beer: Types of beer: …barley, a special brew called weiss beer (Weissbier; “white beer”) is made from malted wheat. In other countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States, other cereals are used in lighter-coloured lager beers.

Pierre-Ernest Weiss: …very small regions known as Weiss domains. His major published work was Le magnetisme (with G. Foex, 1926).

baseball: Women in baseball: An Ohio woman, Alta Weiss, pitched for the otherwise all-male semiprofessional Vermilion Independents in 1907. Jackie Mitchell became the first female professional baseball player when she signed a contract with the minor league Chattanooga Lookouts in 1931. Mitchell pitched in an exhibition game against the New York Yankees…

biblical literature: Early theories about the Synoptic problem: …Heinrich Holtzmann in 1863, and Bernhard Weiss in 1887–88), which, with various modifications and refinements of other scholars, is the generally accepted solution to the Synoptic problem.

Carol Weiss King was an American lawyer who specialized in immigration law and the defense of the civil rights of immigrants. King graduated from Barnard College in New York City in 1916 and entered New York University Law School. In 1917 she married George C. King, an author. She graduated from

Shubat Enlil: …the site were begun by Harvey Weiss of Yale University in 1979. His work uncovered archaeological remains dating from about 5000 bc to 1726 bc, when the once-flourishing city was destroyed by Babylon.

Pavement: …2008–11 included former Sleater-Kinney drummer Janet Weiss. Weiss, like Malkmus, lived in Portland, Oregon, where slacker collegiate types had bought homes and become parents. Even before the breakup of Pavement, Malkmus and Nastanovich had begun a side project with David Berman, recording as Silver Jews. Malkmus also recorded the solo…

Johannes Weiss was a German theologian known for his work in New Testament criticism. He wrote the first eschatological interpretations of the Gospel (1892) and also set forth the principles of “form-criticism” (1912)—the analysis of biblical passages through the examination of their structural

fascism: Conservative economic programs: As historian John Weiss noted, “Property and income distribution and the traditional class structure remained roughly the same under fascist rule. What changes there were favored the old elites or certain segments of the party leadership.” Historian Roger Eatwell concurred: “If a revolution is understood to mean…

the Shangri-Las: …by two pairs of sisters: Mary Weiss (b. December 28, 1948, Queens, New York, U.S.—d. January 19, 2024, Palm Springs, California) and Betty Weiss (byname of Elizabeth Weiss; b. November 27, 1946, Queens) and twins Margie Ganser (byname of Marguerite Ganser; b. February 4, 1948, Queens—d. July 28, 1996, Valley…

Paul Alfred Weiss was an Austrian-born American biologist who did pioneering research on the mechanics of nerve regeneration, nerve repair, and cellular organization. During World War II, Weiss and his colleagues developed and tested the first practical system of preserving human tissue for later

Peter Weiss was a German dramatist and novelist whose plays achieved widespread success in both Europe and the United States in the 1960s. The son of a textile manufacturer who was Jewish by origin but Christian by conversion, Weiss was brought up a Lutheran. In 1934 he and his family were forced

Peter Weiss was a German dramatist and novelist whose plays achieved widespread success in both Europe and the United States in the 1960s. The son of a textile manufacturer who was Jewish by origin but Christian by conversion, Weiss was brought up a Lutheran. In 1934 he and his family were forced

Pierre-Ernest Weiss was a French physicist who investigated magnetism and determined the Weiss magneton unit of magnetic moment. Weiss graduated (1887) at the head of his class from the Zürich Polytechnikum with a degree in mechanical engineering and was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure in

Rainer Weiss is a German-born American physicist who was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and for the first direct detection of gravity waves. He won half the prize, with American physicists Kip S. Thorne and

loneliness: Theories of loneliness: …loneliness developed by the sociologist Robert S. Weiss. Weiss identified six social needs that, if unmet, contribute to feelings of loneliness. Those needs are attachment, social integration, nurturance, reassurance of worth, sense of reliable alliance, and guidance in stressful situations. As would be predicted by attachment theory, Weiss maintained that…

phytotherapy: History of phytotherapy: …1960 German herbalist and physician Rudolf Fritz Weiss published Lehrbuch der Phytotherapie (1960; Herbal Medicine), which became the definitive German textbook on the topic. The work initially had been published in a different format in 1944 under the name Die Pflanzenheilkunde in der Ärztlichen Praxis (“Plant-Based Curative Science in Medical…

beer: Types of beer: …barley, a special brew called weiss beer (Weissbier; “white beer”) is made from malted wheat. In other countries such as Denmark, the Netherlands, and the United States, other cereals are used in lighter-coloured lager beers.

