Peter A.B. Widener was an American transportation magnate and philanthropist. The son of poor parents, Widener began his working career as a butcher, eventually establishing a successful chain of meat stores. At the same time, he became active in Philadelphia politics, rising to the position of

Peter A.B. Widener was an American transportation magnate and philanthropist. The son of poor parents, Widener began his working career as a butcher, eventually establishing a successful chain of meat stores. At the same time, he became active in Philadelphia politics, rising to the position of

linear accelerator: …years later, the Norwegian engineer Rolf Wideröe built the first machine of this kind, successfully accelerating potassium ions to an energy of 50,000 electron volts (50 kiloelectron volts).

Hermann Götz: …opera Der widerspänstigen Zähmung (1874; The Taming of the Shrew) achieved immediate success for its spontaneous style and lighthearted characterization. His other works include a less successful opera, Francesca da Rimini (1877; completed by Ernst Frank), chamber and choral works, an overture, a piano concerto, and a symphony.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Ethical and religious thought of Dietrich Bonhoeffer: …in 1951 (Widerstand und Ergebung; Letters and Papers from Prison, 1953, enlarged ed. 1997), are of interest both for their theological themes, especially as developed in the letters to his friend and later editor and biographer, Eberhard Bethge, and for their remarkable reflection on cultural and spiritual life. Reviewing the…

Omaha Beach: The landing beach: …there were 13 strongpoints called Widerstandsnester (“resistance nests”). Numerous other fighting positions dotted the area, supported by an extensive trench system. The defending forces consisted of three battalions of the veteran 352nd Infantry Division. Their weapons were fixed to cover the beach with grazing enfilade fire as well as plunging…

James Ellroy: …Ellroy published the stand-alone novel Widespread Panic, a fictionalized account of Freddy Otash, a real-life police officer turned private investigator who uncovered numerous Hollywood secrets while working for the celebrity tabloid Confidential in the 1950s.

wigeon, any of four species of dabbling ducks (family Anatidae), popular game birds and excellent table fare. The European wigeon (Anas, or Mareca, penelope) ranges across the Palaearctic and is occasionally found in the Nearctic regions. The American wigeon, or baldpate (A. americana), breeds in

widget, widely used type of Internet-based consumer software, particularly popular on social networking sites, that runs within a member’s profile page. Widgets include games, quizzes, photo-manipulation tools, and news tickers. In their simplest form, they provide such features as videos, music

Vidin, port town, extreme northwestern Bulgaria, on the Danube River. An agricultural and trade centre, Vidin has a fertile hinterland renowned for its wines and is the site of an annual fair. A regular ferry service connects it with Calafat, across the Danube in Romania. Vidin occupies the site of

Joseph Viktor Widmann was a Swiss writer, editor, and critic. Widmann settled in Switzerland early in life. As literary editor of the Bern daily newspaper Der Bund from 1880 to 1910, he occupied an authoritative position in Swiss letters and promoted many talented writers. He was himself an

Widmanstätten pattern, lines that appear in some iron meteorites when a cross section of the meteorite is etched with weak acid. The pattern is named for Alois von Widmanstätten, a Viennese scientist who discovered it in 1808. It represents a section through a three-dimensional octahedral structure

Widmanstätten pattern, lines that appear in some iron meteorites when a cross section of the meteorite is etched with weak acid. The pattern is named for Alois von Widmanstätten, a Viennese scientist who discovered it in 1808. It represents a section through a three-dimensional octahedral structure

Swiss People’s Party: …and was replaced there by Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, from the party’s moderate wing. In protest, the party withdrew from the country’s governing coalition. By going into opposition, the party suspended Switzerland’s consensus style of government, which had been in effect since 1959. The withdrawal was only temporary, however: in 2008 a…

Widnes, town in the unitary authority of Halton, historic county of Lancashire, northwestern England. It is situated on the north bank of the River Mersey at its lowest bridging point and on the southern periphery of the Liverpool metropolitan region. The modern town is a result of 19th-century

Joko Widodo is an Indonesian businessman, politician, and government official who served as governor of Jakarta (2012–14) and as president of Indonesia (2014–24). Joko Widodo, commonly called Jokowi, who attracted international attention with his populist style of campaigning and his anticorruption

