Arkady Vorobyev was a weightlifter who won two Olympic gold medals and was the first Soviet light-heavyweight lifter to win the world championship. While stationed at Odessa in the Soviet army, Vorobyev worked as a deep-sea diver and began weight training. As a light-heavyweight lifter at the 1952

Arkady Vorobyev was a weightlifter who won two Olympic gold medals and was the first Soviet light-heavyweight lifter to win the world championship. While stationed at Odessa in the Soviet army, Vorobyev worked as a deep-sea diver and began weight training. As a light-heavyweight lifter at the 1952

elephant bird: >Vorombe), with the species V. titan being both the largest member of the family and the largest bird that ever lived.

elephant bird: and Vorombe), with the species V. titan being both the largest member of the family and the largest bird that ever lived.

Voronezh, oblast (region), western Russia. The oblast lies in the basin of the middle Don River, which bisects it north–south. The northeastern part of the oblast consists of the level Oka–Don Plain; west of the Don the land rises to the Central Russian Upland, which is greatly dissected by valleys

Voronezh, city and administrative centre of Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the right bank of the Voronezh River above its confluence with the Don. The city was founded in 1586 as a fortress, later forming part of the Belgorod defensive line. Peter I the Great built his

Voronezh, oblast (region), western Russia. The oblast lies in the basin of the middle Don River, which bisects it north–south. The northeastern part of the oblast consists of the level Oka–Don Plain; west of the Don the land rises to the Central Russian Upland, which is greatly dissected by valleys

Voronezh, city and administrative centre of Voronezh oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along the right bank of the Voronezh River above its confluence with the Don. The city was founded in 1586 as a fortress, later forming part of the Belgorod defensive line. Peter I the Great built his

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …finest feature, was designed by Andrey Voronikhin in Russian Neoclassical style and has an interior rich in sculptures and paintings. A magnificent semicircular Corinthian colonnade dominates its exterior. Another interesting building is the department store Gostiny Dvor (1761–85), originally designed by Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe. This building forms…

Kara Sea: …(620 metres), and the parallel Voronin Trough, some 180 miles (290 km) east, with a depth of 1,475 feet (450 metres). East of Novaya Zemlya stretches the Novaya Zemlya Trough, 650–1,300 feet (200–400 metres) deep.

Vladimir Voronin was a Moldovan politician who served as president of Moldova from 2001 to 2009. Voronin graduated from the Technical College of Chișinǎu in 1961 and from the Union Institute of Food Industry in 1971. After serving as a bread-factory director in the 1960s, he began a career as an

White Sea: …prevail in the Gorlo Strait, Voronka, and the Mezen mouth. The sea’s chief hollow is separated from the Barents Sea by a sill 130 feet deep, which restricts deepwater exchange between the two bodies of water.

Battle of Stalingrad: Zhukov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich Vasilevsky, and Nikolay Nikolayevich Voronov. It was launched in two spearheads, some 50 miles (80 km) north and south of the German salient whose tip was at Stalingrad. The counteroffensive utterly surprised the Germans, who thought the Soviets incapable of mounting such an attack. The operation was…

St. Petersburg: The rise to splendour: …the Smolny Convent, and the Vorontsov and Stroganov palaces, among others; outside the city were built the summer palaces of Peterhof and of Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin). After a transitional period dominated by the architecture of Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe and Aleksandr Kokorinov, toward the end of the…

Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov: In addition, Roman’s son Aleksandr (1741–1805) became a noted diplomat and statesman, serving as Russia’s minister to Great Britain and to the Dutch Netherlands, as president of the department of trade (1773–92), and as chancellor (1802–04). His brother Semyon (1744–1832) also served as Russia’s minister to Great Britain (1784–1806),…

Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov was a Russian statesman who played a major role, particularly in foreign affairs, during the reign (1741–62) of Empress Elizabeth. A member of a family that became prominent in Russian court circles in the 18th century, he was appointed a page in the court of

Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince Vorontsov was a Russian military and government official who was an outstanding imperial administrator. The son of the diplomat Semyon R. Vorontsov, he was born into a family that had become highly influential in Russian political affairs in the 18th century. He entered

Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov: His brother Semyon (1744–1832) also served as Russia’s minister to Great Britain (1784–1806), and, although his determined pro-English attitudes brought occasional disgrace upon him, he was offered the post of chancellor, which he refused.

