Sir Roy Welensky was a Northern Rhodesian trade unionist and statesman who helped found the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and served as its deputy minister (1953–56) and prime minister (1956–63). Welensky, of eastern European Jewish descent on his father’s side and South African Dutch on his

Welf Dynasty, dynasty of German nobles and rulers who were the chief rivals of the Hohenstaufens in Italy and central Europe in the Middle Ages and who later included the Hanoverian Welfs, who, with the accession of George I to the British throne, became rulers of Great Britain. The origin of the

Henry IV: Early years: … IV, the new duke (as Welf I) of Bavaria, and with Rudolf, the duke of Swabia, Henry was forced to grant immunity to the rebels in 1073 and had to agree to the razing of the royal Harz Castle in the final peace treaty in February 1074. When the peasants,…

Henry IV: Early years: … IV, the new duke (as Welf I) of Bavaria, and with Rudolf, the duke of Swabia, Henry was forced to grant immunity to the rebels in 1073 and had to agree to the razing of the royal Harz Castle in the final peace treaty in February 1074. When the peasants,…

Henry IV: Later crises in Italy and Germany of Henry IV: It was not until Welf V separated from Matilda, in 1095, and his father, the deposed Welf IV, was once more granted Bavaria as a fief, in 1096, that Henry was able to return to Germany (1097).

history of the Low Countries: French and English influence: …found the two powerful factions—the Ghibellines and Guelfs—on opposite sides; in the Low Countries, a game of political chance developed, in which the duke of Brabant (Henry I) played an important role, alternately supporting both parties. The French king, Philip Augustus, and his opponent, King John of England, both interfered…

Frederick Wiseman: …a city welfare office (Welfare [1975]), an exclusive department store (The Store [1983]), an intensive-care hospital ward (Near Death [1989]), and a public park (Central Park [1990]). In his films Wiseman eschewed polemics in favour of a complex and sympathetic presentation of such institutions’ effects on individual people.

social welfare program, any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life. The most common types of programs provide benefits to the elderly or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors, mothers, the unemployed, the

welfare economics, branch of economics that seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the well-being of the community. It became established as a well-defined branch of economic theory during the 20th century. Earlier writers conceived of welfare as simply the sum of the

Roosevelt Island, island in the East River, between the boroughs of Manhattan and Queens, New York City. Administratively part of Manhattan, it is 1.5 miles (about 2.5 km) long and 1 8 mile wide, with an area of 139 acres (56 hectares). In 1637 the Dutch governor Wouter van Twiller bought the

Welfare Party, Turkish political party noted for its Islamic orientation. It was founded in 1983 by Necmettin Erbakan. After doing well in local elections in the early 1990s, it won nearly one-third of the seats (the largest single bloc) in the 1995 national legislative elections, becoming the

social welfare program, any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic risks and insecurities of life. The most common types of programs provide benefits to the elderly or retired, the sick or invalid, dependent survivors, mothers, the unemployed, the

social service, any of numerous publicly or privately provided services intended to aid disadvantaged, distressed, or vulnerable persons or groups. The term social service also denotes the profession engaged in rendering such services. The social services have flourished in the 20th century as

welfare state, concept of government in which the state or a well-established network of social institutions plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of

environmental theatre: …radical artistic groups such as Welfare State International, based in England, and the Bread and Puppet Theater, based in the United States. Both took art to the streets, often working in derelict urban neighbourhoods in the latter half of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st. Numerous…

Nikolay Ivanovich Turgenev: He belonged to the Union of Welfare, a reformist society, many of whose members eventually came to advocate the overthrow of the autocracy. In 1821 the group formally disbanded but covertly reorganized itself into several secret branches, including the Northern Society in St. Petersburg.

Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven was a Norwegian poet and critic who attacked the crudity and extreme nationalism of many of his contemporaries, particularly the nationalist poet Henrik Wergeland, who advocated complete cultural independence for Norway; their feud is the most famous in

Lawrence Welk was an American bandleader and accordion player, whose effervescent brand of “champagne music” was featured for more than 30 years on his successful show, one of the longest-running programs on television. Welk, who was raised in a German-speaking hamlet in North Dakota, did not learn

Welkom, city, Free State province, South Africa, southwest of Johannesburg. It was founded in 1947 amid goldfields, the development of which brought rapid growth, quickly making it the province’s second largest town. It attained municipal status in 1961 and was declared a city in 1968. In 2000 it

well logging, field technique used in mineral exploration to analyze the geologic formations penetrated by a drill hole. If the hole has been drilled by using coring techniques, the core provides a visual record of the formations and rock types encountered. The description (log) of the core

Radclyffe Hall: …an English writer whose novel The Well of Loneliness (1928) created a scandal and was banned for a time in Britain for its treatment of lesbianism.

Claus Sluter: The six-sided “Well of Moses,” now lacking its crowning Calvary group, which made the whole a symbol of the “fountain of life,” presents six life-sized prophets holding books, scrolls, or both. The figures, beginning with Moses, proceed counterclockwise to David, Jeremiah, Zechariah, Daniel, and Isaiah. Moses was…

Irish literature: John Millington Synge: …Sea (1904) and the three-act The Well of the Saints (1905), the language, character, and humor of the Irish peasant, not least the female peasant, were rendered in a manner that broke with earlier comic depictions by Charles Macklin, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and others. But it was with his darkly…

amphipod, any member of the invertebrate order Amphipoda (class Crustacea) inhabiting all parts of the sea, lakes, rivers, sand beaches, caves, and moist (warm) habitats on many tropical islands. Marine amphipods have been found at depths of more than 9,100 m (30,000 feet). Freshwater and marine

aesthetics: Relationship between form and content: literary critic Cleanth Brooks (The Well Wrought Urn, 1949). The heresy is that of assuming that the meaning of a work of art (particularly of poetry) can be paraphrased. According to Brooks, who here followed an argument of Benedetto Croce, the meaning of a poem consists precisely in what…

Australian literature: Literature from 1970 to 2000: …Miss Peabody’s Inheritance (1983) and The Well (1986). Among male writers, Brian Castro, Robert Drewe, David Foster, and Tim Winton similarly emerged as significant writers. Of these Winton and Foster are particularly notable for their volumes Cloudstreet (1991) and The Glade Within the Grove (1996), respectively.

The WELL, long-standing Internet community that features message-board-style discussions on a wide variety of topics. Founded by Americans Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant, The WELL’s origins trace back to 1985, when it began as a dial-up bulletin board system (BBS) located in San Francisco. Since

aquifer: Wells can be drilled into many aquifers, and they are one of the most important sources of fresh water on Earth.

Thomas Hardy: Middle period: Hardy’s short novel The Well-Beloved (serialized 1892, revised for volume publication 1897) displays a hostility to marriage that was related to increasing frictions within his own marriage.

well-field system, the communal land organization supposedly in effect throughout China early in the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046–256 bce). The well-field system was first mentioned in the literature of the late Zhou dynasty (c. 4th century bce), especially in the writings of the famous Confucian

set theory: Schemas for generating well-formed formulas: The ZFC “axiom of extension” conveys the idea that, as in naive set theory, a set is determined solely by its members. It should be noted that this is not merely a logically necessary property of equality but an assumption about the membership…

well-made play, a type of play, constructed according to certain strict technical principles, that dominated the stages of Europe and the United States for most of the 19th century and continued to exert influence into the 20th. The technical formula of the well-made play, developed around 1825 by

axiom of choice: …order to prove the “well-ordering theorem” (every set can be given an order relationship, such as less than, under which it is well ordered; i.e., every subset has a first element [see set theory: Axioms for infinite and ordered sets]). Subsequently, it was shown that making any one of…

the Kinks: …social comment songs like “A Well-Respected Man,” “Dedicated Follower of Fashion,” and “Sunny Afternoon,” the last of which reached number one on the U.K. charts in 1966 and on which Ray Davies imitated 1930s British crooner Al Bowlly.