Michael Haneke: …in Das weisse Band (2009; The White Ribbon), which depicts a series of inscrutable cruelties and mishaps within a northern German village shortly before World War I. The film, shown in austere black and white, captured the Palme d’Or at Cannes and earned Academy Award nominations in the categories of…

René Schickele: …as the publisher of the Weissen Blätter (“The White Papers”), which he had transferred from Berlin to Zürich and which he made the most effective mouthpiece of European anti-war sentiment during World War I.

goniometer: Weissenberg X-ray goniometers: The Weissenberg X-ray goniometer is used in recording X-ray reflections from crystals. The crystal oscillates through about 200° around an edge, as a cylindrical camera is translated back and forth parallel to the crystal rotation axis. In Martin Julian Buerger’s design the…

Caroline Neuber was an actress-manager who was influential in the development of modern German theatre. Rebelling against her tyrannical father, she ran away at age 20 with a young clerk, Johann Neuber, and married him in 1718. They served their theatrical apprenticeship in the traveling companies

Sarnen: …its town hall (1729–31), the Weisses Buch (“White Book”) contains the oldest chronicle extant (c. 1470) of the history of Swiss liberation; the book is also the principal source of the legend of William Tell, the Swiss patriot who was sentenced to shoot, with a crossbow, an apple from his…

Alps: Physiography: distinctive peaks as the Dufourspitze, Weisshorn, Matterhorn, and Finsteraarhorn, all 14,000 feet high. In addition, the great glacial lakes—Como and Maggiore in the south, part of the drainage system of the Po; and Thun, Brienz, and Lucerne (Vierwaldstättersee) in the north—fall

Saarland: Geography: …highest point is in the Weiskircher Heights (2,280 feet [695 metres]). The climate is largely continental in character, but a maritime influence is quite evident in Saarland’s moderately warm summers and mild winters. The annual precipitation is about 31 inches (800 mm).

radioactivity: Gamma transition: …the single-proton theoretical rate, or Weisskopf formula, named after the American physicist Victor Frederick Weisskopf, who developed it. The table gives the theoretical reference rate formulas in their dependence on nuclear mass number A and gamma-ray energy Eγ (in MeV).

Maximilian I: Legacy of Maximilian I: but wrote two poetical allegories, Weisskunig (“White King”) and Theuerdank (both largely autobiographical), and the Geheimes Jagdbuch, a treatise on hunting, and kept a bevy of poets and artists busy with projects that glorified his reign. His military talents were considerable and led him to use war to attain his…

Drew Weissman is an American immunologist whose groundbreaking research into RNA (ribonucleic acid) opened the path to the development of RNA therapeutics, most notably the generation of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. In the late 1990s and early 2000s Weissman and his colleague the Hungarian-born

comet: The modern era: In 1979 American astronomer Paul Weissman (the author of this article) published computer simulations of the Oort cloud energy distribution using planetary perturbations by Jupiter and Saturn and physical models of loss mechanisms such as random disruption and formation of a nonvolatile crust, based on actual observations of comets.…

Johnny Weissmuller was an American freestyle swimmer of the 1920s who won five Olympic gold medals and set 67 world records. He became even more famous as a motion-picture actor, most notably in the role of Tarzan, a “noble savage” who had been abandoned as an infant in a jungle and reared by apes.

Johnny Weissmuller was an American freestyle swimmer of the 1920s who won five Olympic gold medals and set 67 world records. He became even more famous as a motion-picture actor, most notably in the role of Tarzan, a “noble savage” who had been abandoned as an infant in a jungle and reared by apes.

Johnny Weissmuller was an American freestyle swimmer of the 1920s who won five Olympic gold medals and set 67 world records. He became even more famous as a motion-picture actor, most notably in the role of Tarzan, a “noble savage” who had been abandoned as an infant in a jungle and reared by apes.

weisuo, (Chinese: “guard post”), any of the military garrison units utilized by China’s Ming dynasty (1368–1644) to maintain peace throughout its empire. Originally developed by the preceding Yuan (or Mongol) dynasty (1206–1368), the system consisted of a guard unit of 5,600 men known as a wei.