Yekaterina Romanovna Vorontsova, Princess Dashkova was an associate of Empress Catherine II the Great and a prominent patroness of the literary arts in 18th-century Russia. A member of the influential Vorontsov family, Yekaterina Romanovna married Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Dashkov in 1759. After

Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov was a military and political leader of the Soviet Union who served as head of state after the death of his close friend and collaborator Joseph Stalin. A Bolshevik activist from 1903, Voroshilov participated in the civil war that followed the Bolshevik takeover in

Luhansk, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the Luhan (Lugan) River at the latter’s confluence with the Vilkhivka (Olkhovaya) River. The city dates from 1795, when a state iron foundry was established there to supply ordnance to the Black Sea fleet. Luhansk grew with the development of the Donets

Stavropol, city and administrative centre of Stavropol kray (territory), southwestern Russia, situated on the Stavropol Upland near the source of the Grachovka River. It was founded in 1777 as a fortress. Although it was at first a major route and administrative centre, the city was later bypassed

Alchevsk, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the railway from Luhansk to Debaltseve. Alchevsk was founded in 1895 with the establishment of the Donetsko-Yuryevsky ironworks. The plant developed into a large, integrated ironworks and steelworks, which was expanded greatly in the 1950s and ’60s.

Luhansk, city, eastern Ukraine. It lies along the Luhan (Lugan) River at the latter’s confluence with the Vilkhivka (Olkhovaya) River. The city dates from 1795, when a state iron foundry was established there to supply ordnance to the Black Sea fleet. Luhansk grew with the development of the Donets

Mihály Vörösmarty was a poet and dramatist who helped make the literature of Hungary truly Hungarian during the era (1825–49) of social reforms. By ridding Hungarian literature of overwhelming classical and German influence, he made it national not only in language but in spirit. Born into an

Armenia: Drainage: …Arpa (80 miles), and the Vorotan (Bargyushad; 111 miles), serve to irrigate most of Armenia. The tributaries of the Kura—the Debed (109 miles), the Aghstev (80 miles), and others—pass through Armenia’s northeastern regions. Lake Sevan, with a capacity in excess of 9 cubic miles (39 cubic kilometres) of water, is…

Pomerania: …in the name of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania Land (state). The region is generally flat, and there are numerous small rivers and, along the east coast, many lakes.

Vorschule, (German: “preparatory school”), a type of private elementary school that developed in Prussia and other north German states in the mid-19th century to prepare upper-class children for secondary schools. Theoretically, any Prussian boy who had completed the Volksschule (a free, universal,

Battle of the Vorskla River: …toward the Dnieper, at the Vorskla, a tributary of the lower Dnieper. Although Vytautas’ force, which was well organized and armed with cannon, fared well in a battle of several hours against the main body of the Mongol army, commanded by Edigü, it was unable to withstand a rear attack…

Battle of the Vorskla River, (Aug. 12, 1399), major victory of the Golden Horde (the westernmost division of the Mongol empire, which had suzerainty over the Russian lands) over the Lithuanian ruler Vytautas, which ended his attempt to extend his control over all southern Russia. As a result of

legal profession: Classical beginnings: …fashion but as interpreters (Vorsprecher) for those who wished to present a case but felt uncomfortable doing so themselves. The peculiar system of development of early Roman law, by annual edict and by the extension of trial formulas, gave the Roman patrician legal expert an influential position. He became…

John Vorster was a far-right Nationalist politician who served as prime minister (1966–78) and president (1978–79) of South Africa. He was forced to resign from the presidency because of a political scandal. Vorster was the 13th child of a wealthy Afrikaner sheep farmer. He studied at the

John Vorster was a far-right Nationalist politician who served as prime minister (1966–78) and president (1978–79) of South Africa. He was forced to resign from the presidency because of a political scandal. Vorster was the 13th child of a wealthy Afrikaner sheep farmer. He studied at the