Charles-Marie Widor was a French organist, composer, and teacher. The son and grandson of organ builders, Widor began his studies under his father and at the age of 11 became organist at the secondary school of Lyon. After studies in organ and composition in Brussels, he returned to Lyon (1860) to

Charles-Marie Widor was a French organist, composer, and teacher. The son and grandson of organ builders, Widor began his studies under his father and at the age of 11 became organist at the secondary school of Lyon. After studies in organ and composition in Brussels, he returned to Lyon (1860) to

Thomas Keneally: … (2000), The Tyrant’s Novel (2003), The Widow and Her Hero (2007), The Daughters of Mars (2012), and Crimes of the Father (2017). The Dickens Boy (2020) is a fictionalized account of English novelist Charles Dickens’s youngest son, who emigrated to Australia while a teenager.

John Fairfield Dryden: …a few backers founded the Widows and Orphans Friendly Society in Newark, N.J. It was succeeded in 1875 by the Prudential Friendly Society, which took the name Prudential Insurance Company of America in 1877. Dryden was secretary of the company from 1875 to 1881 and president from 1881 until his…

John Irving: …in India, was followed by A Widow for One Year (1998; adapted as the film The Door in the Floor, 2008) and The Fourth Hand (2001).

José Sarria was a Latino American drag performer and political activist who was the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States. (He ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors—the legislative body of the city and county—in 1961). Sarria was the

Pleurothallis: The widow orchid (P. macrophylla) is a dark, deep purple.

spider: Venom: Widows exhibit warning coloration as a red hourglass-shaped mark on the underside of the abdomen; some have a red stripe. Because the spider hangs upside down in its web, the hourglass mark is conspicuous. The venom contains a nerve toxin that causes severe pain in…

Joyce Carol Oates: …2011 Oates published the memoir A Widow’s Story, in which she mourned her husband’s death. The Lost Landscape: A Writer’s Coming of Age (2015) is a memoir elliptically documenting her childhood.

spiderwort: Major species: …in the garden is the common spiderwort, or widow’s tears (T. virginiana), an upright juicy-stemmed plant with white to pink or purple flowers.

whydah, any of several African birds that have long dark tails suggesting a funeral veil. They belong to two subfamilies, Viduinae and Ploceinae, of the family Ploceidae (order Passeriformes). The name is associated with Whydah (Ouidah), a town in Benin where the birds are common. In the Viduinae,

dramatic literature: Drama and communal belief: …themes as slum landlordism (Widowers’ Houses, 1892) and prostitution (Mrs. Warren’s Profession, 1902), resulted only in failure, but Shaw quickly found a comic style that was more disarming. In his attack on false patriotism (Arms and the Man, 1894) and the motives for middle-class marriage (Candida, 1897), he does…

Christianity: Care for widows and orphans: The Christian congregation has traditionally cared for the poor, the sick, widows, and orphans. The Letter of James says: “Religion that is pure and undefiled before God is this: to visit orphans and widows in their affliction.” Widows formed a special group…

B-26, U.S. medium bomber used during World War II. It was designed by the Glenn L. Martin Company Aviation in response to a January 1939 Army Air Forces requirement calling for a fast heavily-armed medium bomber; the result was an exceptionally clean design with a high wing, a torpedo-shaped

Gillian Flynn: …Flynn cowrote the screenplay for Widows with director Steve McQueen. The movie received wide acclaim for transcending the heist genre to offer a complex narrative of race, class, and gender. She then created and cowrote the television series Utopia (2020), which centres on a group of comic-book fans trying to…

John Updike: …of witches, was followed by The Widows of Eastwick (2008), which trails the women into old age. Bech: A Book (1970), Bech Is Back (1982), and Bech at Bay (1998) humorously trace the tribulations of a Jewish writer.