Adam Weisweiler was one of the foremost cabinetmakers of the Louis XVI period, whose works were commissioned by many European courts. Weisweiler is believed to have studied at Neuwied under David Roentgen, later cabinetmaker to Queen Marie-Antoinette of France. He was established in Paris as an

Adam Weisweiler: …was continued by his son Jean Weisweiler (died 1844).

Harry Houdini was an American magician noted for his sensational escape acts. (Read Harry Houdini’s 1926 Britannica essay on magic.) Houdini was the son of a rabbi who emigrated from Hungary to the United States and settled in Appleton, Wisconsin. He became a trapeze performer in circuses at an

Rachel Weisz is a British actress who is especially known for portraying righteous and smart characters, such as activist Tessa Quayle in the political thriller The Constant Gardener (2005), a role for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress. She also had success in quirky

Rachel Weisz is a British actress who is especially known for portraying righteous and smart characters, such as activist Tessa Quayle in the political thriller The Constant Gardener (2005), a role for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress. She also had success in quirky

Günter Grass: Other novels and fictional works: In 1995 Grass published Ein weites Feld (Too Far Afield), an ambitious novel treating Germany’s reunification in 1990. The work was vehemently attacked by German critics, who denounced Grass’s portrayal of reunification as “misconstrued” and “unreadable.” Grass, whose leftist political views were often not well received, was outspoken in…

Yuan Shikai was a Chinese army leader and reformist minister in the twilight of the Qing dynasty (until 1911) and then the first president of the Republic of China (1912–16). Yuan was from a landed military family of Xiangcheng in Henan province. In his youth he showed a propensity for

Pete Conrad: Kerwin, and Paul J. Weitz docked their Apollo spacecraft with the orbiting Skylab, which had sustained damage during its launch on May 14. They made repairs to keep Skylab from overheating and to ensure a power supply sufficient to allow them to complete most of their assigned…

Uyghur, a Turkic-speaking people of inner Asia. Uyghurs live primarily in northwestern China, in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, where they have been subject to a government crackdown since 2017. A small number of Uyghurs also live in the Central Asian republics. There were more than

Weifang, city, east-central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It is situated on the main route along the northern slopes of the Shandong Hills at the northern end of the central plain. The locality is watered by the Wei and Jiaolai rivers, which divide the Mount Tai complex to the west from

WeChat, messaging app owned by technology and entertainment conglomerate Tencent and developed by Tencent executive Allen Zhang. WeChat has well over one billion monthly users, the majority of whom are based in China. The app allows users to exchange text messages, make video and audio calls, play

Chinese architecture: The Qin (221–206 bce) and Han (206 bce–220 ce) dynasties: …hall of the Western Han Weiyang palace was said to have been about 120 metres (390 feet) long by 35 metres (115 feet) deep, possibly smaller than its largest Qin predecessor yet much larger than its equivalents in the Beijing palace today. From the Zhou dynasty (1046–255 bce) through the…

chatbot: The first chatbots: …in 1966 by computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum. The program, named Eliza, was capable of simulating conversation with a computer user. By using an electric typewriter connected to a mainframe, a user could type in a conversational phrase, which Eliza would then review using a pattern-recognition algorithm. The algorithm compared the…

Weifang, city, east-central Shandong sheng (province), eastern China. It is situated on the main route along the northern slopes of the Shandong Hills at the northern end of the central plain. The locality is watered by the Wei and Jiaolai rivers, which divide the Mount Tai complex to the west from

Ezer Weizman was an Israeli soldier and politician who was the seventh president of Israel (1993–2000). Weizman was the nephew of Israel’s first president, Chaim Weizmann, and during World War II he served as a pilot in Britain’s Royal Air Force. Afterward he became one of the founding officers of

Israel: Education: …in Haifa (1924), and the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot (1934), several institutions of higher learning have been founded since 1948, including the universities of Tel Aviv and Haifa, Bar-Ilan University (religious, located near Tel Aviv), and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beersheba. The Open University of Israel…