John Vorster was a far-right Nationalist politician who served as prime minister (1966–78) and president (1978–79) of South Africa. He was forced to resign from the presidency because of a political scandal. Vorster was the 13th child of a wealthy Afrikaner sheep farmer. He studied at the

Theodor Julius Geiger: …of public order, he wrote Vorstudien zu einer Soziologie des Rechts (1947; reprinted 1964; “Preliminary Studies on the Sociology of Law”), which dealt with law and regulation in society. Several of his works were published posthumously: Ideologie und Wahrheit (1953; “Ideology and Truth”) discusses ideology and its role in the…

Zacharias Frankel: Frankel also published Vorstudien zur Septuaginta (1841; “Preliminary Studies in the Septuagint”), in which he, the only major 19th-century Jewish scholar who wrote on the Septuagint (the first Greek version of the Old Testament), sought to show the necessary connection between Talmudic and Septuagintic exegesis. It is considered…

topology: History of topology: …mathematician Johann Listing, who published Vorstudien zur Topologie (1847; “Introductory Studies in Topology”), which is often cited as the first print occurrence of the term topology. In 1851 the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann considered surfaces related to complex number theory and, hence, utilized combinatorial topology as a tool for analyzing…

voršud, among the Finno-Ugric Udmurt (Votyak) people, a family spirit, literally “luck protector”; the term also designates a birchbark container kept in the family shrine, or kuala, as a receptacle for offerings and possibly an image of the protector. The voršud was believed to watch over the

whirlpool: …a central downdraft are termed vortexes and occur where coastal and bottom configurations provide narrow passages of considerable depth. Slightly different is vortex motion in streams; at certain stages of turbulent flow, rotating currents with central updrafts are formed. These are called kolks, or boils, and are readily visible on…

fluid mechanics: Potential flow with circulation: vortex lines: …then referred to as a vortex line. Each small element of fluid outside the core, if examined in isolation for a short interval of time, appears to be undergoing translation without rotation, and the local vorticity is zero. Were it not so, the viscous torques would not cancel and the…

fluid mechanics: Potential flow with circulation: vortex lines: …then referred to as a vortex line. Each small element of fluid outside the core, if examined in isolation for a short interval of time, appears to be undergoing translation without rotation, and the local vorticity is zero. Were it not so, the viscous torques would not cancel and the…

José Eustasio Rivera: …whose novel La vorágine (1924; The Vortex), a powerful denunciation of the exploitation of the rubber gatherers in the upper Amazon jungle, is considered by many critics to be the best of many South American novels with jungle settings.

Noël Coward: …established until the serious play The Vortex (1924), which was highly successful in London. In 1925 the first of his durable comedies, Hay Fever, opened in London. Coward ended the decade with his most popular musical play, Bitter Sweet (1929).

Vorticella, genus of the ciliate protozoan order Peritrichida, a bell-shaped or cylindrical organism with a conspicuous ring of cilia (hairlike processes) on the oral end and a contractile unbranched stalk on the aboral end; cilia usually are not found between the oral and aboral ends. Vorticellas

Vorticism, literary and artistic movement that flourished in England in 1912–15. Founded by Wyndham Lewis, it attempted to relate art to industrialization. It opposed 19th-century sentimentality and extolled the energy of the machine and machine-made products, and it promoted something of a cult of

Vorticism, literary and artistic movement that flourished in England in 1912–15. Founded by Wyndham Lewis, it attempted to relate art to industrialization. It opposed 19th-century sentimentality and extolled the energy of the machine and machine-made products, and it promoted something of a cult of

whirlpool: …a central downdraft are termed vortexes and occur where coastal and bottom configurations provide narrow passages of considerable depth. Slightly different is vortex motion in streams; at certain stages of turbulent flow, rotating currents with central updrafts are formed. These are called kolks, or boils, and are readily visible on…

fluid mechanics: Potential flow: This section is concerned with an important class of flow problems in which the vorticity is everywhere zero, and for such problems the Navier-Stokes equation may be greatly simplified. For one thing, the viscosity term drops out of it. For another, the nonlinear…

