism (1899), would be safer than the revolutionary route, with its dangerously vague and potentially tyrannical dictatorship of the proletariat.

Bavarian Forest: The Vorderer Forest, or Danube Hills, a rolling plateau situated to the southwest between the Danube and the Pfahl, seldom rises more than 3,300 feet (1,000 m) above sea level. Meadow, isolated farmsteads, and small hamlets dominate the landscape; only the higher and steeper slopes are…

Rhine River: Physiography: The Vorderrhein emerges from Lake Toma at 7,690 feet (2,344 metres), near the Oberalp Pass in the Central Alps, and then flows eastward past Disentis to be joined by the Hinterrhein from the south at Reichenau above Chur. (The Hinterrhein rises about five miles west of…

Vordingborg, city, southern Zealand (Sjælland), Denmark, on Masned Sound. Founded in the 12th century around its castle, which was built by Valdemar I as a defense against the Wends, the town of Vordingborg became a favourite meeting place of the Danehof (national assembly), at one of whose

Eifel: Voreifel. In the Schneifel (German: “Snow Eifel”), near the Belgian frontier, scrub and forest are common, with cultivation only on the richer soils. The Hocheifel (“High Eifel”), which includes the highest point in the plateau, Hohe Acht (2,451 feet [747 metres]), is a dissected highland…

Vørings Falls, waterfall, southwestern Norway. The waterfall, with a drop of 476 feet (145 metres), is located on Hardanger Fjord, 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Eidfjord. It is a popular tourist

Vørings Falls, waterfall, southwestern Norway. The waterfall, with a drop of 476 feet (145 metres), is located on Hardanger Fjord, 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Eidfjord. It is a popular tourist

Gulf of Euboea, arm of the Aegean Sea, between the island of Euboea (Modern Greek: Évvoia) to the northeast and the Greek mainland to the southwest. Trending northwest-southeast, the gulf is divided by the narrow Strait of Euripus, at the town of Chalkída. The northern part is about 50 miles (80

Vorkuta, city, Komi republic, northwestern Russia, on the Vorkuta River. Coal mining began in the area in 1932, but the industry and city did not grow significantly until World War II. Initially the coal exploitation used penal labour. The area subsequently became the site of some of Stalin’s

Julius Friedrich Cohnheim: Cohnheim’s Vorlesungen über allgemeine Pathologie, 2 vol. (1877–80; Lectures on General Pathology), far outlasted contemporary texts on the subject, and his method of freezing tissue before slicing it into thin sections for microscopic examination is now a standard clinical procedure.

aesthetics: Relationship between form and content: …Hegel, who argued, in his Vorlesungen über die Aesthetik (1832; “Lectures on Aesthetics”; Eng. trans. Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art), roughly as follows: Our sensuous appreciation of art concentrates upon the given “appearance”—the “form.” It is this that holds our attention and that gives to the work of art its…

history of logic: Ernst Schröder: …main work was his three-volume Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logik (1890–1905; “Lectures on the Algebra of Logic”). This is an extensive and sometimes original presentation of all that was known about the algebra of logic circa 1890, together with derivations of thousands of theorems and an extensive bibliography of…

Scholasticism: …die Geschichte der Philosophie (1833–36; Lectures on the History of Philosophy), declared that he would “put on seven-league boots” in order to skip over the thousand years between the 6th and 17th centuries and, having at last arrived at René Descartes, said that now he could “cry land like the…

Salomon Bochner: 1959, Lectures on Fourier Integrals). He left Germany in 1933, shortly after Adolph Hitler came to power. (He later convinced his parents and sister’s family to move to England before they could be destroyed by the Holocaust.) Receiving an invitation to join the faculty at Princeton…

Moritz Benedikt Cantor: It was followed by his Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Mathematik (“Lectures on the History of Mathematics”), the first volume of which was published in 1880, the second in 1892, and the third in successive parts between 1894 and 1896. By this time Cantor was too old to undertake the fourth…

geometry: A grand synthesis: …Moritz Pasch (1843–1930), in his Vorlesungen über neuere Geometrie (1882; “Lectures on the New Geometry”), identified what was wanting: undefined concepts, axioms about those concepts, and more rigorous logic based on those axioms. The choice of undefined concepts and axioms is free, apart from the constraint of consistency. Mathematicians following…

August Wilhelm von Schlegel: …lectures were later published as Vorlesungen über schöne Literatur und Kunst (1884; “Lectures on Fine Art and Literature”). After his divorce from Michaelis, Schlegel accompanied Mme de Staël on travels in Germany, Italy, France, and Sweden, where he served in 1813–14 as press secretary to the crown prince Bernadotte. The…

Oskar Bolza: …in 1904, published a treatise, Lectures on the Calculus of Variations (revised and translated by him into German as Vorlesungen über Variationsrechnung, 1908), which became a classic in the field. Several of his papers published in 1913 and 1914 developed an original variational problem known as the problem of Bolza,…

Carl Jacobi: His Vorlesungenüber Dynamik (1866; “Lectures on Dynamics”) relates his work with differential equations and dynamics. The Hamilton-Jacobi equation now plays a significant role in the presentation of quantum mechanics.

polecat: The marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna), which inhabits foothills and steppes from southeastern Europe to southern Mongolia is similar to the European species in habits and appearance. Marbled polecats are slightly smaller, however, weighing 0.3–0.7 kg (0.7–1.5 pounds) and ranging in length from 44 to 66 cm…

Martinus Nijhoff: …apparent in his second volume, Vormen (1924; “Forms”), which also reveals Nijhoff’s realistic, direct approach to Christianity in, for example, “De soldaat die Jezus kruisigde” (“The Soldier Who Crucified Jesus”).

Belgian literature: After World War I: …the “personalistic” poets of the Vormen (1936–40; “Forms”) group, of whom Pieter Geert Buckinx is representative.

Richard Ten Eyck: Ten Eyck also designed the Vornado fan for the O.A. Sutton Corporation in Wichita (c. 1945–59), with later reincarnations by Vornado Air Circulators, Inc. (after 1988). These fans pushed a concentrated funnel of air in emulation of the turbines in jet engines and became an icon of the so-called Atomic…

Arkady Vorobyev was a weightlifter who won two Olympic gold medals and was the first Soviet light-heavyweight lifter to win the world championship. While stationed at Odessa in the Soviet army, Vorobyev worked as a deep-sea diver and began weight training. As a light-heavyweight lifter at the 1952

Arkady Vorobyev was a weightlifter who won two Olympic gold medals and was the first Soviet light-heavyweight lifter to win the world championship. While stationed at Odessa in the Soviet army, Vorobyev worked as a deep-sea diver and began weight training. As a light-heavyweight lifter at the 1952