Elizabeth George: Her third novel, Well-Schooled in Murder (1990), won Germany’s MIMI award for international mystery fiction. Later novels in the Lynley series included For the Sake of Elena (1993), Playing for the Ashes (1995), With No One as Witness (2005), Careless in Red (2008), Just One Evil Act

The Well-Tempered Clavier, BWV 846–893, collection of 48 preludes and fugues by Johann Sebastian Bach, published in two books (1722 and 1742). It explores the intricacies of each of the 12 major and 12 minor keys and constitutes the largest-scale and most-influential undertaking for solo keyboard

equal temperament, in music, a tuning system in which the octave is divided into 12 semitones of equal size. Because it enables keyboard instruments to play in all keys with minimal flaws in intonation, equal temperament replaced earlier tuning systems that were based on acoustically pure

Welland, city, regional municipality of Niagara, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies along the Welland River and Welland Canal. During the War of 1812 the area was the scene of several battles between British-Canadian and American forces. Founded as The Aqueduct by loyalists around the first

Welland Canal, waterway in southern Ontario, Canada, that provides navigation for large vessels between Lake Erie to the south and Lake Ontario to the north and forms an important link in the St. Lawrence Seaway. The canal was necessary because the Niagara River, the natural connection between

Welland Canal, waterway in southern Ontario, Canada, that provides navigation for large vessels between Lake Erie to the south and Lake Ontario to the north and forms an important link in the St. Lawrence Seaway. The canal was necessary because the Niagara River, the natural connection between

River Welland, river in the eastern Midlands, England. The Welland River rises in the county of Leicestershire and flows eastward past Market Harborough and Stamford for about 70 miles (110 km) into Lincolnshire to enter the southwestern corner of the shallow North Sea inlet called The Wash. From

bupropion, drug that is used to treat depression, to prevent depression in persons with seasonal affective disorder, or sometimes to aid in smoking cessation. Bupropion typically is taken orally in the form of bupropion hydrochloride. Bupropion was developed in 1966 and patented in 1974 by

London Zoo: …sponsored by the society, the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology and the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine.

John Gurdon: …Research Campaign Institute (later the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute), a Cambridge-based institution that he cofounded in 1989 and that in 2004 was named for him. He directed the institute until 2001, after which he focused on research full-time.

John Gurdon: …Research Campaign Institute (later the Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute), a Cambridge-based institution that he cofounded in 1989 and that in 2004 was named for him. He directed the institute until 2001, after which he focused on research full-time.

Georg August Schweinfurth: …al Ghazāl and discovered the Uele River, a tributary of the Congo.

cyclothem: …loose nomenclature led American geologist J.M. Weller to coin the term cyclothem to describe a series of beds deposited during a single sedimentary cycle, such as the deposits of layers during the Pennsylvanian period (or Late Carboniferous epoch, roughly 318 million to 299 million years ago). Cyclothem refers to the…

Britpop: …Musical Express (NME)—which referred to Paul Weller of the Jam as “the Modfather of Britpop.” Indeed, many of those most associated with the term resisted the pigeonhole it offered.

Sam Weller, fictional character, a humorous Cockney bootblack who becomes Samuel Pickwick’s devoted companion and servant in The Pickwick Papers (1836–37) by Charles

Thomas H. Weller was an American physician and virologist who was the corecipient (with John Enders and Frederick Robbins) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for the successful cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. This made it possible to study the virus “in the

Thomas H. Weller was an American physician and virologist who was the corecipient (with John Enders and Frederick Robbins) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for the successful cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. This made it possible to study the virus “in the

