Nicholas Rowe: In The Works of Mr. William Shakespear; Revis’d and Corrected, 6 vol. (1709; 9 vol., including poems, 1714), Rowe essentially followed the fourth folio edition of 1685, although he claimed to have arrived at the text by comparing “the several editions.” He did, however, restore some…

Allan Cunningham: He edited The Works of Robert Burns (1834), prefacing it with a biography of Burns that contained much valuable new material. He also wrote romances and dramatic poems of little merit, but his lyrical poems, though lacking the unselfconsciousness of the true ballad, are memorable for their…

Works Progress Administration (WPA), work program for the unemployed that was created in 1935 under U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Although critics called the WPA an extension of the dole or a device for creating a huge patronage army loyal to the Democratic Party, the stated purpose

circus: History: …federal government to organize the Works Progress Administration Circus—the only example of a state-run circus ever seen in the United States. As the circus was slowly returning to solvency, a disastrous fire in 1944 destroyed the Ringling big top during a performance in Hartford, Connecticut. The fire, which took 168…

WPA Federal Art Project, first major attempt at government patronage of the visual arts in the United States and the most extensive and influential of the visual arts projects conceived during the Depression of the 1930s by the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It is often confused

WPA Federal Theatre Project, national theatre project sponsored and funded by the U.S. government as part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Founded in 1935, it was the first federally supported theatre in the United States. Its purpose was to create jobs for unemployed theatrical people

WPA Federal Writers’ Project, a program established in the United States in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA) as part of the New Deal struggle against the Great Depression. It provided jobs for unemployed writers, editors, and research workers. Directed by Henry G. Alsberg, it

George Pierce Baker: …started his class for playwrights, Workshop 47 (named after its course number), the first of its kind to be part of a university curriculum. He concerned himself not only with writing but also with stage design, lighting, costuming, and dramatic criticism. Baker’s annual lecture tours, following a lectureship at the…

commesso: …successor, Ferdinando I, founded the Workshop for Hard Stone (Opificio delle Pietre Dure) as a permanent commesso workshop. The first group of artists employed there perfected the art of making commesso pictures in highly illusionistic perspective. The Workshop was primarily engaged throughout the 17th century in manufacturing decorations for the…

Worksop, town, Bassetlaw district, administrative and historic county of Nottinghamshire, northeast-central England. It lies along the Chesterfield Canal close to Sherwood Forest. The priory church in the town dates partly from the 12th to 13th century. Granted a royal charter in 1296, Worksop

workstation, a high-performance computer system that is basically designed for a single user and has advanced graphics capabilities, large storage capacity, and a powerful central processing unit. A workstation is more capable than a personal computer (PC) but is less advanced than a server (which

Daniachew Worku was an Ethiopian writer of drama, fiction, poetry, and literary history, best known outside Ethiopia for his novel in English, The Thirteenth Sun (1973). In part, The Thirteenth Sun reflects Worku’s own long record of political activism, which cost him his academic position at Haile

Worland, city, seat (1912) of Washakie county, north-central Wyoming, U.S., on the Bighorn River. Settled in 1900 on the west side of the river as a stagecoach stop called Camp Worland, the settlement was moved in 1906 to the east side where the railroad was to come through. It was named for an

New York World, daily newspaper published in New York City from 1860 to 1931, a colourful and vocal influence in American journalism in its various manifestations under different owners. The World was established in 1860 as a penny paper with a basically religious orientation. It supported

Percy Qoboza: …joined the staff of the World in 1963; he became its editor in 1974. Under his leadership, World grew into the largest-circulation Black newspaper in South Africa. In 1975 he won a Nieman fellowship at Harvard University, where he gained a new perspective on race relations. The next year he…

George Roy Hill: Later work: Far more ambitious was The World According to Garp (1982), based on John Irving’s picaresque best seller. Hill managed to transpose much of the book’s black comedy into a relatively coherent story, which was helped immensely by the acting of Glenn Close and John Lithgow. Although it received generally…

John Irving: …his reputation with the novel The World According to Garp (1978; film 1982). As is characteristic of his other works, it is noted for its engaging story line, colourful characterizations, macabre humour, and examination of contemporary issues.