Chaim Weizmann was the first president of the new nation of Israel (1949–52), who was for decades the guiding spirit behind the World Zionist Organization. Chaim Azriel Weizmann was born of humble parents in November 1874, in Motol, a backwater hamlet in the western Russian empire, the third of 15

Chaim Weizmann was the first president of the new nation of Israel (1949–52), who was for decades the guiding spirit behind the World Zionist Organization. Chaim Azriel Weizmann was born of humble parents in November 1874, in Motol, a backwater hamlet in the western Russian empire, the third of 15

weka, (Gallirallus australis), species of nonmigratory flightless bird of the rail family (Rallidae) that is endemic to New Zealand. The weka is roughly the size of a chicken (Gallus gallus), and its appearance is characterized by its variable, but mainly brown, plumage with black streaks. The

Wayland the Smith, in Scandinavian, German, and Anglo-Saxon legend, a smith of outstanding skill. He was, according to some legends, a lord of the elves. His story is told in the Völundarkvida, one of the poems in the 13th-century Icelandic Elder, or Poetic, Edda, and, with variations, in the

Treaty of Wehlau, (Sept. 19, 1657), agreement in which John Casimir, king of Poland from 1648 to 1668, renounced the suzerainty of the Polish crown over ducal Prussia and made Frederick William, who was the duke of Prussia as well as the elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), the duchy’s sovereign

Justin Welby was the 105th archbishop of Canterbury, serving from 2013 until his resignation in 2024. He was the leader of the Anglican Communion, the worldwide body of Anglican Christian churches in communion with the see of Canterbury. (Read Archbishop Justin Welby’s essay for Britannica on the

Justin Welby was the 105th archbishop of Canterbury, serving from 2013 until his resignation in 2024. He was the leader of the Anglican Communion, the worldwide body of Anglican Christian churches in communion with the see of Canterbury. (Read Archbishop Justin Welby’s essay for Britannica on the

Welch, city, seat of McDowell county, southern West Virginia, U.S., at the confluence of Elkhorn Creek and Tug Fork. Settled in 1885, it was named for I.A. Welch, an early settler. The county seat was moved there from Perryville in 1891. There were no bridges or wagons in this extremely mountainous

Adam Cleghorn Welch was one of the greatest Scottish biblical scholars. The son of a United Presbyterian missionary, he attended Edinburgh University (1879–83) and the United Presbyterian Hall (1883–85), spending the summer term of 1885 at Erlangen, Ger. As minister of Waterbeck (1887–92),

Fleetwood Mac: November 30, 2022), Bob Welch (b. August 31, 1945, Los Angeles, California, U.S.—d. June 7, 2012, Nashville, Tennessee), Stevie Nicks (b. May 26, 1948, Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.), and Lindsey Buckingham (b. October 3, 1947, Palo Alto, California).

Denton Welch was an English painter and novelist chiefly remembered for two imaginative novels of adolescence, Maiden Voyage (1943) and In Youth Is Pleasure (1944). Welch was educated at Repton School in Derbyshire. After a visit to China he studied painting at the Goldsmith School of Art. In 1935,

Florence Welch is a British singer-songwriter who, as the lead singer of Florence + the Machine, won popular success and critical acclaim beginning in 2009 with soaring vocals and a captivating theatrical stage presence. Welch was the oldest of three children in an upper-middle-class family in

Florence Welch is a British singer-songwriter who, as the lead singer of Florence + the Machine, won popular success and critical acclaim beginning in 2009 with soaring vocals and a captivating theatrical stage presence. Welch was the oldest of three children in an upper-middle-class family in

American literature: Multicultural writing: …the Pulitzer Prize in 1969, James Welch’s Winter in the Blood (1974) and Fools Crow (1986), Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony (1977), and Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine (1984), The Beet Queen (1986), and The Antelope Wife (1998) were powerful and ambiguous explorations of Native American history and identity. Mexican Americans were

Joseph McCarthy: …truculent interrogative tactics—which famously prompted Joseph Nye Welch, special counsel for the army, to ask McCarthy, “Have you no sense of decency, sir, at long last? Have you left no sense of decency?”—discredited him and helped to turn the tide of public opinion against him.