Orson Welles was an American motion-picture actor, director, producer, and writer. His innovative narrative techniques and use of photography, dramatic lighting, and music to further the dramatic line and to create mood made his Citizen Kane (1941)—which he wrote, directed, produced, and acted

Gideon Welles was the U.S. secretary of the navy under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Born into a wealthy family, Welles was educated at private schools. He studied law but in 1826 became cofounder and editor of the Hartford Times. The next year, he became the youngest member of the

Orson Welles was an American motion-picture actor, director, producer, and writer. His innovative narrative techniques and use of photography, dramatic lighting, and music to further the dramatic line and to create mood made his Citizen Kane (1941)—which he wrote, directed, produced, and acted

Wellesley, town (township), Norfolk county, eastern Massachusetts, U.S., just west of Boston. Originally part of Dedham, it became the Western Precinct of Needham when that town was set off in 1711. Incorporated as a separate town in 1881, it was named for the estate of Samuel Welles, who had

Wellesley College, private women’s college in Wellesley, Massachusetts, U.S., one of the Seven Sisters schools. A liberal arts college, Wellesley grants bachelor’s degrees in humanities, including Chinese, Japanese, and Russian languages; in social science, including Africana studies, religion, and

Wellesley Islands, group of islands lying off the northwestern coast of Queensland, Australia, in the Gulf of Carpentaria. Sighted in 1644 by the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman, they were charted (1802–03) by the British navigator Matthew Flinders and named in honour of Marquess Wellesley (Richard

Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley was a British statesman and government official. Wellesley, as governor of Madras (now Chennai) and governor-general of Bengal (both 1797–1805), greatly enlarged the British Empire in India and, as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821–28, 1833–34), attempted

Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley was a British statesman and government official. Wellesley, as governor of Madras (now Chennai) and governor-general of Bengal (both 1797–1805), greatly enlarged the British Empire in India and, as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821–28, 1833–34), attempted

Richard Colley Wellesley, Marquess Wellesley was a British statesman and government official. Wellesley, as governor of Madras (now Chennai) and governor-general of Bengal (both 1797–1805), greatly enlarged the British Empire in India and, as lord lieutenant of Ireland (1821–28, 1833–34), attempted

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington was an Irish-born commander of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars and later prime minister of Great Britain (1828–30). He first rose to military prominence in India, won successes in the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–14), and shared in the victory

Egon Wellesz was an Austrian composer and musicologist, highly esteemed as an authority on Byzantine music. A pupil of Guido Adler in musicology and of Arnold Schoenberg in composition, Wellesz taught at the University of Vienna (1930–38) before settling in England (1939), where he became an

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert: …work is the moralist tract De wellevenskunste (1586; “The Polite Art”), in which he holds that the true path can be found only through spiritual love.

Wellfleet, town (township), Barnstable county, Massachusetts, U.S. It lies on the northeastern arm of Cape Cod, 12 miles (19 km) south-southeast of Provincetown. First settled about 1724, it was incorporated in 1763 and gained prominence in the 19th century as a fishing port, having from 1830 to

Julius Wellhausen was a German biblical scholar best known for his analysis of the structure and dating of the Pentateuch. Wellhausen studied at the University of Göttingen and taught there briefly before becoming professor of the Old Testament at Greifswald in 1872, a position he resigned 10 years

Willingboro, township, Burlington county, western New Jersey, U.S. It lies midway between Camden and Trenton (both in New Jersey) on Rancocas Creek, just upstream from the creek’s mouth in the Delaware River. English Quakers settled there about 1677. The community, which originally included what is

Wellingborough, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Northamptonshire, England. It is situated east of Northampton along the River Nene. Wellingborough grew as a market town in the Middle Ages. After a fire in 1738, it was rebuilt on its present hill site.

Wellingborough: Wellingborough, town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Northamptonshire, England. It is situated east of Northampton along the River Nene.