Widsith, Old English poem, probably from the 7th century, that is preserved in the Exeter Book, a 10th-century collection of Old English poetry. “Widsith” is an idealized self-portrait of a scop (minstrel) of the Germanic heroic age who wandered widely and was welcomed in many mead halls, where he

ship: Naval architecture: The beam is the greatest breadth of the ship. The depth is measured at the middle of the length, from the top of the keel to the top of the deck beam at the side of the uppermost continuous deck. Draft is measured from the keel to the waterline, while…

Germany: Charlemagne of Germany: …unity under the leadership of Widukind, who succeeded longer than any other leader in holding together a majority of chieftains in armed resistance to the Franks. Ultimately, internal feuding led to the capitulation even of Widukind. He surrendered, was baptized, and, like Tassilo, was imprisoned in a monastery for the…

Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers was an English noble, a leading supporter of his brother-in-law, the Yorkist king Edward IV. Anthony and his father, Sir Richard Woodville (afterward 1st Earl Rivers), fought for the Lancastrians against the Yorkists in the early years of the Wars of the Roses

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: …Gertrud ihre Kinder lehrt (1801; How Gertrude Teaches Her Children) contains the main principles of intellectual education: that the child’s innate faculties should be evolved and that he should learn how to think, proceeding gradually from observation to comprehension to the formation of clear ideas. Although the teaching method is…

Canadian literature: Fiction: …A Discovery of Strangers (1994), Rudy Wiebe constructed fictional and spiritual epics based on historical events in the west and the precarious relations between First Nations and European explorers and settlers. In The Wars (1977), Timothy Findley’s narrator, through letters, clippings, and photographs, re-creates the effects of World War I…

Gabby Douglas: …lost the all-around gold to Jordyn Wieber, the reigning world and national all-around champion. In addition to taking the all-around silver medal, Douglas claimed gold on the uneven bars and bronze in the floor exercise. Weeks later, at the U.S. Olympic trials, Douglas narrowly edged out Wieber to claim the…

Earth exploration: Conclusions about the deep Earth: The mantle–core boundary is the Gutenberg discontinuity at a depth of about 2,800 kilometres. The outer core is thought to be liquid because shear waves do not pass through it.

Clara Schumann was a German pianist, composer, and wife of composer Robert Schumann. Encouraged by her father, she studied piano from the age of five and by 1835 had established a reputation throughout Europe as a child prodigy. In 1838 she was honoured by the Austrian court and also was elected to

Robert Schumann: The early years: …seriously with a celebrated teacher, Friedrich Wieck, and thus got to know Wieck’s nine-year-old daughter Clara, a brilliant pianist who was just then beginning a successful concert career.

Gustav Wied was a Danish dramatist, novelist, and satirist chiefly remembered for a series of what he called satyr-dramas. Wied was the son of a well-to-do farmer. He spent most of his life in provincial surroundings, which provide the usual background for his works. He was a private tutor for

Gustav Wied was a Danish dramatist, novelist, and satirist chiefly remembered for a series of what he called satyr-dramas. Wied was the son of a well-to-do farmer. He spent most of his life in provincial surroundings, which provide the usual background for his works. He was a private tutor for

Albania: Creating the new state: …also appointed a German prince, Wilhelm zu Wied, as ruler of Albania. Wilhelm arrived in Albania in March 1914, but his unfamiliarity with Albania and its problems, compounded by complications arising from the outbreak of World War I, led him to depart from Albania six months later. The war plunged…

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied was a German aristocratic naturalist, ethnographer, and explorer whose observations on a trip to the American West in the 1830s provide valuable information about the Plains Indians at that time. Maximilian was the prince of the small state of Neuwied and served

Maximilian, prince zu Wied-Neuwied was a German aristocratic naturalist, ethnographer, and explorer whose observations on a trip to the American West in the 1830s provide valuable information about the Plains Indians at that time. Maximilian was the prince of the small state of Neuwied and served

the Go-Go’s: …Los Angeles), guitarist and vocalist Jane Wiedlin (b. May 20, 1958, Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, U.S.), lead guitarist and keyboardist Charlotte Caffey (b. October 21, 1953, Santa Monica, California, U.S.), bassist Margot Olavarria, and drummer Elissa Bello). Drummer Gina Schock (b. August 31, 1957, Baltimore

typography: The private-press movement: …Bremer Presse (1911–39), conducted by Willy Wiegand, like the Doves Press, rejected ornament (except for initials) and relied upon carefully chosen types and painstaking presswork to make its effect. The most cosmopolitan of the German presses was the Cranach, conducted at Weimar by Count Harry Kessler. It produced editions of…

Mary Wigman was a German dancer, a pioneer of the modern expressive dance as developed in central Europe. A pupil of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze and Rudolf Laban, she subsequently formulated her own theories of movement, often dancing without music or to percussion only. Although she made her debut as a

Solidarity: …composed of private farmers, named Rural Solidarity (Wiejska Solidarność), was founded in Warsaw on December 14, 1980. By early 1981 Solidarity had a membership of about 10 million people and represented most of the work force of Poland.