Laura Welch Bush is an American first lady (2001–09), the wife of George W. Bush, 43rd president of the United States. Laura Welch was the only child of Harold Welch, a home builder, and Jenna Hawkins Welch. Her parents placed a high priority on her education and fostered her interest in reading.

Fantastic Voyage: As the scientist Cora, Raquel Welch appeared in one of her first leading roles.

John Birch Society: 9, 1958, by Robert H.W. Welch, Jr. (1899–1985), a retired Boston candy manufacturer, for the purpose of combating communism and promoting various ultraconservative causes. The name derives from John Birch, an American Baptist missionary and U.S. Army intelligence officer who was killed by Chinese communists on Aug. 25,…

GIF: …Jacob Ziv of Israel and Terry Welch of the United States. LZW was the source of a controversy started by the American Unisys Corporation in 1994, when it was revealed that they owned a patent for LZW and were belatedly seeking royalties from several users. Although the relevant patents expired…

Vera Lynn was an English singer whose sentimental material and wholesome stage persona endeared her to the public during World War II. Broadcasts of her songs of love and longing were particularly resonant with members of the military fighting abroad, which led to her nickname, “the Forces’

William Henry Welch was an American pathologist who played a major role in the introduction of modern medical practice and education to the United States while directing the rise of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, to a leading position among the nation’s medical centres. Undertaking graduate

classical scholarship: The new German humanism: …study of antiquity, as was F.G. Welcker (1784–1868), who applied deep knowledge of Greek art and religion to the interpretation of literature and did much to shape the wider conception of the study of antiquity that was now coming to maturity.

metalwork: 16th century to modern: …of vessel was called the Welcome, a drinking vessel that was handed around as a form of greeting or when a toast was being drunk. The body of these vessels was generally cylindrical or potbellied, with a lid and a short shaft set on a circular base.

the Lovin’ Spoonful: … and the chart-topping single “Welcome Back” (1976), the theme song of the television series Welcome Back, Kotter. The Lovin’ Spoonful, minus Yanovsky and Sebastian, reunited in the 1990s to play live and in 1999 released Live at the Hotel Seville. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll…

the Lovin’ Spoonful: …song of the television series Welcome Back, Kotter. The Lovin’ Spoonful, minus Yanovsky and Sebastian, reunited in the 1990s to play live and in 1999 released Live at the Hotel Seville. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.

Franklin J. Schaffner: …release, and moviegoers largely ignored Welcome Home (1989), a drama about a soldier (Kris Kristofferson) who is mistakenly thought to have been killed during the Vietnam War. Schaffner died of lung cancer shortly before the latter film’s release.

Henry Purcell: Songs and independent instrumental compositions: …of the earliest of Purcell’s Welcome Songs for Charles II—a series of ceremonial odes that began to appear in 1680. Possibly he lacked experience in writing for voices, at any rate on the scale required for works of this kind; or else he had not yet achieved the art of…

Henry Purcell: Posthumous publications: …of III Parts (1683); “Welcome to all the pleasures,” an ode for St. Cecilia’s Day, written in 1683 (published in 1684); and Dioclesian, composed in 1690 (1691). After his death his widow published a collection of his harpsichord pieces (1696), instrumental music for the theatre (1697), and the Te…

R.L. Stine: …to 11 was launched with Welcome to Dead House (1992); the latter series inspired the television program Goosebumps (1995–98). The unpredictability, plot twists, and cliff-hanger endings of his horror writing relied on surprise, avoided the seriously threatening topics of modern urban life, and delivered to kids what Stine termed “a…

Darren Aronofsky: Later career: …form for his next project, Welcome to Earth (2023), a travelogue series featuring actor Will Smith exploring various natural wonders; Aronofsky served as an executive producer and directed one episode. He also served as producer on other projects, including the miniseries One Strange Rock (2018), the series Black Gold and…

E.L. Doctorow: His first novel, Welcome to Hard Times (1960; film 1967), is a philosophical turn on the western genre. In his next book, Big As Life (1966), he used science fiction to explore the human response to crisis. Doctorow’s proclivity for harvesting characters from history first became apparent in…

Amadou and Mariam: Subsequent albums Welcome to Mali (2008) and Folila (2012) featured lavish production and a host of international collaborators, including Somali-born rapper K’Naan and members of the American rock band TV on the Radio. The uplifting La Confusion (2017) recalled the Afro-pop sounds of the late 1980s.

