Russell Crowe: …moved into feature-film directing with The Water Diviner (2014), in which he starred as a father attempting to locate his sons, who he believes were killed in the Gallipoli Campaign during World War I. Crowe had previously codirected the documentary Texas (2002), about 30 Odd Foot of Grunts.

mud puppy, any of five species of entirely aquatic salamanders in a genus (Necturus) belonging to the family Proteidae (or Necturidae), in the order Caudata. Their popular name derives from the mistaken belief that they are able to bark. They are found in lakes, rivers, and swamps of eastern North

lizard’s tail, member of the lizard’s-tail family (Saururaceae), found in marshy areas of eastern North America. The plant has creeping stems, or runners. Erect branches about 60 to 150 centimetres (2 to 5 feet) tall bear heart-shaped leaves on long stalks. Small, white flowers grow in a spike with

cowbane: rigidior, which is also called water-dropwort. Several species of Cicuta are also called cowbane (see water hemlock).

Native American music: Southern Cone: …used in shamanic curing rituals, water drums, and bamboo stamping tubes played by Maká women. In the Misiones region, the Mbyá people use a guitar and striking-sticks to accompany their annual first fruits celebration. Performance contexts include shamanic rituals, harvest ceremonies, and life-cycle events.

viburnum: The European cranberry, highbush cranberry, or water elder (V. opulus), a small tree reaching 4 metres (13 feet), is native to northern Europe and North Africa. It has three- to five-lobed, maplelike leaves and round heads of white flowers that are followed by hanging clusters of…

Ulmaceae: Major genera and species: The planer tree, or water elm (Planera aquatica), of southeastern North America, produces useful timber known as false sandalwood. It is the only member of its genus.

waterpower, power produced by a stream of water as it turns a wheel or similar device. The waterwheel was probably invented in the 1st century bce, and it was widely used throughout the Middle Ages and into modern times for grinding grain, operating bellows for furnaces, and other purposes. The

Patti LuPone: …that included a production of The Water Engine (1978) at the Plymouth Theatre in New York City.

pelagic zone, ecological realm that includes the entire ocean water column. Of all the inhabited Earth environments, the pelagic zone has the largest volume, 1,370,000,000 cubic kilometres (330,000,000 cubic miles), and the greatest vertical range, 11,000 metres (36,000 feet). Pelagic life is found

overhydration, condition characterized by an excessive volume of water in the body. Overhydration occurs when the body’s ability to dispose of fluid is overcome by a large fluid intake. It also can occur when the mechanisms for the disposal of excess fluid are defective, as is the case when more

water fern, (genus Ceratopteris), small genus of aquatic ferns (family Pteridaceae). Ceratopteris consists of at least four species: broadleaf water sprite (C. cornuta); floating antlerfern, or water horn fern (C. pteridoides); triangle water fern (C. richardii); and water sprite (C.

filtration, the process in which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the use of a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains the solid particles. Either the clarified fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid may be the desired product. In

Iridaceae: Major genera and species: …yellow, or water, flag (I. pseudacorus) is a swamp plant native to Eurasia and North Africa; the blue flag (I. versicolor) occupies similar habitats in North America. Blackberry lily (I. domestica, formerly Belamcanda chinensis) is native to East Asia and is grown for its red-spotted orange flowers. Members of…

water flea, any member of the crustacean order Anomopoda (class Branchiopoda), a large group containing about 450 species distributed worldwide. Most forms are found in freshwater habitats, but a few occur in marine environments. The best known genus is Daphnia, ubiquitous in ponds and streams in

water fluoridation, addition of fluoride compounds to water (see fluorine) at one part per million to reduce dental caries (cavities). This practice is based on the lower rates of caries seen in areas with moderate natural fluoridation of water and on studies showing that sound teeth contain more

