biblical literature: Later and modern editions: E. Wells, a British mathematician and theological writer (1719), was the first to edit a complete New Testament that abandoned the T.R. in favor of more ancient manuscripts; and English scholar Richard Bentley (1720) also tried to go back to early manuscripts to restore an…

Emmeline Blanche Woodward Wells was an American religious leader and feminist who made use of her editorship of the Mormon publication Woman’s Exponent to campaign energetically for woman suffrage. Emmeline Woodward followed her widowed mother in converting to Mormonism in 1842. She moved with her

H.G. Wells was an English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds and such comic novels as Tono-Bungay and The History of Mr. Polly. Wells was the son of domestic servants turned small shopkeepers. He

Henry Wells was a pioneering American businessman who was one of the founders of the American Express Company and of Wells Fargo & Company. Wells’s father, the Rev. Shipley Wells, was a preacher, and his mother led an itinerant life for 20 years. In 1814 the family settled permanently in Seneca

H.G. Wells was an English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction novels as The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds and such comic novels as Tono-Bungay and The History of Mr. Polly. Wells was the son of domestic servants turned small shopkeepers. He

Horace Wells was an American dentist, a pioneer in the use of surgical anesthesia. While practicing in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1844, Wells noted the pain-killing properties of nitrous oxide (“laughing gas”) during a laughing-gas road show and thereafter used it in performing painless dental

Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an American journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. Ida Wells was born into slavery. She was educated at Rust University, a freedmen’s school in her native Holly Springs,

Stanford White: …aided by their gifted draftsman Joseph Morrill Wells, led the American trend toward Neoclassicism and away from styles then being developed in Chicago and elsewhere.

Julie Andrews is an English motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for her crystalline four-octave voice and her charm and skill as an actress. At the age of 10, Andrews began singing with her pianist mother and singer stepfather (whose last name she legally adopted) in their music-hall act.

Junior Wells was an American blues singer and harmonica player and one of the musicians who introduced electric Chicago blues to international audiences. From 1965, he was one of the most popular of all blues performers. The son of an Arkansas sharecropper, Wells moved in 1946 with his mother to

Kitty Wells was an American country music singer and songwriter who was the first female star of the genre. Deason sang gospel music in church as a child. In the 1930s she made her radio debut and took her stage name, Kitty Wells, from a Carter Family song. She married Johnny Wright in 1937, and

Motown: …child and an adult), and Mary Wells. In addition to the Miracles, who notched Motown’s first million-selling single, “Shop Around” (1960), there were several young singing groups, including the Temptations, Martha and the Vandellas, and the Marvelettes. There also were a number of somewhat older groups that scored big, such…

Mary Wells Lawrence: She cofounded the Wells Rich Greene (WRG) advertising agency, which became noted for its campaigns for Alka Seltzer (“Plop, Plop, Fizz, Fizz”), the Ford Motor Company (“Quality Is Job One”), and New York City (“I Love [represented by a heart icon] New York”).

Shannon Wells Lucid is an American astronaut who from 1996 to 2007 held the world record for most time in space by a woman and from 1996 to 2002 held the record for the longest-duration spaceflight by any U.S. astronaut. Lucid was born in China as the daughter of Baptist missionaries and with her

Genographic Project: Project overview: …directed by American population geneticist Spencer Wells and was overseen by the National Geographic Society and by International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), which, along with the Waitt Family Foundation, provided funding for the research. The project consisted of three main components: fieldwork, public participation, and the Genographic Legacy Fund. Fieldwork…

Dicky Wells was a leading American jazz trombonist who was noted, especially in the big band era, for his melodic creativity and expressive techniques. Wells began playing trombone in his youth in Louisville, Kentucky, and at about age 20 he moved to New York City, becoming a member of the Lloyd

Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an American journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. Ida Wells was born into slavery. She was educated at Rust University, a freedmen’s school in her native Holly Springs,

Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an American journalist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States in the 1890s. She later was active in promoting justice for African Americans. Ida Wells was born into slavery. She was educated at Rust University, a freedmen’s school in her native Holly Springs,

Wellsburg, city, seat (1797) of Brooke county, in the northern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River, about 15 miles (24 km) north of Wheeling, West Virginia, and opposite Brilliant, Ohio. Settled in 1772, it was chartered as Charlestown in 1791 but was renamed in 1816 to

Sharon Olds: …her own life, as does The Wellspring (1996), a collection of poems treating marital and parental relationships.