International Telecommunication Union: …meets every four years; (2) World Administrative Conferences, which meet according to technical needs; (3) the ITU Council, which meets annually and is responsible for executing decisions of the Plenipotentiary Conference; (4) the General Secretariat, responsible for administrative and financial services; (5) the Radiocommunications Sector, which was formed by the…

Jane Russell: She founded the World Adoption International Fund to aid American adoption of foreign-born children and was herself mother to three adopted children. Russell’s autobiography, Jane Russell: My Path & My Detours, was published in 1985.

map: World War II and after: …war years, and the resulting World Aeronautical Charts have provided generalized information for other purposes since that time. Many countries have used the basic data to publish temporary map coverage until their more detailed surveys can be completed.

World AIDS Day: In 1997 UNAIDS created the World AIDS Campaign (WAC) to increase AIDS awareness and to integrate AIDS information on a global level. In 2005 the WAC became an independent body, functioning as a global AIDS advocacy movement, based in Cape Town, S.Af., and Amsterdam, Neth. In addition to ensuring the…

World AIDS Day, annual observance aimed at raising awareness of the global epidemic of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and the spread of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). World AIDS Day occurs on December 1 and was established by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1988 to facilitate

Féderátion Aéronautique Internationale: …the FAI held the first World Air Games in Turkey. Thereafter the event was held at varying times; its location was selected on the basis of a bidding process.

Nestlé SA: …led by such groups as World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) and Save the Children, the boycott later spread to Europe and beyond. Nestlé was also targeted by lawsuits from the International Labor Rights Forum and anti-child-labour activists for alleged child-labour practices on its cocoa farms in Côte d’Ivoire. In…

World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC), cooperative international organization of Congregational, United, and Presbyterian and Reformed churches. Originally known as the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (Presbyterian and Congregational), the group was formed in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1970 by

World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC), cooperative international organization of Congregational, United, and Presbyterian and Reformed churches. Originally known as the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (Presbyterian and Congregational), the group was formed in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1970 by

Christianity: 19th-century efforts: Their international bodies, the World Alliance of YMCAs and the World YWCA, were established in 1855 and 1894, respectively. The Evangelical Alliance, possibly the most significant agent of Christian unity in the 19th century, held a unique place among the volunteer associations of the age. Founded in London in…

New York World: …statistical and historical annual, the World Almanac. Its publication continues to this day.

Jeanette Winterson: …a collection of short stories, The World and Other Places (1998); the vivid memoir Why Be Happy When You Could Be Normal? (2011); and several children’s books and screenplays for television. She was named an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2006.

Gabriel Josipovici: …his books of criticism, including The World and the Book (1971), The Lessons of Modernism (1977), Writing and the Body (1982), The Mirror of Criticism (1983), The Book of God (1988), and Text and Voice (1992). His novels grew progressively experimental. The first three—The Inventory

John Cromwell: Early career: The drama World and the Flesh (1932) centres on a sea captain (played by Bancroft) who comes to the aid of a ballerina (Miriam Hopkins) during the Russian Revolution of 1917. Following a dispute with Paramount, Cromwell went to RKO, which was reeling from the exit of…

doping: Regulation: …enforcing anti-doping rules include the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), the International Olympic Committee (IOC), and individual sports federations. WADA oversees the World Anti-Doping Code, a set of regulations guiding the use of drugs in sports that was implemented in 2004 and has been adopted by various international sports organizations, including…

continental philosophy: Schopenhauer: In his major philosophical work, The World as Will and Representation (1819), Schopenhauer reiterated Kant’s claim that, given the structure of human cognition, knowledge of things as they really are is impossible; the best that can be obtained are comparatively superficial representations of things.

continental philosophy: Schopenhauer: In his major philosophical work, The World as Will and Representation (1819), Schopenhauer reiterated Kant’s claim that, given the structure of human cognition, knowledge of things as they really are is impossible; the best that can be obtained are comparatively superficial representations of things.

anarchism: Anarchism in China: …most important of these groups—the World Association, founded in Paris in 1906, and the Society for the Study of Socialism, founded in Tokyo in 1907—adopted explicitly anarchist programs.

broadcasting: International organizations: …the most important are the World Association for Christian Communications, set up in 1968 and based in London, and the Association Catholique Internationale pour la Radio, la Télévision, et l’Audiovisuel, based in Brussels. Radio Free Europe, based in Munich and financed by U.S. government funds, was established to broadcast pro-Western…

asthma: …which since 1998 has sponsored World Asthma Day, an annual event occurring on the first Tuesday in May that is intended to raise awareness of the disorder.