Wieland, Gothic novel by Charles Brockden Brown, published in 1798. The story concerns Theodore Wieland, whose father has died by spontaneous combustion, apparently for violating a vow to God. The younger Wieland, also a religious enthusiast seeking direct communication with divinity, misguidedly

Christoph Martin Wieland was a poet and man of letters of the German Rococo period whose work spans the major trends of his age, from rationalism and the Enlightenment to classicism and pre-Romanticism. Wieland was the son of a Pietist parson, and his early writings from the 1750s were

Heinrich Otto Wieland was a German chemist, winner of the 1927 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his determination of the molecular structure of bile acids. Wieland obtained his doctorate at the University of Munich in 1901 and remained in that city to teach and conduct research. He became professor of

Joyce Wieland was a Canadian artist who was one of Canada’s most influential woman artists. She produced works in a variety of media, including sculptures, quilts, tapestries, paintings, and films, all celebrating her joy for life and reflecting her feminist leanings and passion for her beloved

Wieland, Gothic novel by Charles Brockden Brown, published in 1798. The story concerns Theodore Wieland, whose father has died by spontaneous combustion, apparently for violating a vow to God. The younger Wieland, also a religious enthusiast seeking direct communication with divinity, misguidedly

Wieliczka Salt Mine, ancient and massive salt mine in Wieliczka, Poland, near Kraków. It is one of the oldest documented salt-manufacturing sites in Europe. Though salt had been produced from brine springs since Neolithic times, rock salt was first discovered in Wieliczka in the 13th century, when

Vytautas the Great was a Lithuanian national leader who consolidated his country’s possessions, helped to build up a national consciousness, and broke the power of the Teutonic Knights. He exercised great power over Poland. Vytautas was the son of Kęstutis, who for years had waged a struggle with

Partitions of Poland: …portion of the region of Great Poland (Wielkopolska). Austria acquired the regions of Little Poland (Małopolska) south of the Vistula River, western Podolia, and the area that subsequently became known as Galicia.

Poland: The lake region and central lowlands: …the upper Oder; the southern Great Poland Lowland, which lies in the middle Warta River basin; and the Mazovian (Mazowiecka) and Podlasian (Podlaska) lowlands, which lie in the middle Vistula basin. Lower Silesia and Great Poland are important agricultural areas, but many parts of the central lowlands also have large…

Wielkopolskie, województwo (province), west-central Poland. One of 16 provinces created in 1999 when Poland underwent administrative reorganization, it is bordered by the provinces of Zachodniopomorskie to the northwest, Pomorskie and Kujawsko-Pomorskie to the northeast, Łódzkie to the east,

Great Poland Lakeland, lake district in west-central Poland that covers more than 20,000 square miles (55,000 square km). It crosses the provinces of Lubuskie, Wielkopolski, and, in part, Kujawsko-Pomorskie. The district is a north- to south-trending valley that lies between the middle Oder and

Wielkopolskie: History: …effort was countered by the Wielkopolskie Uprising (1918–19), when Polish insurgents triumphed over the Germans, and under the Treaty of Versailles almost the whole area of the province was reannexed to Poland, forcing hundreds of thousands of Germans to leave. In 1939, when the Nazi and Soviet armies invaded, Wielkopolskie…

Count Aleksander Wielopolski was a Polish statesman who undertook a program of major internal reforms coupled with full submission to Russian domination in order to gain maximum national autonomy. Born into an impoverished noble family, he studied law as a young man in Warsaw and philosophy in

Carl E. Wieman is an American physicist who, with Eric A. Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle, won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for creating a new ultracold state of matter, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). After studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S., 1973),

religious experience: Study and evaluation: …theologians Douglas Clyde Macintosh and Henry Nelson Wieman sought to build an “empirical theology” on the basis of religious experience understood as involving a direct perception of God. Unlike Macintosh, Wieman held that such a perception is sensory in character. Personalist philosophers, such as Edgar S. Brightman and Peter Bertocci,…

Vienna, city and Bundesland (federal state), the capital of Austria. Of the country’s nine states, Vienna is the smallest in area but the largest in population. Modern Vienna has undergone several historical incarnations. From 1558 to 1918 it was an imperial city—until 1806 the seat of the Holy

Hermann Bahr: In 1907 he published Wien, a remarkable essay on the soul of Vienna, which, however, was banned. Later, under the influence of Maurice Maeterlinck, Bahr became a champion of mysticism and Symbolism. His comedies, including Wienerinnen (1900; “Viennese Women”), Der Krampus (1901), and Das Konzert (1909), are superficially amusing.