Paul David Wellstone was a U.S. senator from Minnesota (1991–2002) who was often referred to as the most liberal member of the Senate and who was respected as a man of principle who did not forsake his convictions for political expediency. Wellstone’s father was an immigrant Russian Jew, and his

wels, large, voracious catfish of the family Siluridae, native to large rivers and lakes from central Europe to western Asia. One of the largest catfishes, as well as one of the largest of European freshwater fishes, the wels attains a length of about 4.5 m (15 feet) and a weight of 300 kg (660

Wels, city, north-central Austria. It lies along the Traun River at the foothills of the Eastern Alps, southwest of Linz. The site has been occupied since prehistoric times. Wels originated as the Roman Ovilava, capital of Noricum province. In the European Middle Ages it was a leading market town.

Carl Auer, Freiherr von Welsbach was an Austrian chemist and engineer who invented the gas mantle, thus allowing the greatly increased output of light by gas lamps. In 1885 Welsbach discovered and isolated the elements neodymium and praseodymium from a mixture called didymium, which was previously

Welser Family was a family of German merchants, most prominent from the 15th to the 17th century. It first became important in the 15th century, when the brothers Bartholomew and Lucas Welser carried on an extensive trade with the Levant and elsewhere, and had branches in southern Germany and

Wels: …a big annual fair (the Welser Messe). Wels manufactures agricultural machinery, textiles, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and building materials. It is also an important regional centre of retail and wholesale trade. Pop. (2006) 58,607.

Cleveland Orchestra: …Christoph von Dohnányi (1984–2002), and Franz Welser-Möst (2002– ).

Wales: Ethnic groups and languages: Welsh and English are the two major linguistic and ethnic traditions in Wales. The Welsh border region, known historically as the Marches (a patrolled frontier region), in particular is characterized by an amalgam of the Welsh and English cultures. Welsh was still spoken by about…

Celtic literature: The second revival: …others, the establishment of the Welsh Academy (Yr Academi Gymreig) in 1959 and the publication of its review Taliesin made an outstanding contribution.

Wales: Cultural institutions: The Welsh Arts Council provides government assistance for literature, art, music, film, and drama. The council helps arrange tours of Wales by British and foreign orchestras and supports art exhibitions, Welsh- and English-language theatre companies and theatres, regional arts associations, and music societies and festivals, particularly…

Welsh Corgi, either of two breeds (Pembroke Welsh Corgi and Cardigan Welsh Corgi) of affectionate dogs developed in Wales to herd animals. The breeds are similar in appearance but are of different origins, and the tail of the Pembroke is usually docked. Their resemblance results from crosses

museum: Early period of reassessment: Fagans, Wales (the Museum of Welsh Life; opened as the Welsh Folk Museum in 1948). The preservation and restoration of buildings or entire settlements in situ also began; particularly well known is Colonial Williamsburg, founded in Virginia in 1926. A new type of science museum also emerged, in…

Congregationalism: Wales, Ireland, and Scotland: …but organized separately in the Union of Welsh Independents. These churches grew up originally in the countryside but moved successfully to the developing industrial valleys in the 19th century. The churches have been strong centres of distinctively Welsh culture, and their ministers have often been national leaders. Their influence diminished…

Wales: Political radicalism: …with Wales, such as the Welsh Intermediate Education Act (1889) and the Church Disestablishment Act (1914), was a parliamentary success matched in cultural life by the founding of three university colleges and the federal University of Wales and the securing of a royal charter for the establishment of the National…

Welsh language, member of the Brythonic group of the Celtic languages, spoken in Wales. Modern Welsh, like English, makes very little use of inflectional endings; British, the Brythonic language from which Welsh is descended, was, however, an inflecting language like Latin, with word endings

Plaid Cymru: History: …and the passage of the Welsh Language Act of 1993. The Welsh Language Board, established under provisions of the 1993 act, promoted the use of the Welsh language and sought to give Welsh equal legal weight with English in the conduct of government business and the administration of justice.