Reese Witherspoon: Walk the Line and Wild: …starred in the Depression-era drama Water for Elephants, portraying a performer in a traveling circus who is caught in a love triangle (Robert Pattinson and Christoph Waltz). Better received was Mud (2012), in which she had a supporting role as the girlfriend of a troubled loner (Matthew McConaughey) who befriends…

forget-me-not: The water forget-me-not (M. scorpioides) is shorter and has weaker stems; it grows in marshlands but is otherwise similar. Both are perennial and occur in white- and pink-flowered forms as well as blue.

water frame, In textile manufacture, a spinning machine powered by water that produced a cotton yarn suitable for warp (lengthwise threads). Patented in 1769 by R. Arkwright, it represented an improvement on James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny, which produced weaker thread suitable only for weft

valley: Cross-axial drainage: These contrast with the water gaps that still contain transverse streams. The famous water gaps of the Appalachians are excellent examples of such patterns.

gardening: Water gardens: The water garden represents one of the oldest forms of gardening. Egyptian records and pictures of cultivated water lilies date as far back as 2000 bce. The Japanese have also made water gardens to their own particular and beautiful patterns for many centuries.…

chemical industry: Nitrogen: …hydrogen, a mixture known as water gas. It is also possible to carry out a water-gas shift reaction by passing the water gas with more steam over a catalyst, yielding more hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is removed by dissolving it in water at a pressure of about…

explosive: Water gels: Water gels, or slurries, were introduced in 1958. These were, at first, mixtures of ammonium nitrate, TNT, water, and gelatinizing agents, usually guar gum and a cross-linking agent such as borax. (Cross-linking is a form of chemical bonding.) Later, aluminum and other metallic…

water glass, a compound containing sodium oxide (Na2O) and silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) that forms a glassy solid with the very useful property of being soluble in water. Water glass is sold as solid lumps or powders or as a clear, syrupy liquid. It is used as a convenient source of sodium for

percussion instrument: Sub-Saharan Africa: Water gourds—half gourds floated open side down in a pan of water and struck rhythmically with small sticks—are played in western Africa; in Benin their chief use is at funeral rites.

pondweed: Cape pondweed, or water hawthorn (Aponogeton distachyos), of the family Aponogetonaceae, is native to South Africa and is grown as an ornamental in pools and greenhouses. Many species of those families serve as food for waterfowl and as cover for fishes.

water hemlock, (genus Cicuta), genus of four species of poisonous plants in the parsley family (Apiaceae), common throughout the north temperate zone. Water hemlocks typically grow in wet, marshy places and are often confused with nonpoisonous members of the family, such as wild carrots or

gallinule: The purple gallinule of America (Porphyrula martinica), sometimes called water hen or sultana, is about 30 cm long and is bright olive green and purplish blue with a light blue shield, red and yellow bill, and yellow legs and feet. It is found from South Carolina…

moorhen, bird species also called common gallinule. See

hickory: Major species: cordiformis) and the water hickory (C. aquatica) are bitter-tasting and inedible, because the skin covering the kernels contains tannin. The nuts of most other species are edible but are too small to be commercially important.

capybara, (genus Hydrochoerus), either of two species of large semiaquatic South American rodents. Capybaras inhabit forests and wetlands from Panama to Argentina. The larger of the two species, the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), is the largest living rodent in the world, growing up to about

water fern: cornuta); floating antlerfern, or water horn fern (C. pteridoides); triangle water fern (C. richardii); and water sprite (C. thalictroides). The plants are widespread in tropical and warm temperate regions around the world, and several are cultivated as aquarium plants. Although water ferns sometimes root in mud,…

Hippos in BotswanaThe word hippopotamus is Greek for “river horse,” which reflects their behavior: they are often seen basking on the banks or sleeping in the waters of rivers, lakes, and swamps across Africa. They favor shallow areas where they can sleep half-submerged, though these places can

water hyacinth, any aquatic plant of the genus Eichhornia of the pickerelweed family (Pontederiaceae), consisting of about five species, native primarily to tropical America. Some species float in shallow water; others are rooted in muddy stream banks and lakeshores. All have slender rootstocks,

ice, solid substance produced by the freezing of water vapour or liquid water. At temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), water vapour develops into frost at ground level and snowflakes (each of which consists of a single ice crystal) in clouds. Below the same temperature, liquid water forms a solid, as,

sherbet: Water ice, called in French sorbet and in Italian granita, is similar to sherbet but contains no dairy ingredients.