Josef Weinheber: Other important works included Wien wörtlich (1935; “Vienna Revealed in Words”), which cast the poet in the role of the people’s singer; O Mensch, gib acht (1937; “Hearken, Ye Men”), a series of vignettes and songs using folk tunes; and Zwischen Göttern und Dämonen (1938; “Between Gods and Demons”),…

Wien’s law, relationship between the temperature of a blackbody (an ideal substance that emits and absorbs all frequencies of light) and the wavelength at which it emits the most light. It is named after German physicist Wilhelm Wien, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for discovering

Wien’s law, relationship between the temperature of a blackbody (an ideal substance that emits and absorbs all frequencies of light) and the wavelength at which it emits the most light. It is named after German physicist Wilhelm Wien, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for discovering

University of Vienna, state-financed coeducational institution for higher learning at Vienna. Founded in 1365, it is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. The university was first chartered, following the model of the University of Paris, by the Habsburg duke Rudolf IV of Austria, as

Wilhelm Wien was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for his displacement law concerning the radiation emitted by the perfectly efficient blackbody (a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it). Wien obtained his doctorate at the University of Berlin in

Wilhelm Wien was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for his displacement law concerning the radiation emitted by the perfectly efficient blackbody (a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it). Wien obtained his doctorate at the University of Berlin in

Wilhelm Wien was a German physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for his displacement law concerning the radiation emitted by the perfectly efficient blackbody (a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it). Wien obtained his doctorate at the University of Berlin in

Young Germany: …name was first used in Ludolf Wienbarg’s Ästhetische Feldzüge (“Aesthetic Campaigns,” 1834). Members of Young Germany, in spite of their intellectual and literary gifts and penetrating political awareness, failed to command the enthusiasm of their countrymen but, rather, excited widespread animosity. This was partly due to their lack of social…

film noir: Lighting: Robert Wiene’s Das Kabinett des Doktor Caligari (1920; The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari) contains one of the best early examples of the lighting techniques used to inspire the genre. Wiene used visual elements to help define the title character’s madness, including tilted cameras to present…

hot dog, sausage, of disputed but probable German origin, that has become internationally popular, especially in the United States. Two European cities claim to be the birthplace of the sausage: Frankfurt, Germany, whence the byname frankfurter, and Vienna, Austria, whence the byname wiener.

Dachshund, dog breed of hound and terrier ancestry developed in Germany to pursue badgers into their burrows. The Dachshund (whose name means “badger dog” in German) is a long-bodied, characteristically lively dog with a deep chest, short legs, tapering muzzle, and long ears. Usually reddish brown

Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers, scientists, and mathematicians formed in the 1920s that met regularly in Vienna to investigate scientific language and scientific methodology. The philosophical movement associated with the Circle has been called variously logical positivism, logical

Wiener Neustadt, city, northeastern Austria. It lies near the Leitha River south of Vienna. Founded in 1194 by the Babenberg duke Leopold V, it was chartered in 1277 and had a mint at that time. It was most prosperous in the 15th century, when it was the residence of the Holy Roman emperor

Austria: Later Babenberg period: …a new coin, the so-called Wiener pfennig. The road connecting Vienna and Steiermark was improved, and the new town of Wiener Neustadt was established on its course to protect the newly opened route across the Semmering.

probability theory: Brownian motion process: …is the Brownian motion or Wiener process. It was first discussed by Louis Bachelier (1900), who was interested in modeling fluctuations in prices in financial markets, and by Albert Einstein (1905), who gave a mathematical model for the irregular motion of colloidal particles first observed by the Scottish botanist Robert…

Hugo Wolf: …became music critic of the Wiener Salonblatt; his weekly reviews provide considerable insight into the Viennese musical world of his day.