Plaid Cymru: History: …about the passage of the Welsh Language Act of 1967 and the establishment of the Welsh Development Agency in 1974. The party also influenced other important changes, including the creation of a Welsh television channel in 1982 and the passage of the Welsh Language Act of 1993. The Welsh Language…

Plaid Cymru: History: The formation of the Welsh Language Society in 1962 was particularly propitious, because it allowed Plaid to turn more of its attention to electoral politics. The party won its first seat in Parliament in a by-election in 1966, and its policies helped to bring about the passage of the…

Welsh law, the native law of Wales. Although increasingly superseded by English law after the 13th century, Welsh law has been preserved in lawbooks that represent important documents of medieval Welsh prose. The traditional name given to Welsh law is Cyfraith Hywel, or Law of Howel. Howel Dda

museum: Early period of reassessment: Fagans, Wales (the Museum of Welsh Life; opened as the Welsh Folk Museum in 1948). The preservation and restoration of buildings or entire settlements in situ also began; particularly well known is Colonial Williamsburg, founded in Virginia in 1926. A new type of science museum also emerged, in…

Welsh literary renaissance, literary activity centring in Wales and England in the mid-18th century that attempted to stimulate interest in the Welsh language and in the classical bardic verse forms of Wales. The movement centred on Lewis, Richard, and William Morris, Welsh scholars who preserved

Welsh literature, body of writings in the Welsh language with a rich and unbroken history stretching from the 6th century to the present. A brief treatment of Welsh literature follows. For full treatment, see Celtic literature: Welsh. The history of Welsh literature may be divided into two main

military technology: The English longbow: The longbow evolved during the 12th century in response to the demands of siege and guerrilla operations in the Welsh Marches, a topographically close and economically marginal area that was in many ways similar to the regions in which the crossbow had evolved…

cockfighting: …killed or disabled, and the Welsh main, in which eight pairs were matched, the eight victors paired again, then four, and finally the last surviving pair.

Plaid Cymru, political party that has sought self-government for Wales and worked for the protection and promotion of Welsh language, culture, and traditions. More a social movement than a political party in its early years, Plaid Cymru was founded in 1925 in response to a perceived threat to Welsh

Welsh pony, breed of small horse popular as a child’s or an adult’s mount. A hardy breed that developed in the Welsh mountains, the Welsh pony was originally used in coal mines. A saddle type was developed by introducing Thoroughbred and Arabian blood. Welsh ponies are about 12 hands (48 inches, or

Meconopsis: …European representative is the yellow-flowered Welsh poppy (M. cambrica).

Welsh rarebit, a traditional British dish consisting of toasted bread topped with a savory cheddar cheese sauce that typically includes such ingredients as beer or ale, Worcestershire sauce, cayenne, mustard, and paprika. If an egg is served atop the dish, it is called buck rarebit. The origins of

Welsh rarebit, a traditional British dish consisting of toasted bread topped with a savory cheddar cheese sauce that typically includes such ingredients as beer or ale, Worcestershire sauce, cayenne, mustard, and paprika. If an egg is served atop the dish, it is called buck rarebit. The origins of

Wales: Constitutional framework: …of 2014, which established the Welsh Revenue Authority to manage and collect taxes for the Welsh government. The 60-seat National Assembly comprises 40 members who are directly elected from the 40 parliamentary constituencies and an additional 20 members who are elected through proportional representation. The National Assembly elects a first…

Border Collie, breed of herding dog, typically an outstanding sheepdog, which has been used along the English-Scottish border for about 300 years. The product of crossing ancient Roman-era and Viking-era herding dogs, the Border Collie is considered to be among the most intelligent dog breeds, and

springer spaniel: The Welsh springer spaniel, known since at least the 14th century, is somewhat smaller than the English; its flat coat is always red-brown and white, with feathering on the chest, legs, and belly. It stands 17 to 19 inches (43 to 48 cm). It is noted…