Robert Zemeckis: Zemeckis then wrote and directed Welcome to Marwen (2018), a drama based on the true story of an artist (Steve Carell) who, after a brutal attack, finds a therapeutic outlet in building a miniature town populated by dolls that represent the individuals in his life. His next film, The Witches…

Gene Hackman: … (2001), Runaway Jury (2003), and Welcome to Mooseport (2004).

Alice Cooper: …released his first solo album, Welcome to My Nightmare, in 1975. It turned out to be popular, as did its follow-up, Alice Cooper Goes to Hell (1976). His next several albums were disappointments, however, as his addiction to alcohol and cocaine took an increasing toll. After a 1983 hospitalization, Cooper…

Kenny Chesney: Following the release of Welcome to the Fishbowl (2012), he toured with friend and fellow country musician Tim McGraw, selling out stadiums across the continental United States.

Kurt Vonnegut: Plays, later short stories, and nonfiction: …stories, chief among which was Welcome to the Monkey House (1968). In 2005 he published A Man Without a Country: A Memoir of Life in George W. Bush’s America, a collection of essays and speeches inspired in part by contemporary politics.

James Gandolfini: In the film drama Welcome to the Rileys (2010), Gandolfini starred as a grieving father who finds a connection with a wayward teenage girl. He portrayed the real-life producer of a 1970s television documentary series in the HBO movie Cinema Verite (2011) before returning to the big screen with…

Jay Macpherson: Welcoming Disaster (1974) is a collection of her poems from 1970 to 1974. Poems Twice Told (1981) collected that volume along with The Boatman. Her study of the pastoral romance, The Spirit of Solitude: Conventions and Continuities in Late Romance, was published in 1982. Biblical…

mignonette: Major species: Weld (R. luteola) yields a yellow dye that has been used for more than 3,000 years.

Sir Frederick Aloysius Weld was a politician, statesman, and prime minister of New Zealand (1864–65), whose “self-reliant” policy was that the colony have full responsibility for the conduct of all Maori affairs, including the settlement of difficulties without help from the crown. Born into a

Theodore Dwight Weld was an American antislavery crusader in the pre-Civil War period. While a ministerial student at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio, Weld participated in antislavery debates and led a group of students who withdrew from Lane to enroll at Oberlin (Ohio) College. Weld left his

John Frankenheimer: The 1970s and ’80s: …love with the daughter (Tuesday Weld) of a moonshiner (Ralph Meeker), causing a conflict of interest. Although notable for fine performances and a sound track featuring Johnny Cash songs, the film was unable to find an audience.

Gary Johnson: …and his running mate was William Weld, a former Republican who had served as governor of Massachusetts (1991–97).

Gary Johnson: …and his running mate was William Weld, a former Republican who had served as governor of Massachusetts (1991–97).

railroad: Rail: This continuous welded rail results in a smoother track that requires less maintenance. The rail is usually welded into lengths of between 290 and 400 metres (320 yards and one-quarter mile). Once laid in track, these quarter-mile lengths are often welded together in turn to form rails…

welded tuff, rock composed of compacted volcanic ejecta (see

welding, technique used for joining metallic parts usually through the application of heat. This technique was discovered during efforts to manipulate iron into useful shapes. Welded blades were developed in the 1st millennium ce, the most famous being those produced by Arab armourers at Damascus,

Fay Weldon was a British novelist, playwright, and television and radio scriptwriter known for her thoughtful and witty stories of contemporary women. Weldon grew up in New Zealand, attended St. Andrew’s University in Scotland (M.A., 1952?), and became an advertising copywriter in London. In the

Karl Pearson: …to him by his colleague Walter F.R. Weldon, that captivated Pearson and turned statistics into his personal scientific mission. Their work owed much to Francis Galton, who especially sought to apply statistical reasoning to the study of biological evolution and eugenics. Pearson, likewise, was intensely devoted to the development of…

Sir Roy Welensky was a Northern Rhodesian trade unionist and statesman who helped found the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and served as its deputy minister (1953–56) and prime minister (1956–63). Welensky, of eastern European Jewish descent on his father’s side and South African Dutch on his