water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. Of all municipal services, provision of potable

water infrastructure in India, infrastructure for the holistic management of the water resources of India. The infrastructure includes dams, irrigation systems, and reservoirs and ensures the collection, storage, and distribution of water to agriculture, industries, and households. Vital for

overhydration, condition characterized by an excessive volume of water in the body. Overhydration occurs when the body’s ability to dispose of fluid is overcome by a large fluid intake. It also can occur when the mechanisms for the disposal of excess fluid are defective, as is the case when more

green anaconda, common name for what are generally considered to be two species of nonvenomous semiaquatic boa (family Boidae) native to South America. Green anacondas are known for their immense size, some recorded specimens measuring as long as 9 meters (30 feet) and weighing more than 250 kg

Africa: Sudd: …other water plants—including the floating Nile cabbage (Pistia stratiotes)—form masses of waterlogged plant material that are largely unproductive and are a nuisance to fishing and navigation. Pistia has become an unwelcome invader of Lake Kariba, the body of water formed by the impounding (1959) of the Zambezi River in the…

surveying: History: The water level consisted of either a trough or a tube turned upward at the ends and filled with water. At each end there was a sight made of crossed horizontal and vertical slits. When these were lined up just above the water level, the sights…

Water Lilies, series of some 250 oil paintings that were created by French Impressionist artist Claude Monet from the late 1890s to his death in 1926 and were focused on the water lily pond in his garden. As Vincent van Gogh is associated in the public consciousness with sunflowers, Monet’s name is

water lily, (family Nymphaeaceae), family of about 60 species in 4 genera of freshwater flowering plants (order Nymphaeales) native to the temperate and tropical parts of the world. Water lilies provide food for fish and wildlife but sometimes cause drainage problems because of their rapid growth.

Nymphaeales, the water lily order of flowering plants, containing 3 families, 6 genera, and 74 species. Members of the order are found in quiet freshwater habitats throughout most of the world. The aesthetic appeal of the water lilies, especially those of the genus Nymphaea, has led to their

lobelia: Major species: …tropical or warm temperate areas, water lobelia (L. dortmanna) occurs throughout the north temperate zone. Similarly, acrid lobelia (L. urens) is found locally in damp pastures in England and western Europe.

water supply system: Pipelines: …distribution network consists of arterial water mains or primary feeders, which convey water from the treatment plant to areas of major water use in the community, and smaller-diameter pipelines called secondary feeders, which tie in to the mains. Usually not less than 150 mm (6 inches) in diameter, these pipelines…

Water Margin, ancient Chinese vernacular novel known from several widely varying manuscripts under the name Shuihuzhuan. Its variations are so extreme as to make the work the most textually complex in Chinese literature; the text cannot be dated with accuracy, and its authors cannot be identified.

water mass, body of ocean water with a distinctive narrow range of temperature and salinity and a particular density resulting from these two parameters. Water masses are formed as the result of climatic effects in specific regions. Antarctic bottom water is an important water mass that forms on

marsh treader, any insect of the family Hydrometridae (order Heteroptera), so named because of its slow, deliberate manner of moving as it walks along the surface of a pond or crawls among shore vegetation. Marsh treaders, worldwide in distribution, are usually found among the cattails in marshy

water milfoil, (genus Myriophyllum), genus of about 45 widely distributed species of submerged freshwater flowering plants in the family Haloragaceae. The plants have whorls of feathery leaves and emergent (growing above the water level) wind-pollinated flowers. Most species reproduce sexually as