World Athletics, organization of track-and-field federations representing more than 200 countries and territories. The major aims of World Athletics are to establish friendly cooperation among members; eliminate hindrance to participation in international meets on racial, religious, or political

World Bank, international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries. It also provides

World Bank, international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries. It also provides

World Baseball Classic (WBC), international baseball tournament, first held in 2006, in which many of the world’s best players compete on behalf of national teams. The initial rounds are played on different continents. It was the first international baseball tournament to feature players currently

global music, broadly speaking, music of the world’s cultures. The term global music replaced world music, which had been adopted in the 1980s to characterize non-English recordings that were released in Great Britain and the United States. Employed primarily by the media and record stores, this

Magnus Carlsen: …Carlsen won the rapid and blitz titles in Moscow, thereby becoming the first person to hold all three FIDE titles: blitz, rapid, and regular.

World Book Encyclopedia, American encyclopaedia designed to meet the curriculum needs of elementary through high-school students. It is produced by World Book, Inc., which is headquartered in Chicago. The World Book was first published in 1917 and revised annually from 1925. Its title was later

boxing: Professional organizations: …two organizations were established: the National Boxing Association, a private body, and the New York State Athletic Commission, a state agency. Divided control led to competing organizations’ sometimes recognizing different boxers as world champions at the same time. In Europe the ruling body was the International Boxing Union, which in…

boxing: Professional organizations: In the early 1960s the World Boxing Council (WBC) was formed, and the National Boxing Association changed its name to the World Boxing Association (WBA). The International Boxing Federation (IBF) was established in 1983, which added to an already convoluted situation. Since the 1980s it has been common for most…

bridge: Bridge tournaments: …Oslo, Norway, in 1958, the World Bridge Federation was formed to control the world championship matches as previously played and to conduct an Olympiad open to all continents and countries beginning in 1960 and renewable each four years thereafter. Teams in international competition have six players each, of whom four…

calendar: Modern schemes for reform: …for business reckoning; and the World Calendar is designed to remedy this deficiency, being divided into four quarters of 91 days each, with an additional day at the end of the year. In each quarter, the first month is of 31 days and the second and third of 30 days…

World Cancer Day: …new publications for the UICC’s World Cancer Campaign, which functions throughout the year and strives to raise cancer awareness by forming partnerships with health and cancer institutions and by proposing educational activities and creating public service announcements. In honour of World Cancer Day, many health institutions and cancer centres make…

World Cancer Day, annual observance held on February 4 that is intended to increase global awareness of cancer. World Cancer Day originated in 2000 at the first World Summit Against Cancer, which was held in Paris. At this meeting, leaders of government agencies and cancer organizations from around

Betty Williams: Williams founded the World Centers of Compassion for Children International in 1997. In 2006 she joined Maguire and fellow Nobel Peace Prize winners Shirin Ebadi, Jody Williams, Wangari Maathai, and Rigoberta Menchú to found the Nobel Women’s Initiative.

José Andrés: World Central Kitchen: Andrés began to feel the need to give back, and he started volunteering at DC Central Kitchen, an organization that takes food that otherwise would be thrown away and uses it to train food service workers and feed underserved people in Washington.…

figure skating: World championships (worlds): Worlds are held annually, hosted by ISU member countries throughout the world. The number of skaters sent by each nation is based on the team’s performance from the previous year. A country’s final placements (in men’s, women’s, pairs, or dance) must total…

tennis: Professional and open tennis: …Cup captain George MacCall, and World Championship Tennis (WCT), founded by New Orleans promoter Dave Dixon and funded by Dallas oil and football tycoon Lamar Hunt. Between them they signed a significant number of the world’s top players, professional and amateur.

Vince McMahon: Early life and the WWE: …magnate Ted Turner and renamed World Championship Wrestling [WCW]) experienced a resurgence, and its cable broadcasts soon surpassed those of the WWF in viewership. McMahon responded by hiring new writers to create soap-opera-like story lines. Skimpily clad female wrestlers became prominent, as did “colorful language” (profanity) and “sign language” (obscene…

chess: The world championship and FIDE: …FIDE, its French acronym for Fédération Internationale des Échecs.