Vortigern was the king of the Britons at the time of the arrival of the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa in the 5th century. Though the subject of many legends, he may probably be safely regarded as an actual historical figure. Vortigern made use of Hengist and Horsa to protect his kingdom against

William-Henry Ireland: …to forge two new plays, Vortigern and Rowena and Henry II. Vortigern and Rowena was a notable failure when it was performed at the Drury Lane Theatre on April 2, 1796. By that time, however, there was already mounting evidence that the papers were forgeries, and, before the year was…

vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors. Alvin Langdon Coburn, a member of the Photo-Secession group and a pioneer in nonobjective photography,

Võrtsjärv, lake (järv) in south-central Estonia, with an area of about 110 square miles (280 square km). Võrtsjärv forms part of the 124-mile (200-km) course of the Ema River (German: Embach), which enters the lake from the south and drains it toward the north and east into Lake Peipus on the

Võrtsjärv, lake (järv) in south-central Estonia, with an area of about 110 square miles (280 square km). Võrtsjärv forms part of the 124-mile (200-km) course of the Ema River (German: Embach), which enters the lake from the south and drains it toward the north and east into Lake Peipus on the

Forward, newspaper based in New York City that publishes both Yiddish and English versions. The Forward was founded in 1897 by the Jewish Socialist Press Federation as a civic aid and a cohesive device for Jewish immigrants from Europe. It quickly became the leading Yiddish-language newspaper in

Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst (prince) von Wahlstatt was a Prussian field marshal and a commander during the Napoleonic Wars, who was important in the Allied victory at Waterloo. Blücher enlisted in the Swedish cavalry in 1756 and served until he was captured in 1760 by the Prussians, for

Peter Voser is a Swiss businessman who was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Royal Dutch Shell PLC (2009–13). Voser studied business administration at the University of Applied Sciences, Zürich, and took a job with Shell in 1982. He rose through the ranks with posts in Europe and South America,

Peter Voser is a Swiss businessman who was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Royal Dutch Shell PLC (2009–13). Voser studied business administration at the University of Applied Sciences, Zürich, and took a job with Shell in 1982. He rose through the ranks with posts in Europe and South America,

Vosges, massif extending west of the Rhine River Valley in the Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin, and Vosges départements of eastern France. Of ancient rocks, the dome-shaped mountains rise to their greatest heights north of Belfort Gap and then spread westward for more than 40 miles (64 km) toward the Moselle

Lorraine: …encompassed the northeastern départements of Vosges, Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, and Moselle.

Paris: The Marais: …1800 it has been called Place des Vosges. Another wave of building by the rich, eager to be close to a royal project, endowed the Marais with 200 more private palaces.

intelligence: France: In 1968, for example, Philippe Thyraud de Vosjoli, who had been an important officer in the French intelligence system for 20 years, asserted in published memoirs that the SDECE had been deeply penetrated by the Soviet KGB in the 1950s. He also indicated that there had been periods of…

Voskhod, second series of manned Soviet spacecraft. Following the triumph of the Vostok launchings that had put the first human in space, the Soviets adapted the Vostok so it could carry more than one crew member. On October 12, 1964, Voskhod 1 carried three cosmonauts—commander Vladimir Komarov,

Simon Markovich Dubnow: …association with the Russian-Jewish periodical Voskhod (“Rising”), to which he contributed, in serial form, many of his most famous scholarly and literary works. He left Russia in 1922 because of his hatred for Bolshevism and settled in Berlin. In 1933 he fled Germany because of the anti-Jewish policies of the…

Leo Tolstoy: Fiction after 1880 of Leo Tolstoy: …third long novel, Voskreseniye (Resurrection); he used the royalties to pay for the transportation of a persecuted religious sect, the Dukhobors, to Canada. The novel’s hero, the idle aristocrat Dmitry Nekhlyudov, finds himself on a jury where he recognizes the defendant, the prostitute Katyusha Maslova, as a woman whom…

Voskresensk, city, Moscow oblast (region), western Russia, on the Moskva River southeast of the city of Moscow. It is a significant industrial centre, with a large complex producing concentrated fertilizers; it also produces building materials. Pop. (2006 est.)