Saxifragales: Major families: Haloragaceae, or the water milfoil family, comprises 8 genera and 145 species of land, marsh, and water herbs with small leaves and small flower clusters. The flowers are unisexual, generally wind-pollinated, with a three- to four-chambered ovary and a similar number of styles (pollen-receptive parts…

waterwheel, mechanical device for tapping the energy of running or falling water by means of a set of paddles mounted around a wheel. The force of the moving water is exerted against the paddles, and the consequent rotation of the wheel is transmitted to machinery via the shaft of the wheel. The

mint: Major species: Water mint (M. aquatica) commonly grows in ditches and has rounded flower spikes and stalked hairy leaves. Wild mint (M. arvensis), native in North America and Eurasia, reaches about 1 metre (about 3.3 feet) in height.

water moccasin, (Agkistrodon piscivorus), species of large-bodied semiaquatic venomous snake inhabiting moist forests, wetlands, and intertidal habitats of the southeastern United States. The water moccasin is classified with rattlesnakes, copperheads, and other pit vipers in the subfamily

water mold, (order Saprolegniales), order of about 150 species of filamentous funguslike organisms (phylum Oomycota, kingdom Chromista). Many water molds live in fresh or brackish water or wet soils. Most species are saprotrophic (i.e., they live on dead or decaying organic matter), although some

water moss, (Fontinalis), genus of mosses belonging to the subclass Bryidae, often found in flowing freshwater streams and ponds in temperate regions. Of the 20 species of water moss, 18 are native to North America. A brook moss may have shoots 30 to 100 (rarely up to 200) cm (12 to 40 inches) long

water mold, (order Saprolegniales), order of about 150 species of filamentous funguslike organisms (phylum Oomycota, kingdom Chromista). Many water molds live in fresh or brackish water or wet soils. Most species are saprotrophic (i.e., they live on dead or decaying organic matter), although some

Water Music, suite of short pieces for small orchestra by German-born English composer George Frideric Handel, known particularly for its highly spirited movements in dance form. Most of the pieces were originally intended for outdoor performance, and the work premiered on a barge on the River

water net, (genus Hydrodictyon), genus of filamentous green algae (family Hydrodictyaceae) sometimes found on the surface of quiet freshwater bodies. Because of its reproductive efficiency, Hydrodictyon proliferates rapidly and can be a problem in ponds, recreational waters, and irrigation canals.

water oak, (Quercus nigra), ornamental tree, native to the southeastern coastal plains of the United States. The plant is adapted to moist conditions, such as along stream banks, but can tolerate drier soils. The tree is fairly short-lived (less than 80 years) and is often planted as a shade tree

wild rice, (genus Zizania), genus of four species of coarse grasses of the family Poaceae, the grain of which is sometimes grown as a delicacy. Despite their name, the plants are not related to true rice (Oryza sativa). Wild rice grows naturally in shallow freshwater marshes and along the shores of

sugar: Juice extraction: …countercurrent of water known as water of maceration or imbibition. Streams of juice extracted from the cane, mixed with maceration water from all mills, are combined into a mixed juice called dilute juice. Juice from the last mill in the series (which does not receive a current of maceration water)…

Edinburgh: City site: …Edinburgh’s only substantial stream, the Water of Leith. The stream’s brief course from the Pentlands to the sea provided power for the mills of a series of villages—Dalry, Dean, Stockbridge, Silvermills, and Canonmills—that experienced significant growth from the early 17th century onward. These villages, which sprang up largely as industrial…

sugar: Juice extraction: …countercurrent of water known as water of maceration or imbibition. Streams of juice extracted from the cane, mixed with maceration water from all mills, are combined into a mixed juice called dilute juice. Juice from the last mill in the series (which does not receive a current of maceration water)…

hydrocephalus, accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain, causing progressive enlargement of the head. Normally, CSF continuously circulates through the brain and the spinal cord and is continuously drained into the circulatory system. In hydrocephalus