Welsh terrier, breed of terrier native to Wales, where it has been used as a hunter of foxes, otters, and badgers. The Welsh terrier is a small, Airedale-like dog with a characteristically game and energetic nature. It has a hard, wiry coat, usually black-and-tan, stands about 15 inches (38 cm)

Welshpool, town, Powys county, historic county of Montgomeryshire, eastern Wales. It lies in the valley of the River Severn, just west of the boundary with Shropshire, England. Welshpool’s charter, granting market rights, dates from 1263. Lying near the English border, the town showed pro-English

continental philosophy: Schopenhauer: In his major philosophical work, The World as Will and Representation (1819), Schopenhauer reiterated Kant’s claim that, given the structure of human cognition, knowledge of things as they really are is impossible; the best that can be obtained are comparatively superficial representations of things.

Albert Renger-Patzsch: In his book Die Welt ist schön (1928; “The World Is Beautiful”), he showed images from both nature and industry, all treated in his clear, transparent style. Such images were closely related to the paintings of the Neue Sachlichkeit movement of painters, who created detached and literal renderings…

Die Welt, daily newspaper, one of the most influential in Germany and the only one of national scope and stature published in Bonn during that city’s time as West German capital. Die Welt was established in 1946 as a four-page semiweekly by British occupation authorities in Hamburg. The paper’s

Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling: Period of the later, unpublished philosophy: …Die Weltalter (written in 1811; The Ages of the World) and through the manuscripts of his later lectures. In Die Weltalter Schelling wanted to relate the history of God. God, who originally is absorbed in a quiet longing, comes to himself by glimpsing in himself ideas through which he becomes…

Carl von Ossietzky: …and became editor of the Weltbühne, a liberal political weekly, in 1927, where in a series of articles he unmasked the Reichswehr (German army) leaders’ secret preparations for rearmament. Accused of treason, Ossietzky was sentenced in November 1931 to 18 months’ imprisonment but was granted amnesty in December 1932.

Friedrich Meinecke: In Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat (1908; Cosmopolitanism and the National State), he optimistically traced Germany’s emergence from the cosmopolitanism of the 18th century to the nationalism of the 19th. His Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte (1924; Machiavellism; the Doctrine of Raison d’État and Its Place in Modern History) has…

Rudolf von Ems: …Alexander, Willehalm von Orlens, and Weltchronik, an ambitious, uncompleted world chronicle that ends with the death of Solomon. The popularity of Rudolf’s writings can be gauged by the fact that there are more than 80 extant manuscripts and manuscript fragments of the Weltchronik alone.

Simon Markovich Dubnow: …historical studies is his monumental Die Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes, 10 vol. (1925–30; “The World History of the Jewish People”; Eng. trans. History of the Jews), which was translated into several languages. The work is notable for its scholarship, impartiality, and cognizance of social and economic currents in Jewish history.…

Jacob Burckhardt: Works of Jacob Burckhardt: Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen (1905; Force and Freedom: Reflections on History, 1943) epitomizes his philosophy of history. Historische Fragmente (“Historical Fragments,” 1929 in Gesamtausgabe; Judgments on History and Historians, 1958) selects highlights from his lecture manuscripts and demonstrates impressively Burckhardt’s gift for visualizing history as a whole. Both books contain…

Emil Welti was a statesman, six times president of the Swiss Confederation, and a champion of federal centralization. Political leader and Landammann (chief executive) of his native canton of Aargau in 1858, 1862, and 1866, Welti entered the federal Ständerat (council of cantons) in 1857 and

Emil Welti was a statesman, six times president of the Swiss Confederation, and a champion of federal centralization. Political leader and Landammann (chief executive) of his native canton of Aargau in 1858, 1862, and 1866, Welti entered the federal Ständerat (council of cantons) in 1857 and

Roman Catholicism: Aftermath of the council: … called the emergence of the Weltkirche (German: “world church”). Vatican II was not dominated by the churches of Europe and the Americas, the traditional centers of Catholic strength. The Weltkirche continued to develop during the rest of the 20th century, as the Roman Catholic Church established a vigorous presence in…

20th-century international relations: Germany’s new course: …in favor of a flamboyant Weltpolitik (world policy) aimed at making Germany’s presence abroad commensurate with her new industrial might. Where Bismarck considered colonies a dangerous luxury given Germany’s geographic position, the kaiser thought them indispensable for Germany’s future. Where Bismarck sought alliances to avoid the risk of war on…