Wellington, town (parish), Taunton Deane district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, southwestern England. It lies in the Vale of Taunton Deane, just west-southwest of Taunton. The first duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley, who took his title from the town), victor of the Battle of

nap: …four tricks, nap (five tricks), wellington (five tricks for doubled stakes), and blücher (five tricks for redoubled stakes). Wellington may only follow a bid of nap and blücher a bid of wellington.

Wellington, town, east-central New South Wales, Australia. It lies at the confluence of the Macquarie and Bell rivers. The future site of the town was used by John Oxley as a base for exploration (1817–18); he named it for the duke of Wellington. A convict settlement from 1823 to 1831, it was

Wellington, regional council, extreme southern North Island, New Zealand. It includes the cities of Wellington (the national capital) and Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, Porirua, and Masterton. The broad Hutt River valley, once the locale of dairy farms and market gardens, has absorbed much of Wellington

Wellington, capital city, port, and major commercial centre of New Zealand, located in the extreme south of North Island. It lies on the shores and hills surrounding Wellington Harbour (Port Nicholson), an almost landlocked bay that is ranked among the world’s finest harbours. Mount Victoria rises

Sir Barnes Wallis: …the Royal Air Force’s (RAF’s) Wellington bomber in World War II. His researches into detonation effects led to his inventing the rotating bouncing bomb that, when dropped from an aircraft, skipped over the water and exploded while sinking to the base of the retaining wall of a dam. This type…

campaign furniture: …of campaign furniture was the Wellington Chest, named after the 1st Duke of Wellington. It had 6 to 12 drawers of equal depth. The right-hand side of the frame, which overlapped the drawers, was hinged and fitted with a lock.

Antarctica: Post-IGY research: …New Zealand of a new Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (CRAMRA), also known as the Wellington Convention, by the representatives of 33 nations. The consultative parties designed CRAMRA to manage the exploitation and development of Antarctica’s nonrenewable resources, a subject not covered under the original 1959…

Cascade Tunnel: …Tunnel was necessitated by the Wellington Disaster of 1910, the deadliest avalanche disaster in U.S. history. In late February 1910 two Great Northern trains bound for Seattle made it through the old Cascade Tunnel but were forced to stop near the railroad community of Wellington because of severe winter weather.…

Wellington Harbour, inlet of Cook Strait indenting southern North Island, New Zealand. The almost circular harbour measures 7 miles (11 km) by 6 miles and covers a total of some 31 square miles (80 square km). At least 60 feet (18 metres) deep over most of its extent, the bay is one of the world’s

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington was an Irish-born commander of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars and later prime minister of Great Britain (1828–30). He first rose to military prominence in India, won successes in the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–14), and shared in the victory

Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington was an Irish-born commander of the British army during the Napoleonic Wars and later prime minister of Great Britain (1828–30). He first rose to military prominence in India, won successes in the Peninsular War in Spain (1808–14), and shared in the victory

Thomas Augustus Watson: …in partnership with his assistant, Frank O. Wellington. The two partners at first constructed marine engines, and then in 1896 they received their first government contract, for two destroyers. During the following eight years, Watson moved the shipyard to nearby Quincy, Massachusetts, changed the growing company’s name to the Fore…

virtual community: Canadian sociologist Barry Wellman defined community as “networks of interpersonal ties that provide sociability, support, information, a sense of belonging, and social identity”—and offered empirical evidence that at least some virtual communities fit these criteria. As has happened in the past, what people mean when they speak…

William Wellman was an American film director whose more than 80 movies included Hollywood classics of documentary-like realism and who was ranked as an action director alongside Howard Hawks and John Ford. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Wellman’s stockbroker father