Colonel W. de Basil was a Russian impresario who in 1932 became codirector with René Blum of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. He lost the celebrated premier danseur Léonide Massine and several other dancers to Blum, who, with a U.S. sponsoring agency (World Art), reorganized the Ballet Russe de

Bosna River, river of Bosnia and Herzegovina, rising from a spring at the foot of Mount Igman and following a 168-mile (271-km) course northward to enter the Sava River. Its tributaries are the Željeznica, Miljacka, Fojnica, Lašva, Gostović, Krivaja, Usora, and Spreča rivers, all noted for

Central Asian arts: Paleolithic cultures: …recovered from the site of Vosnessenovka in western Siberia.

Johann Heinrich Voss: …with his sons Heinrich and Abraham, Shakespeare’s plays (1818–29).

Gerardus Johannes Vossius was a Dutch humanist theologian, one of the foremost scholars of the Dutch Republic’s “Golden Age.” Vossius studied at Leiden, where he made a lasting friendship with the jurist and scholar Hugo Grotius. In 1615 he became regent of the theological college of the

Johann Heinrich Voss: … (1781–85) and, with his sons Heinrich and Abraham, Shakespeare’s plays (1818–29).

Susan Helms: …space (1993) and, with astronaut James Voss, performed the longest space walk (2001).

Johann Heinrich Voss was a German poet remembered chiefly for his translations of Homer. Voss was the son of a farmer. In 1772 he went to Göttingen, where he studied theology (briefly) and philology and became one of the leading spirits of the Göttinger Hain, a group of young poets. He also became

Gerardus Johannes Vossius was a Dutch humanist theologian, one of the foremost scholars of the Dutch Republic’s “Golden Age.” Vossius studied at Leiden, where he made a lasting friendship with the jurist and scholar Hugo Grotius. In 1615 he became regent of the theological college of the

Shygys Qazaqstan, oblysy (region), extreme eastern Kazakhstan, in the Altai Mountains on the frontier with China. Its capital is Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk). It is drained by the upper Irtysh (Ertis) River, and Lake Zaysan lies in the south. The climate is continental and dry. One of the main centres

Fluxus: …Paik, and the German artist Wolf Vostell.

East Siberian Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean between the New Siberian Islands (west) and Wrangel Island (east). To the west it is connected to the Laptev Sea by the Dmitrya Lapteva, Eterikan, and Sannikov straits; to the east Long Strait connects it with the Chukchi Sea. The East Siberian Sea, with

Russian Plain, plain and series of broad river basins in eastern Europe (including western Russia). It extends over nearly 1,500,000 square miles (4,000,000 square km) and averages about 560 feet (170 meters) in height. The plain is subdivided into a number of distinct regions, including the Valday

Vostok Island, coral atoll in the Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Tahiti. A low formation rising to 16 feet (5 metres) above sea level and with a land area of only 0.1 square mile (0.3 square km), it has no anchorage in

Shygys Qazaqstan, oblysy (region), extreme eastern Kazakhstan, in the Altai Mountains on the frontier with China. Its capital is Öskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk). It is drained by the upper Irtysh (Ertis) River, and Lake Zaysan lies in the south. The climate is continental and dry. One of the main centres

Vostok, any of a series of manned Soviet spacecraft, the initial flight of which carried the first human being into space. Launched on April 12, 1961, Vostok 1, carrying cosmonaut Yury A. Gagarin, made a single orbit of Earth before reentry. The Vostok series included six launchings over a two-year

Andriyan Nikolayev: …cosmonaut, who piloted the Vostok 3 spacecraft, launched August 11, 1962. When Vostok 4, piloted by Pavel R. Popovich, was launched a day later, there were, for the first time, two crewed craft in space simultaneously. The two made radio and visual contact, but there was no attempt at docking.…

Andriyan Nikolayev: When Vostok 4, piloted by Pavel R. Popovich, was launched a day later, there were, for the first time, two crewed craft in space simultaneously. The two made radio and visual contact, but there was no attempt at docking. Both landed on August 15.