Weltschmerz, the prevailing mood of melancholy and pessimism associated with the poets of the Romantic era that arose from their refusal or inability to adjust to those realities of the world that they saw as destructive of their right to subjectivity and personal freedom—a phenomenon thought to

Eudora Welty was an American short-story writer and novelist whose work is mainly focused with great precision on the regional manners of people inhabiting a small Mississippi town that resembles her own birthplace and the Delta country. Welty attended Mississippi State College for Women before

Eudora Welty was an American short-story writer and novelist whose work is mainly focused with great precision on the regional manners of people inhabiting a small Mississippi town that resembles her own birthplace and the Delta country. Welty attended Mississippi State College for Women before

plant: Annotated classification: >Welwitschia. Division Pinophyta (conifers) Gymnospermous plants; mostly trees with abundant xylem composed of tracheids only; resin ducts present; leaves simple, needlelike, scalelike, with a single vein or, less commonly, strap-shaped with multiple veins; reproduction by well-defined cones; seeds exposed on

welwitschia, (Welwitschia mirabilis), unusual gymnosperm plant that is the sole member of the gnetophyte family Welwitschiaceae. Welwitschia is found only in the Namib desert of southwestern Africa near the coast of Angola and Namibia as well as inland to about 150 km (more than 90 miles). It is

welwitschia, (Welwitschia mirabilis), unusual gymnosperm plant that is the sole member of the gnetophyte family Welwitschiaceae. Welwitschia is found only in the Namib desert of southwestern Africa near the coast of Angola and Namibia as well as inland to about 150 km (more than 90 miles). It is

welwitschia, (Welwitschia mirabilis), unusual gymnosperm plant that is the sole member of the gnetophyte family Welwitschiaceae. Welwitschia is found only in the Namib desert of southwestern Africa near the coast of Angola and Namibia as well as inland to about 150 km (more than 90 miles). It is

Welwitschiaceae, family of gymnosperm plants in the order Gnetales. The only extant genus, Welwitschia, comprises a single species, W. mirabilis, native to the Namib desert of southwestern Africa. A number of fossilized leafy shoots, seedlings, pollen, and microstrobili (cones) similar to

gnetophyte: Annotated classification: Order Welwitschiales 2 immense, permanent leaves, which become split and frayed with age; seeds with winglike extensions that may aid in dispersal; restricted to Namib Desert of Africa and vicinity; 1 family, Welwitschiaceae, with 1 member, Welwitschia mirabilis. There

Welwyn Garden City, new town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area) in Welwyn Hatfield district, administrative and historic county of Hertfordshire, southeast-central England. It is located on the northern periphery of London. It was founded in 1920 by Sir Ebenezer Howard as a planned town to

Welwyn Garden City, new town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area) in Welwyn Hatfield district, administrative and historic county of Hertfordshire, southeast-central England. It is located on the northern periphery of London. It was founded in 1920 by Sir Ebenezer Howard as a planned town to

Welwyn Hatfield, district, administrative and historic county of Hertfordshire, southeastern England, directly north of the metropolitan county of Greater London. Welwyn Garden City is the district seat. Welwyn Hatfield district is an area of rolling open countryside within the Thames basin, and

Victor Wembanyama is a French professional basketball player known for his graceful style of play and extraordinary height (7 feet 4 inches [2.23 meters]). He was widely considered to be the most promising prospect of his generation when he was selected by the San Antonio Spurs with the first pick

Brent: …1965 by the amalgamation of Wembley and Willesden (both in the former Middlesex county). It is named for the small River Brent, a tributary of the River Thames that formed the boundary between the former boroughs of Wembley and Willesden. Within the borough are Victorian and later residential suburbs, industrial…

Wembley Stadium, stadium in the borough of Brent in northwestern London, England, built as a replacement for an older structure of the same name on the same site. The new Wembley was the largest stadium in Great Britain at the time of its opening in 2007, with a seating capacity of 90,000. It is