Western architecture: Art Nouveau: …his classicism and formed the Sezessionists. Joseph Olbrich joined the art colony at Darmstadt, in Germany, where his houses and exhibition gallery of about 1905 were boxlike, severe buildings. Josef Hoffmann left Wagner to found the Wiener Werkstätte, an Austrian equivalent of the English Arts and Crafts Movement; his best

Klosterneuburg: …the north edge of the Vienna Woods (Wienerwald), just northwest of Vienna. It was originally the site of a Roman fortress (Asturis). Later, a settlement called Neuburg developed around a castle on the Leopoldsberg and an Augustinian abbey, both of which were founded in about 1100 by the Babenberg margrave…

Wiener Werkstätte, cooperative enterprise for crafts and design founded in Vienna in 1903. Inspired by William Morris and the English Arts and Crafts Movement, it was founded by Koloman Moser and Josef Hoffmann with the goal of restoring the values of handcraftsmanship to an industrial society in

history of publishing: Commercial newsletters in continental Europe: In Austria the Wiener Zeitung was started in 1703 and is considered to be the oldest surviving daily newspaper in the world. The oldest continuously published weekly paper was the official Swedish gazette, the Post-och Inrikes Tidningar; begun in 1645, it adopted an Internet-only format in 2007. Sweden…

Norbert Wiener was an American mathematician who established the science of cybernetics. He attained international renown by formulating some of the most important contributions to mathematics in the 20th century. Wiener, a child prodigy whose education was controlled by his father, a professor of

automata theory: Control and single-series prediction: …what is now called the Wiener-Hopf integral equation, an equation that had been suggested in a study of the structure of stars but later recurred in many contexts, including electrical-communication theory, and was seen to involve an extrapolation of continuously distributed numerical values. During World War II, gun- and aircraft-control…

Vienna: Ethnicity and language: Wienerisch, the Viennese speech and accent, reveals social levels and origins. It also demonstrates that the people of Vienna have in their time been governed by Romans, Italians, Spanish, French, Magyars, and Slavs and have absorbed Turkish and Yiddish words into their German tongue in…

Janet Malcolm forged a piercingly analytical brand of American journalism in a career that spanned more than five decades and produced numerous nonfiction books, several of which originated as reported articles for The New Yorker, for which she was a contributor from 1963 until her death in 2021.

Henryk Wieniawski was a Polish violinist and composer, one of the most celebrated violinists of the 19th century. Wieniawski was a child prodigy who entered the Paris Conservatory at age 8 and graduated from there with the first prize in violin at the unprecedented age of 11. He became a concert

Henryk Wieniawski was a Polish violinist and composer, one of the most celebrated violinists of the 19th century. Wieniawski was a child prodigy who entered the Paris Conservatory at age 8 and graduated from there with the first prize in violin at the unprecedented age of 11. He became a concert

Vienna, city and Bundesland (federal state), the capital of Austria. Of the country’s nine states, Vienna is the smallest in area but the largest in population. Modern Vienna has undergone several historical incarnations. From 1558 to 1918 it was an imperial city—until 1806 the seat of the Holy

tuba: In 1835 Wilhelm Wieprecht and Johann Gottfried Moritz of Berlin patented the bass tuba in F, with five valves. Subsequent designs were considerably influenced by the French contrabass saxhorn.

IJsselmeer Polders: The Wieringermeer Polder (75 square miles [193 square km]), the Northeast (Noordoost) Polder (181 square miles [469 square km]), and the East (Oostelijk) Flevoland Polder (204 square miles [528 square km]) were completed in 1930, 1942, and 1957, respectively. The South (Zuidelijk) Flevoland Polder (166 square…

Stefan Żeromski: …lyrical novel Wierna rzeka (1912; The Faithful River, filmed 1983). In both the short story and the novel the theme is elaborated by indelible images and by sad, compassionate comments on that national tragedy.

The Way International: …broadcast from Lima, Ohio, by Victor Paul Wierwille (1916–85). Its current headquarters are in New Knoxville, Ohio; estimates of its membership range from 3,000 to 20,000.

Kazimierz Wierzyński was a member of the group of Polish poets called Skamander. Wierzyński moved to Warsaw after the restoration of Poland’s independence at the close of World War I and became one of the foremost members of Skamander. His poetical debut was Wiosna i wino (1919; “Spring and Wine”),