Valery Bykovsky: …times in the spacecraft Vostok 5, from June 14 to 19, 1963.

Valery Bykovsky: …days, the Soviet Union launched Vostok 6, carrying Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to travel in space. The two ships held parallel orbits, at one point approaching to within 5 km (3 miles) of one another, but did not rendezvous. They returned to Earth three hours apart. Bykovsky had spent…

Vostok Island, coral atoll in the Southern Line Islands, part of Kiribati, southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies 400 miles (640 km) northwest of Tahiti. A low formation rising to 16 feet (5 metres) above sea level and with a land area of only 0.1 square mile (0.3 square km), it has no anchorage in

Antarctica: Climate of Antarctica: …lowest recorded temperature, measured at Vostok Station (Russia) on July 21, 1983, on the high inland ice sheet to −76 °F (−60 °C) near sea level. Temperatures vary greatly from place to place, but direct measurements in most places are generally available only for summertime. Only at fixed stations operated…

Lake Vostok, largest lake in Antarctica. Located approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) beneath Russia’s Vostok Station on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the water body is also the largest subglacial lake known. Running more than 150 miles (about 240 km) long with a maximum width of about 31 miles

Edinburgh: Strategic importance: The Votadini, the dominant Celtic tribe of the Lothians, with whom Rome had a relatively stable relationship, were the group most likely to have occupied the Castle Rock site. The Votadini capital was on Traprain Law, a cone-shaped hill (law) some 20 miles (30 km) east…

election, the formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting. It is important to distinguish between the form and the substance of elections. In some cases, electoral forms are present but the substance of an election is

vote of confidence, procedure used by members of a legislative body (generally the lower house in a bicameral system) to remove a government (the prime minister and his cabinet) from office. To be successful, the procedure, which does not apply to the removal of heads of state in presidential and

Barack Obama: Early life: He organized Project Vote, a drive that registered tens of thousands of African Americans on voting rolls and that is credited with helping Democrat Bill Clinton win Illinois and capture the presidency in 1992. The effort also helped make Carol Moseley Braun, an Illinois state legislator, the…

suffrage, in representative government, the right to vote in electing public officials and adopting or rejecting proposed legislation. The history of the suffrage, or franchise, is one of gradual extension from limited, privileged groups in society to the entire adult population. Nearly all modern

voter suppression: …could not be verified) and voter caging, a related tactic in which a political party sends nonforwardable mass mailings to registered voters who are unlikely to support the party’s candidate or agenda and then uses any returned mailings as a basis for challenging the voters’ registration or right to vote.

MAGA movement: …Trump by Democrats through massive voter fraud, and that the January 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capitol, in which a mob of Trump supporters attempted to halt Congress’s certification of Democrat Joe Biden’s victory in the 2020 presidential election, was actually staged by left-wing forces.

voter ID law, any U.S. state law by which would-be voters are required or requested to present proof of their identities before casting a ballot. The types of proof accepted for that purpose vary from state to state; some states accept only a few types of photographic identification, such as a

voter ID law, any U.S. state law by which would-be voters are required or requested to present proof of their identities before casting a ballot. The types of proof accepted for that purpose vary from state to state; some states accept only a few types of photographic identification, such as a

Voter News Service (VNS), former American data collection and analysis service intended to aid in the reporting of exit-poll numbers during national elections. The consortium was created in 1990 by media companies ABC, CBS, CNN, Fox News, NBC, and the Associated Press under the direction of

voter suppression: …after Shelby County were large-scale purges of voter rolls (ostensibly to remove voters whose addresses could not be verified) and voter caging, a related tactic in which a political party sends nonforwardable mass mailings to registered voters who are unlikely to support the party’s candidate or agenda and then uses…

voter suppression, in U.S. history and politics, any legal or extralegal measure or strategy whose purpose or practical effect is to reduce voting, or registering to vote, by members of a targeted racial group, political party, or religious community. The overwhelming majority of victims of voter