Ouémé River, river rising in the Atacora massif in northwestern Benin. It is approximately 310 miles (500 km) in length and flows southward, where it is joined by its main affluent, the Okpara, on the left bank and by the Zou on the right. It then divides into two branches, the western one

Claire Trevor was an American actor who appeared in dozens of motion pictures during her half-century-long career, often as a tough-talking though vulnerable and kindhearted floozy. Films of the 1930s and ’40s provided many of her most notable roles, among them a prostitute in Stagecoach (1939); a

Margaret Laurence was a Canadian writer whose novels portray strong women striving for self-realization while immersed in the daily struggle to make a living in a male-dominated world. Her first publications reflect her life with her engineer husband (later divorced) in Somaliland (1950–52) and

Wen Zhengming was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and scholarly figure who was a student of Shen Zhou; these two artists are considered the leading figures of the Wu school of scholar-artists in China. Born to an established family, Wen Zhengming was brought up in a strongly Confucian home, and he

Chinese painting: Ming dynasty (1368–1644): …Wen Jia and his nephew Wen Boren. Their landscapes display a lyrical delicacy in composition, touch, and colour, qualities that in the work of lesser late Ming artists of the Wu school degenerated into a precious and artificial style.

Wendi, the Chinese god of literature, whose chief heavenly task, assigned by the Jade Emperor (Yudi), is to keep a log of men of letters so that he can mete out rewards and punishments to each according to merit. He also maintains a register of the titles and honours each writer has received. Among

Wendi, the Chinese god of literature, whose chief heavenly task, assigned by the Jade Emperor (Yudi), is to keep a log of men of letters so that he can mete out rewards and punishments to each according to merit. He also maintains a register of the titles and honours each writer has received. Among

Wen Zhengming was a Chinese painter, calligrapher, and scholarly figure who was a student of Shen Zhou; these two artists are considered the leading figures of the Wu school of scholar-artists in China. Born to an established family, Wen Zhengming was brought up in a strongly Confucian home, and he

Wen Tingyun was a Chinese lyric poet of the late Tang dynasty who helped to establish a new style of versification associated with the ci form, which flourished in the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279). Derived from ballads performed by professional female singers in the wineshops and brothels of

Lu Ji: The Art of Writing), a subtle and important work of literary criticism that defines and demonstrates the principles of composition with rare insight and precision.

Xie Lingyun: …Six Dynasties poets in the Wenxuan (“Literary Anthology”), the 6th-century canon that defined later Chinese literary tastes.

Chinese painting: Ming dynasty (1368–1644): …gifted pupils were his son Wen Jia and his nephew Wen Boren. Their landscapes display a lyrical delicacy in composition, touch, and colour, qualities that in the work of lesser late Ming artists of the Wu school degenerated into a precious and artificial style.

Wen Jiabao is a Chinese official who was the premier (prime minister) of China from 2003 to 2013. Wen studied at the Beijing Institute of Geology, where he earned a graduate degree in structural geology in 1968. While a student at the institute, he joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and upon

Wen Tingyun was a Chinese lyric poet of the late Tang dynasty who helped to establish a new style of versification associated with the ci form, which flourished in the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279). Derived from ballads performed by professional female singers in the wineshops and brothels of

Wen Tingyun was a Chinese lyric poet of the late Tang dynasty who helped to establish a new style of versification associated with the ci form, which flourished in the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279). Derived from ballads performed by professional female singers in the wineshops and brothels of

Wendi, the Chinese god of literature, whose chief heavenly task, assigned by the Jade Emperor (Yudi), is to keep a log of men of letters so that he can mete out rewards and punishments to each according to merit. He also maintains a register of the titles and honours each writer has received. Among

Wen Tingyun was a Chinese lyric poet of the late Tang dynasty who helped to establish a new style of versification associated with the ci form, which flourished in the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279). Derived from ballads performed by professional female singers in the wineshops and brothels of

Chinese painting: Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …Mi Fu, the bamboo painter Wen Tong, the plum painter and priest Zhongren Huaguang, and the figure and horse painter Li Gonglin. Su and Mi, together with their friend Huang Tingjian, were also the foremost calligraphers of the dynasty, all three developing the tradition established by Zhang Xu, Yan Zhenqing,…