Compton Mackenzie: … (1913–14); a satiric sting in Water on the Brain (1933), attacking the British secret service, which had prosecuted him under the Official Secrets Act for his autobiographical Greek Memories (1932); and a love of pure fun in The Monarch of the Glen (1941) and Whisky Galore (1947). Other novels included…

water opossum, (Chironectes minimus), a semiaquatic, web-footed marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found along tropical rivers, streams, and lakes from Mexico to Argentina. Adults average 70 cm (28 inches) in total length and weigh up to 790 grams (1.7 pounds). A pouch is present

hydraulis, earliest known mechanical pipe organ. It was invented in the 3rd century bc by Ctesibius of Alexandria, culminating prior attempts to apply a mechanical wind supply to a large set of panpipes. Its pipes stood on top of a wind chest that was connected to a conical wind reservoir. The

dipper, (genus Cinclus), any of five species of songbirds of the Cinclidae family (order Passeriformes) noted for insect hunting by walking underwater in rushing streams and named for their frequent body bobbing. Among the best-known species are the Eurasian, or white-throated, dipper (Cinclus

water parsnip, any of several aromatic herbs of the genus Sium, especially S. latifolium, belonging to the parsley family (Apiaceae), distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. They grow in moist areas, and some species are even partially submerged. All are perennial herbs with

hookah, apparatus used to heat and vaporize tobacco for inhalation. The word hookah is derived from the Hindustani huqqa and the Arabic huqqah, meaning “vase” or “vessel.” The practice of smoking tobacco from a hookah likely originated in India or the Middle East. Today it is used worldwide and is

water plantain, (genus Alisma), any freshwater perennial herb of the genus Alisma (family Alismataceae), commonly found in lakes, ponds, and ditches. The 9 to 11 species of water plantains are primarily distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, 3 being native to North America. Water plantains

Alismataceae, the water plantain family of 113 species of freshwater flowering plants belonging to the order Alismatales and including 17 genera, the most common of which are Alisma (water plantain), Echinodorus (burhead), and Sagittaria (arrowhead). Most members of the family are native to the

Alismatales, arrowhead and pondweed order of nearly 4,800 species of flowering plants, belonging to the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose species have a single seed leaf. The group includes a number of ornamentals and houseplants, as well as several flowers that are important in the floral

Ceratophyllales: …unusual in that they have underwater pollination. When the male flowers are mature, the individual anthers break off and settle through the water until they reach a groove near the stigma of a female flower, leading to pollination.

water pollution, the release of substances into subsurface groundwater or into lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries, and oceans to the point that the substances interfere with beneficial use of the water or with the natural functioning of ecosystems. In addition to the release of substances, such as

water polo, sport played in a swimming pool by teams of seven with a buoyant ball resembling an association football (soccer ball). The game was originally called “football-in-the-water,” and indeed it is more like association football and basketball than polo, the name of the sport coming from an

Hydrocleys: The water poppy (Hydrocleys nymphoides), with yellow flowers about 5 cm (2 inches) across, is the only cultivated species and is often grown in ponds and aquariums.

water opossum, (Chironectes minimus), a semiaquatic, web-footed marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) found along tropical rivers, streams, and lakes from Mexico to Argentina. Adults average 70 cm (28 inches) in total length and weigh up to 790 grams (1.7 pounds). A pouch is present

waterpower, power produced by a stream of water as it turns a wheel or similar device. The waterwheel was probably invented in the 1st century bce, and it was widely used throughout the Middle Ages and into modern times for grinding grain, operating bellows for furnaces, and other purposes. The

cooling system: …from the engine; (3) a water pump, usually of the centrifugal type, to circulate the liquid through the system; (4) a thermostat to control temperature by varying the amount of liquid going to the radiator; and (5) a fan to draw fresh air through the radiator.