Rosabeth Moss Kanter: …Research and Policy Agenda (1977), World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy (1995), Rosabeth Moss Kanter on the Frontiers of Management (1997), Move: Putting America’s Infrastructure Back in the Lead (2015), and Think Outside the Building: How Advanced Leaders Can Change the World One Smart Innovation at a Time…

Antarctica: Post-IGY research: …Biological Programme (1964–74), and the World Climate Research Programme (begun in 1980). It also advises the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Representatives of member nations attend business meetings and biennial open science conferences to bring scientists together across disciplines.…

Antarctica: Post-IGY research: …Biological Programme (1964–74), and the World Climate Research Programme (begun in 1980). It also advises the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Representatives of member nations attend business meetings and biennial open science conferences to bring scientists together across disciplines.…

Medha Patkar: …was a representative to the World Commission on Dams, the first independent global advisory body on dam-related issues of water, power, and alternatives; the commission was set up in 1998 and in 2000 issued its influential final report, which contained recommendations on improving development outcomes. Patkar also worked with local…

Gro Harlem Brundtland: …became chair of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, which in 1987 issued Our Common Future, the report that introduced the idea of “sustainable development” and led to the first Earth Summit. In 1998 she became director general of the WHO, where she tackled global pandemics such as…

World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC), cooperative international organization of Congregational, United, and Presbyterian and Reformed churches. Originally known as the World Alliance of Reformed Churches (Presbyterian and Congregational), the group was formed in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1970 by

Nation of Islam, African American movement and organization, founded in 1930 and known for its teachings combining elements of traditional Islam with Black nationalist ideas. The Nation also promotes racial unity and self-help and maintains a strict code of discipline among members. Islam was

World Confederation of Labour (WCL), labour confederation founded as the International Federation of Christian Trade Unions in 1920 to represent the interests of Christian labour unions in western Europe and Latin America. It was reconstituted under its present name in 1968. Although the

Community of Christ: The World Conference, which meets biennially in Independence, is the supreme legislative body of the church, and all general administrative officers, including those of the first presidency, must receive its endorsement. The presiding bishop, who is in charge of the exchequer of the church, presents his…

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. It

World Convention of Churches of Christ, international agency of the Disciples of Christ. Its headquarters are in New York City. It exercises no authority over its member churches but does provide a means for fellowship and mutual activities for the various national churches. It first met in

World Council of Churches (WCC), Christian ecumenical organization founded in 1948 in Amsterdam as “a fellowship of Churches which accept Jesus Christ our Lord as God and Saviour.” The WCC is not a church, nor does it issue orders or directions to the churches. It works for the unity and renewal of

credit union: Another organization, the World Council of Credit Unions, Inc., represents credit unions worldwide.

World Council of Service Clubs, cooperative organization formed in 1946 by several international associations of young men’s service clubs for the purpose of furthering international cooperation and understanding and to encourage the extension of such clubs. Originally known as the World Council of

World Council of Service Clubs, cooperative organization formed in 1946 by several international associations of young men’s service clubs for the purpose of furthering international cooperation and understanding and to encourage the extension of such clubs. Originally known as the World Council of

International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). The idea for the creation of an international court to arbitrate international disputes first arose during the various conferences that produced the Hague Conventions in the late 19th and early 20th

John Hays Hammond: …1914 to 1915 of the World Court League, an organization that carried on an intensive campaign for an international court, and was chairman of the U.S. Coal Commission in 1922.

Winston Churchill: In and out of office, 1922–29: …autobiographical history of the war, The World Crisis, netted him the £20,000 with which he purchased Chartwell, henceforth his country home in Kent. When he returned to politics it was as a crusading anti-Socialist, but in 1923, when Stanley Baldwin was leading the Conservatives on a protectionist program, Churchill stood,…

history of flight: The headliners: …quartet of single-engine Douglas “World Cruisers” westward toward Asia. These fabric-covered biplanes featured interchangeable landing gear—replacing wheels with floats for water landings. One plane crashed in Alaska, forcing the two-man crew to hike out of a snowbound wilderness. Near the end of the expedition, a second aircraft, en route…

World Cup, in skiing, trophy awarded annually since 1967 to the top male and female Alpine skiers. In World Cup competition, skiers accumulate points in the three Alpine events (downhill, slalom, and giant slalom) at designated meets throughout the winter. The winners are the male and female skiers

World Cup, in golf, trophy awarded to the winner of an annual competition for two-man professional teams representing nations. It was initiated in 1953 by the Canadian industrialist John Jay Hopkins. The event involves teams from more than 40 nations in a four-day, 72-hole stroke competition. The

World Cup, in football (soccer), quadrennial tournament of men’s national teams that determines the sport’s world champion. It is likely the most popular sporting event in the world, drawing billions of television viewers every tournament. Countries worldwide compete vigorously, many years in

Diego Forlán: …the standout player at the 2010 World Cup.

skateboarding: World Cup Skateboarding, founded in 1994, oversees the biggest street and vert skateboarding competitions, including events in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States and throughout Europe and Asia. Skateboarding made its Olympic debut at the 2020 Tokyo Games (delayed until 2021 because of the…