William Wellman was an American film director whose more than 80 movies included Hollywood classics of documentary-like realism and who was ranked as an action director alongside Howard Hawks and John Ford. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film preservation.) Wellman’s stockbroker father

recreation therapy: Models of recreation therapy: In contrast, a wellness-oriented model is based on the assumption that growth and development are unique to each individual and occur in response to both internal biology and a supportive and nourishing environment. Here health represents a full and optimal expression of the individual’s capacities and uniqueness, while…

recreation therapy: Models of recreation therapy: In contrast, a wellness-oriented model is based on the assumption that growth and development are unique to each individual and occur in response to both internal biology and a supportive and nourishing environment. Here health represents a full and optimal expression of the individual’s capacities and uniqueness, while…

Wells, city, Mendip district, administrative and historic county of Somerset, southwestern England. It lies at the southern foot of the Mendip Hills, just north of a small tributary of the River Brue. The name derives from the many springs rising near the cathedral, which was begun in the 12th

Western sculpture: Early Gothic: …is the west front of Wells cathedral (c. 1225–40), where the sculpture, while comparing reasonably well in style with near-contemporary French developments, is spread across the upper facade and hardly related at all to the portal.

Wells Fargo, multinational financial services company with headquarters in San Francisco, California. The founders of the original company were Henry Wells (1805–78) and William George Fargo (1818–81), who had earlier helped establish the American Express Company. They and other investors

Frank Lloyd: …earned praise for the western Wells Fargo, with Joel McCrea as an employee of the banking and shipping company. If I Were King (1938) gave Colman one of his best vehicles as the swashbuckling poet François Villon, who battles Louis XI (Basil Rathbone).

Wells Fargo: In 1905 Wells Fargo’s banking operations (in California) were separated from its express operations and merged with the Nevada National Bank (founded 1875) to form the Wells Fargo Nevada National Bank. In 1923 this bank merged with the Union Trust Company (founded 1893) to form the Wells…

Cariboo Mountains: Wells Gray and Bowron Lake provincial parks occupy the western slopes, where there is some lumbering and ranching in addition to mining.

Alice Stebbins Wells was an American minister and social welfare worker who, in 1910, became the first woman appointed to the Los Angeles Police Department. Although Stebbins was not the first female police officer in the United States, she is believed to have been the first to hold powers of

Sarah Polley: …Doug Liman’s Go (1999) and Audrey Wells’s Guinevere (1999) earned her rave reviews and major industry buzz. Yet she eschewed mainstream fame and gave her allegiance instead to the Canadian film industry, backing out of the star-making role of Penny Lane in Cameron Crowe’s Oscar-winning Almost Famous (2000) to star…

Carolyn Wells was a prolific American writer remembered largely for her popular mysteries, children’s books, and humorous verse. Wells supplemented her formal education with an early-formed habit of voracious reading. After completing her schooling she worked as a librarian for the Rahway Library

Charles Jeremiah Wells was an English writer, author (under the pseudonym H.L. Howard) of Joseph and His Brethren: A Scriptural Drama in Two Acts (1823), a long dramatic poem in the style of the Elizabethan dramatists, which enjoyed an immense vogue among the Pre-Raphaelites and their followers

David Ames Wells was a popular American writer on science and economics who, as chairman of the National Revenue Commission, helped to create the U.S. Bureau of Statistics and to establish an empirical basis for taxation in the United States. A graduate of Williams College (1847), Wells later

A.J. Ayer: Later years: …his second wife, the writer Dee Wells. His third wife, Vanessa Lawson (formerly married to Nigel Lawson, the chancellor of the Exchequer), died in 1984, leaving him bereft. Suffering from emphysema, he collapsed in 1988 and underwent a remarkable near-death experience, in which, as he later described, he seemed to…

Dicky Wells was a leading American jazz trombonist who was noted, especially in the big band era, for his melodic creativity and expressive techniques. Wells began playing trombone in his youth in Louisville, Kentucky, and at about age 20 he moved to New York City, becoming a member of the Lloyd

Dicky Wells was a leading American jazz trombonist who was noted, especially in the big band era, for his melodic creativity and expressive techniques. Wells began playing trombone in his youth in Louisville, Kentucky, and at about age 20 he moved to New York City, becoming a member of the Lloyd