water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water. That process also includes distillation (the conversion of a liquid into vapour to condense it back to liquid form) and deionization (ion removal

water rail, (Rallus aquaticus), slender marsh bird of the family Rallidae (order Gruiformes), native to most of Europe and Asia. Its length is about 28 cm (11 inches), and it has a moderately long beak. The sides of the bird have black and white bands. The name water rail also is used as a general

water rat, any of 18 species of amphibious carnivorous rodents. They exhibit many adaptations associated with hunting in water for food and burrowing along streams, rivers, and lakes. The eyes are small, the nostrils can be closed to keep water out, and the external portion of the ears is either

reed: …common, or water, reed (Phragmites australis) occurs along the margins of lakes, fens, marshes, and streams from the Arctic to the tropics. It is a broad-leafed grass, about 1.5 to 5 metres (5 to 16.5 feet) tall, with feathery flower clusters and stiff, smooth stems. Other plants of the…

fat and oil processing: Water refining: Water refining, usually called degumming, consists of treating the natural oil with a small amount of water, followed by centrifugal separation. The process is applied to many oils that contain phospholipids in significant amounts. Since the separated phospholipids are rather waxy or gummy solids, the term degumming was quite…

water resource, any of the entire range of natural waters that occur on the Earth, regardless of their state (i.e., vapour, liquid, or solid) and that are of potential use to humans. Of these, the resources most available for use are the waters of the oceans, rivers, and lakes; other available

South Dakota: South Dakota in the 21st century: The Water Resources Development Act of 1999 initiated the return of some of the areas along the Missouri River reservoirs to the tribes, but the final compensation amount for damage awarded to the Sioux has not been determined. The Missouri River Protection and Improvement Act was…

retting: In water retting, the most widely practiced method, bundles of stalks are submerged in water. The water, penetrating to the central stalk portion, swells the inner cells, bursting the outermost layer, thus increasing absorption of both moisture and decay-producing bacteria. Retting time must be carefully judged;…

wild rice, (genus Zizania), genus of four species of coarse grasses of the family Poaceae, the grain of which is sometimes grown as a delicacy. Despite their name, the plants are not related to true rice (Oryza sativa). Wild rice grows naturally in shallow freshwater marshes and along the shores of

cordierite: …Sri Lanka have been called water sapphires. Synthetic magnesium cordierite has a low thermal expansion and is used as a semirefractory material because of its resistance to thermal shock.

water scarcity, insufficient freshwater resources to meet the human and environmental demands of a given area. Water scarcity is inextricably linked to human rights, and sufficient access to safe drinking water is a priority for global development. However, given the challenges of population

water scavenger beetle, any of the approximately 3,200 species of the predominately aquatic insect superfamily Hydrophiloidea (order Coleoptera). These beetles are found swimming in marshy freshwater ponds throughout the world, especially in warm regions. Water scavenger beetles have smooth, oval,

water scorpion, any of the approximately 150 species of aquatic invertebrates of the family Nepidae (order Hemiptera). The water scorpion resembles a land scorpion in certain ways: it has scythelike front legs adapted for seizing prey and a long, thin, whiplike structure at its posterior end. This

Archimedes screw, machine for raising water, allegedly invented by the ancient Greek scientist Archimedes for removing water from the hold of a large ship. One form consists of a circular pipe enclosing a helix and inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees to the horizontal with its lower end dipped

Southeast Asian arts: Burma: …of dramatic verse, and his Water Seller is noted for its comparatively realistic treatment of court life.

water shield, (Brasenia schreberi), small purple-flowered aquatic plant of the fanwort family (Cabombaceae), found in northern ponds and still waters throughout the world, except in Europe. “Water shield” also refers to fanwort (Cabomba). Each oval, floating leaf of water shield is 5 to 10

fanwort, any of about seven species of aquatic flowering plants constituting the genus Cabomba, of the fanwort or water-shield family (Cabombaceae), native to the New World tropics and subtropics. Water shield is also the more commonly used name for Brasenia, the only other genus of the family. The

water shrew, any of 12 species of amphibious shrews that have a broad, fleshy muzzle, large chest, and long hind legs and digits. Most water shrews live in montane habitats and forage in clear, cold streams and small rivers. They use all four feet to swim, but most of the propulsive force comes