World Customs Organization (WCO), intergovernmental organization established as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC) in 1952 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of customs administrations worldwide. In 1948 a study group of the Committee for European Economic Cooperation, a precursor of

darts: …the founder member of the World Darts Federation (WDF), which represents more than 500,000 darts players in 50 countries. The major championships are the Winmau World Masters, the WDF World Cup, and the Embassy World Professional Darts Championship.

the Dreaming, mythological period of time that had a beginning but no foreseeable end, during which the natural environment was shaped and humanized by the actions of mythic beings. Many of these beings took the form of human beings or of animals (“totemic”); some changed their forms. They were

World Development Indicators (WDI), comprehensive set of data and statistics published annually by the World Bank that allows for the evaluation of the development of most countries in the world. The availability of World Development Indicators (WDI) enables more-informed public and private policy

Library of Congress: … proposed a project called the World Digital Library. Its goal was to make available to anyone with access to the Internet digitized texts and images of “unique and rare materials from libraries and other cultural institutions around the world.” It was designed to be searchable in seven languages—Arabic, Chinese, English,…

World Disarmament Conference, conference convened in Geneva in 1932–34 and attended by delegates of more than 60 countries for the purpose of disarmament. The conference ended without resolution. The conference was among the international initiatives that came about as a response to the devastation

Charles Simic: …Pulitzer Prize for poetry for The World Doesn’t End (1989). His other honours include the Wallace Stevens Award (2007) and the Frost Medal (2011).

international trade: The new mercantilism: …of Nations organized the first World Economic Conference in May 1927. Twenty-nine states, including the main industrial countries, subscribed to an international convention that was the most minutely detailed and balanced multilateral trade agreement approved to date. It was a precursor of the arrangements made under the General Agreement on…

World Economic Forum (WEF), international organization that convenes an annual winter conference, traditionally in Davos, Switz., for the discussion of global commerce, economic development, political concerns, and important social issues. Some of the world’s most prominent business leaders,

Yevgeny Primakov: …named deputy director of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), the country’s top foreign policy think tank, and in 1977 he was appointed director of the Institute of Oriental Studies. He became director of IMEMO in 1985. A leading architect of the policy of perestroika (“restructuring”), he…

Fairbanks: The World Eskimo-Indian Olympics have been held annually in Fairbanks since 1961. Other annual events are the Golden Days Celebration (July), the 800-mile (1,300-km) Yukon Marathon (a small-boat race; June), the 1,000-mile (1,600-km) Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race (February), and the Open and Limited North…

World Evangelical Alliance (WEA), international fellowship of organizations that hold biblically conservative interpretations of the Christian faith. From 1846 until the mid-1900s, the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) was primarily the venture of its founding member, the British Evangelical

World Evangelical Alliance (WEA), international fellowship of organizations that hold biblically conservative interpretations of the Christian faith. From 1846 until the mid-1900s, the World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) was primarily the venture of its founding member, the British Evangelical

graphic design: Postwar graphic design in Japan: …proposal (1967) for the Japanese World Expo ’70 in Ōsaka, for example, displays his ability to combine 20th-century Modernist formal experiments with a traditional Japanese sense of harmony.

Expo Shanghai 2010, world exposition in Shanghai, China, that ran between May 1 and October 31, 2010. One of the largest world fairs or expositions ever mounted, it also was the most heavily attended of any such events. Shanghai was selected as the host city of the exposition in December 2002 by

fair trade: History: …Alternative Trade (IFAT; later renamed World Fair Trade Organization) was born, bringing together 38 fair trade organizations under one roof. One year later, in 1990, the European Fair Trade Association (EFTA) was formally established by 11 fair trade import organizations in nine European countries. In 1998 the FLO, IFAT, NEWS…

fashion industry: World fashion: Most people in the world today wear what can be described as “world fashion,” a simplified and very low-cost version of Western clothing, often a T-shirt with pants or a skirt, manufactured on a mass scale. However, there are also numerous smaller and…

mental health: As noted by the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), the concept of optimum mental health refers not to an absolute or ideal state but to the best possible state insofar as circumstances are alterable. Mental health is regarded as a condition of the individual, relative to the capacities…

museum: Support organizations: …advice and assistance, and the World Federation of Friends of Museums was founded in 1975 to encourage worldwide cooperation among such societies.

World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), leftist-oriented international labour organization founded in 1945 by the World Trade Union Congress. Its principal organizers were the British Trades Union Congress, the U.S. Congress of Industrial Organizations, and the All-Union Central Congress of Trade